学术论文写作心得体会英文版

最近正在写学术论文，无意间拜读到了一篇国外大牛的文章，里面详细的讲解了如何去组织、撰写一篇学术论文。我把这个文章原文放在这里，也加入了一些自己的理解，希望对看到这篇博客的人能有所帮助吧。。。

There are many ways to introduce an academic essay or assignment. Most academic writers, however, appear to do one or more of the following in their introductions:

Examples of phrases which are commonly employed to realise these functions are listed below. Note that there may be a certain amount of overlap between some of the categories under which the phrases are listed.

Introductory sections for research dissertations, are normally much more complex than this and, as well as the elements above, may include the following: a synopsis of key literature/current state of knowledge , synopsis of methods , lists of research questions or hypotheses to be tested , significance of the study , recognition of the limitations of the study, reasons for personal interest in the topic .

One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philososphy is ...... It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the ..... X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries. X is a common disorder characterised by ...... X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y. In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ...... In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in ....... Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ...... Xs are the most potent anti-infammatory agents known.

Recent developments in X have heightened the need for ...... In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ...... Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ...... Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ...... The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ....... The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of ...... Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in ...... One of the most important events of the 1970s was ...... Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that ...... X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community. The changes experienced by Xs over the past decade remain unprecedented . Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and have been extensively used for decades to .......

However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ...... However, a major problem with this kind of application is ...... To date there has been little agreement on what ...... More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about ..... There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...... Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use . Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks: Concerns have been raised by several relevant bodies about the poor ...... One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philososphy is ...... One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ...... In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ...... The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century . The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of ....... The issue has grown in importance in light of recent ...... One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns ...... One major issue in early X research concerned.......

So far, however, there has been little discussion about ...... However, far too little attention has been paid to ...... Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas . The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y . In addition, no research has been found that surveyed ....... So far this method has only been applied to ...... Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for ..... However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ...... The experimental data are rather controversial , and there is no general agreement about ......

This paper will focus on / examine / give an account of ...... This paper seeks to address the following questions: ..... This essay critically examines / discusses / traces ...... The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into the ...... This paper will review the research conducted on ...... In this paper I argue that ..... This chapter reviews the literature concerning the usefulness of using ...... The aim of this paper is to determine /examine ...... The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate ......

The main questions/issues addressed in this paper are: a), b and c). This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with ...... The essay has been organised in the following way. This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X. This paper begins by ...... It will then go on to ...... The first section of this paper will examine ...... Finally, ....... Chapter 2 begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ...... Chapter 3 describes the design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of ...... The last chapter assesses the ......

While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as ....... Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to ....... In this article the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.

As an academic writer, you are expected to be critical of the sources that you use. This essentially means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking for reasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer's arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people's criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved. .....being against is not enough. We also need to develop habits of constructive thinking. Edward de Bono

One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ...... A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ...... One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why ..... One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ...... The key problem with this explanation is that ...... The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument. Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ...... It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable . Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ...... One major criticism of Smith's work is that ..... Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......

Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account . Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that ..... Difficulties arise , however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics. One major drawback of this approach is that ...... The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ...... However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations. However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that ... However, all the previously mentioned methods suffer from some serious limitations / weaknesses / disadvantages / drawbacks .

the main weakness of the study is the failure to address how ....... the study fails to consider the differing categories of damage that ..... the research does not take into account pre-existing ...... such as ...... the author offers no explanation for the distinction between X and Y. Smith makes no attempt to differentiate between various different types of X. Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of ...... the paper would appear to be over ambitious in its claims the author overlooks the fact that X contributes to Y. what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction between ...... another weakness is that we are given no explanantion of how ......

Smith's paper/Her conclusions/The study/The findings would/might have been more/much more/far more useful/convincing/interesting/persuasive/original if he/she/author had included/considered/adopted/used .....

A better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ...... A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ......

However, Jones (2003) points out that ..... Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that ..... Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies. The X theory has been vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers. Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that …… Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism. The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ...... Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .…. The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003). Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the...... Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ...... More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982): Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.

The standrard approach is to this section of dissertations is to merely present the results, without elaborate discussion or comment. This does not mean that you do not need any text to describe data presented in tables and figures. Writers usually comment on the significant data presented in the tables and figures. This often takes the form of the location or summary statement, which identifies the table or figure and indicates its content. This may be followed by a statement or statements which point out and describe the relevant or significant data. All your tables should be numbered and given a title.

More elaborate commentary on the results is normally restricted to the Discussion section . In research articles, however, authors may comment extensively on their results as they are presented, and it is not uncommon for the Results section to be combined with the Discussion section under the heading: Results and Discussion.

To assess X, the Y questionnaire was used. To distinguish between these two possibilities, ...... In order to assess Z, repeated measures of ANOVA were used. Regression analysis was used to predict the ...... Changes in X and Y were compared using ...... The average scores of X and Y were compared in order to ...... Nine items on the questionnaire measured the extent to which ...... The correlation between X and Y was tested. The first set of analyses examined the impact of ...... Simple statistical analysis was used to ...... A scatter diagram and a Pearson's product moment correlation were used to determine the relationship between ...... T-tests were used to analyse the relationship between ......

Table 1/Figure 1 shows/compares/presents/provides the experimental data on X/the results obtained from the preliminary analysis of X/the intercorrelations among the nine measures of X .

The results obtained from the preliminary analysis of X are shown/can becompared/are presented in Table 1/Figure 1 .

As shown in Figure canbe seen from the table (above)/It canbe seen from the data in Table that/From the graph above we can see that the X group reported significantly more Y than the other two groups.

The table below illustrates/The pie chart above shows some of the main characteristics of the...../the breakdown of.....

It is apparent from this table that very few ...... This table is quite revealing in several ways . First, unlike the other tables ...... Data from this table can be compared with the data in Table which shows ...... From the data in Figure 9, it is apparent that the length of time left between ...... From this data we can see that Study 2 resulted in the lowest value of ...... The histogram in Fig 1. indicates that ...... What is interesting in this data is that ...... In there is a clear trend of decreasing ...... As Table III shows, there is a significant difference (t = , p = ) between the two groups.

Strong evidence of X was found when ...... This result is significant at the p = level. There was a significant positive correlation between ...... There was a signifcant difference between the two conditions ...... On average, Xs were shown to have ...... The mean score for X was ...... Interestingly, for those subjects with X, ...... A positive correlation was found between X and Y.

Further analysis showed that ...... Further statistical tests revealed .....

There was no increase of X associated with ..... There were no significant differences between ...... No significant differences were found between ..... No increase in X was detected. No difference greater than X was observed. The Chi-square test did not show any significant differences between ...... None of these differences were statistically significant. Overall, X did not affect males and females differently in these measure

The most striking result to emerge from the data is that ...... Interestingly, this correlation is related to ..... The correlation between X and Y is interesting because ...... The more surprising correlation is with the ...... The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison was ......

The response rate was 60% at six months and 56% at 12 months. Of the study population, 90 subjects completed and returned the questionnaire. Of the initial cohort of 123 students, 66 were female and 57 male. The majority of respondents/those who responded felt that ..... Over half of those surveyed reported that ...... 70% of those who were interviewed indicated that ...... Almost two-thirds of the participants (64%) said that ...... Approximately half of those surveyed did not comment on ...... A small number of those interviewed suggested that ...... Only a small number of respondents indicated that ...... Of the 148 patients who completed the questionnaire, just over half indicated that ....... A minority of participants (17%) indicated ...... In response to Question 1, most of those surveyed indicated that ...... The overall response to this question was very positive. When the subject were asked ......, the majority commented that ..... Other responses to this question included ...... The overall response to this question was poor.

Turning now to the experimental evidence on ...... Comparing the two results, it can be seen that ...... A comparison of the two results reveals ...... If we now turn to ......

英语毕业论文写作感想

研究层面

第一，选题不当

写好英文论文要把握两个「R」：relevance(相关性)和rigorousness(科学严谨性)。选题不当属于相关性把握得不好。很多学生论文的选题缺乏创新性，最具代表性的是跟风写作。什么课题是热点，就追做什么课题，而不是知己知彼，科学选题。跟风选题的弊端很多：首先，容易和“牛人”做的课题重叠，这叫市场定位不清。如果把文章看作是公司的一个产品，那么牛人的课题组就是大公司，团队实力强，起点高，市场营销能力也强。换句话说，就算你写出了与牛人同等质量的好文章，和牛人的组比起来论文发表也是问题。其次，缺乏科学严谨性，很多学生选题不考虑问题的可验证性，想的更多是有没有创新性。例如，一个科研小组根本不可能拿到金融高频交易数据，却想做基于高频数据的金融挖掘课题，最终只能无疾而终。最后，绝大多数科研是需要产出的，因而必须考虑研究的应用价值在何处。学生经常遇到的情况是，文章写完了，甚至发表了，却很快被尘封了，因为文章选题不具有应用价值。

那么，应该如何选题?在我看来，选题就像是公司创业选择方向，要练好眼力、定力和产生市场壁垒的能力。练眼力，既要培养广度，也要培养深度。首先要学会泛读相关领域的文章，能触类旁通。找到研究空白后，要能精读与研究缺口相关的文章，做到如数家珍。无论泛读还是精读，都需要有好的定力，这恰恰是很多学生所缺乏的。大多数学生喜欢急于求成。其次，选了一个好的题目，具备了先发优势，还要考虑可能面临的竞争。在竞争面前，提炼市场壁垒能力。

第二，对相关问题的研究现状缺乏了解

写文章首先要对问题的研究现状有基本的了解，前面说的泛读就可以帮助我们了解研究现状。从事科研工作的人员越来越多，可发表论文的会议和期刊杂志也越来越多，这就容易导致我们会漏读一些相关的文章。找相关性文章的原则是：首先，要搞清楚所在行业的顶级、次级的会议和期刊。研究问题的现状一定不能遗漏这些会议和期刊上的相关文章，这些文章的作者可能就是你要发表的文章的审稿人。我们发表文章的时候也应该发表在好的会议和期刊上，这样文章受关注的程度也高。其次，要了解世界各地在该研究问题上比较有影响力的研究小组。要经常浏览他们的网站，实时追踪他们的研究动态，做到知己知彼。他们同样也是潜在的审稿人。

当了解相关的参考文献后，文章引用要注意几个问题：第一，有限度地自引用;第二，引用其他研究组的相关文章要做到尽可能平衡;第三，引用其他文章时，首先要肯定这些文章的闪光点，其次指出和自己所做工作的不同，尽可能不过于负面批评他人的文章。因为我们写文章的目的是让人欣赏我们的工作，所以指出不同就足够了。

第三， 没有贡献或者贡献不明确

通常文章被拒的主要原因是没有贡献、贡献太小或者贡献不明确。造成这个结果有两种可能。第一种是文章确实没有大贡献。许多文章的贡献只是现有技术的组合，或者对现有方法的微小改进。在这种情况下，学生往往还喜欢过度夸大文章的贡献，结果适得其反。第二种是文章其实有很好的贡献，但是作者没能展示出来。在科研竞争日益激烈的环境下，我们要站在审稿人的角度去思考问题，审稿人通常每年面对非常巨大的审稿任务，很多情况下是审稿人的学生完成具体的审稿工作。这就意味着，如果作者没有清晰地展示自己的技术和方法的独特性，没有提供充分、科学的验证结果，那么审稿人很难发现文章的贡献，最终导致文章被否定。其实写论文要求我们要讲好一个故事，这个故事要生动，同时要逻辑清晰、背景清楚、细节明了，还要经得起推敲。

另外，在学术界有滥用数学公式的现象。有些作者在明知自己的文章没有什么贡献的情况下，有目的地加入许多不必要的数学公式。目的是「如果我不能说服他们，那只能迷惑他们(If I cannot convince people, just confuse them)」。虽然有很多文章最终靠滥用数学公式被录用，但这样的文章是不具有生命力的。

第四， 问题的挑战性没有充分展示

写研究论文的一个关键点是要在文章中不停地强调问题的挑战性，在摘要、介绍、方法、实验和结论中都要展示。很多学生写的文章只是简单地描述问题、方法和实验结论，没有强调问题的挑战性。整篇文章就像白开水，很难给读者留下深刻的印象。通常描述问题的复杂性的最好方式是通过图示或者举例说明，比如通过一个例子介绍算法的工作，或者运用图示显示整个算法的流程。因为只有作者最了解问题的挑战性，所以作者应该动脑筋以最简单、最直接的方式把问题的挑战性展示出来，并且在全文中不断地用不同方式进行强调。

第五，研究方法缺乏验证或验证不足

科研文章离不开科学的验证。总结起来，有4种验证模式：第一种，最严格的验证就是理论证明，比如严格的计算复杂度推导，或者上界/下界的理论确定。但是在很多情况下，特别是在计算机科学领域，有些研究方法没办法用纯粹的理论证明，于是可以采用第二种混合办法―有一些步骤可以被理论验证，不能被理论验证的部分可以用实验验证，比如数据包在网络节点间的往返时间。在部分研究方法也无法用理论验证的情况下，可以用第三种纯粹实验的办法。该方法的严格程度不如前两种，但至少可以证明问题的解决办法在某些情况下的可行性。对于很多应用型计算机问题，纯粹实验验证方法被广泛使用，但也有其局限性。科学严谨度最低的是第四种验证方式――案例验证。在某些情况下，大规模的实验难以进行，只好提供几个成功的案例。文章中提到的研究方法在提供的案例中是适用的，但结果不一定具有普适性。这四种验证方式的严谨性逐步降低。在做计算机科研的时候，有时候不得不在科学严谨性和可行性之间取得平衡。

对上述验证方式的选取一般奉行两条原则。第一，无论如何都要验证文章中的研究方法，要与现有方法进行比较。如果问题是全新的，现有方法中没有合适的比较对象，就要学会左右手互搏，设计多种验证方式，实现自我比较，选出最优方法。第二，尽可能选取科学严谨性高的验证方式。

写作层面

第六，组织混乱，缺乏逻辑性

一篇好文章通常可以让大同行读懂文章在研究什么问题以及为什么要进行研究。其实，好文章通常只描述一个故事(一个具有挑战性的问题)，问题的引出、挑战描述、解决方法、验证方法和结论都是一气呵成。逻辑性最难把握的是摘要和介绍。文章给人的第一印象最重要，而第一印象来自摘要，一个好的摘要通常写得引入入胜、紧凑、逻辑性强。摘要的最高境界是无法改动一字。有了好的摘要，还需要在介绍中讲出一个好故事，包括问题的背景、研究动机、具体问题、挑战性、解决方案、验证情况和最终结论。所以，能把文章写得深入浅出并且引人入胜的人，一定可以成为逻辑性很强的市场营销高手。

第七， 有无知的表现

有的学生写的文章经常犯些低级错误。顶级会议或期刊是不可能容忍低级错误出现的。一篇有新意的文章在时间上也是等不起的，所以要避免低级错误出现。哪些是容易犯的'低级错误呢?(1) 以非常严格的方式定义一个小同行都知道的概念;(2) 对相关问题的研究现状的了解有重大不足或错误，甚至故意忽视相关参考文献;(3) 文章引用错误或者不恰当;(4)应用不正确或者过时的验证法或验证工具;(5) 使用错误的实验数据;(6) 把常识当作新发现;(7) 文章写得不规范，或者不符合投稿要求;(8) 从数学教科书中大量拷贝所谓的严格的数学证明;(9) 过度夸大文章的贡献;(10) 试图隐藏文章中研究方法的缺陷与不足;(11) 虚报实验结果;(12) 在文章中对同一个实验进行重复性地不同展示。

第八，英文写作基础差

中国学生写英文文章共通的问题是英文写作的基础较差，其非常重要的一个原因是缺乏正规化的训练。科研文章的美感在于简洁、清晰、逻辑化。因为文章的目的是尽可能让更多人在短时间内看懂，而不是炫耀华丽的辞藻，所以英文写作要注意以下几个原则：(1)尽可能用短句，避免使用复杂句;(2)当介绍方法、算法的时候，一定要用例子、图例说明;(3)文章表达要生动，对图、表、例子、数学证明的使用也要平衡;(4)文章的排版要有美感，不要把所有的文字，或者所有的图、表堆积在一起，要均衡搭配。图、表、例子要尽可能靠近描述它们的文字;(5)一定不要有错别字和语法错误，如果不清楚就上网查询;(6)要学会正确地使用缩写单词，在文章中第一次使用时一定要定义，而且在文章中的使用要一致，尽可能使用大家都约定俗成的缩写，不要随意发明创造;(7)要培养鉴赏美学的能力，首先要会欣赏美的文章，其次才谈得上创造美的文章。

第九， 写作不够专业化

好的文章一定要展示作者的专业化。一篇专业文章的选题，首先要让人耳目一新，至少给人的第一印象要好。其次要能清晰准确地指出文章的问题和方法的独特性，并让人了解问题和方法的难点、挑战性在何处。第三，一篇好文章就像一个活生生的人，要有血有肉，各种该有的元素都要具备。第四，文章格式要专业化，要用最高的职业标准要求自己，比如一定用LaTeX写文章，画图也一定用最专业化的画图软件，要多看打印机打印出来的效果，注意细微之处。只有这样，文章才能达到至少看上去很美。第五，平时多留意、多收集真的很美的文章，甚至可以不是自己研究方向的文章，把这些文章装订成册，经常看，才能培养出对美的文章的感觉，才能学会欣赏。只有这样，才真正有机会写出很美的科研论文。