英语毕业论文文化差异

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

谈谈英语教育文化差异必要性论文

在各领域中，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，论文的类型很多，包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。那要怎么写好论文呢？下面是我帮大家整理的谈谈英语教育文化差异必要性论文，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

【摘要】

语言是文化的产物，又是形成并沟通文化的媒介，语言既是文化的一部分又是文化的载体，有着丰富的文化内涵。学习英语的过程，就是了解和掌握英语文化背景知识的过程。学习外语就必须了解与这种外语有密切关系的文化，熟悉有关的文化知识有助于保证外语学习的整体性。因此，本文从中西方文化差异的角度，探讨在英语教育中认识中西两种文化交际差异的必要性。

【关键词】

英语教育、中西文化差异、必要性

语言是文化的载体，是文化的一个重要组成部分，并对文化的积淀、丰富与发展起着重要作用，它受到社会习俗，生活方式，行为方式，价值观念，思维方式，宗教信仰，民族心理性格等的制约和影响。英语教学即语言教学，当然也就离不开文化教育了。英语教学，不仅要掌握语音、语法、词汇和习语，而且还要指导学生如何看待事物，如何观察世界，要了解西方人如何用他们的语言来反映他们社会的思想、习惯、行为。

一、中西方文化主要差异

文化指人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，它包括物质文化、制度文化和心理文化三个方面。因此，不同的地域，不同的民族，不同的历史，不同的社会发展使得文化也各有不同。首先，价值观念的差异。在众多的文化因素中，价值是核心内容之一，价值观表现为某些符合社会文化，具有持久性，稳定性，为社会成员所接受的信念。个性，自由，平等，民主，行动，实际性，重时间，不拘礼节等是西方文化的代名词，而中庸，忠孝，容忍，谦逊，重礼仪，谨慎，保守，和谐等则是中国文化的核心概念。其次，思维方式的差异。中国人擅长形象思维，把事物看成是一个有机的整体，从系统的角度来看待问题，解决问题注重平衡与和谐、注重人情关系。

而西方人擅长逻辑思维，处理问题的对象针对性很强，偏好将分析的对象分解成不同的发展阶段或组成部分，从细节入手分析，这也是以理性思维为主要特征的西方文化的表现。再次，词汇的文化内涵差异。词汇的文化内涵一般指感情色彩，风格意义和比喻意义等。如果只是一味地对母语词汇简单地从字面附会，没有领悟到在语境中词汇的真实含义，而用英语进行交际会话，就会造成歧义，往往会词不达意。

最后，社交习俗的差异。比如，在中国人观念里，长辈或上司询问晚辈或下属的年龄，婚姻，家庭等问题，是很正常的，是关心的表现；而在西方人的观念中，这类问题纯属个人隐私，无论是长辈还是上司，询问这类问题都是不礼貌的表现，这是英文社会的交际礼仪习俗和人们的普遍心理。

二、学习中西方文化差异的必要性

文化是语言的基石，文化依靠语言来传播。只注意语言的形式，而不注意语言的内涵是学不好外语的。英语教学不仅要求学生掌握语言知识结构本身，还需要掌握语言所承载的文化内涵。因而，在英语教学中导入中西方文化知识对于培养跨文化交际型人才有着非常重要的意义。

第一，注重中西方文化差异对于提升学生的学习兴趣有着重要的作用。在英语教学中往往出现这样的现象：教师觉得课文教学比较枯燥，又缺乏较好的教学方法；教学中学生参与面小，积极性不高，课堂气氛显得比较沉闷。学生惯用的学习方法无非是记笔记，背笔记，甚至背作文，这种枯燥的学习内容及方法使得学生对于学习英语提不起兴趣。而在教学中渗透文化内涵则能从很大程度上改变这种状态。例如在讲解课文的时候介绍相关的背景知识，如历史，地理，人文风俗以及价值观念等，能够帮助学生更好地理解教学内容，从而激发学生学习英语的兴趣和积极性。第二，注重中西方文化差异对于培养学生良好的思维习惯有着重要的作用。

思维方式是学习语言的一个重要方面。只有从文化与西方文化的不同，提高学英语的思维方式出发去理解英语，才能真正地学好英语。这种思维方式的培养，必须要借助中西方文化差异的教学。文化差异对于我国与西方文化之间存在的不同进行了详细的分析和解释。通过中西方文化差异教学，对于打破学生汉语的思维模式，避免出现中国式英语，培养学生的英语思维能力有着重要的作用。第三，注重中西方文化差异对于培养学生的交际能力有着重要的意义。语言是一种交际工具，发展交际能力是英语教学的重要目标。

然而，具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。越来越多的人认为交际能力应包括五个方面：听、说、读、写和社会能力，但是在英语教学中，教师往往比较重视语言的外在形式和语法结构，培养学生造出合乎语法规则的句子，而忽视了语言的社会环境，特别是语言的文化差异，进而忽视了学生的交际能力。

第四，注重中西方文化差异对于提高学生的英语水平有着重要的意义。在英语教学中融入中西方文化差异的相关知识，不仅可以使学生对于词汇和语法有更好地把握，还能使学生更好地了解语言使用的语境、使用的方式，开阔学生的视野，拓宽学生的思路，将中西方文化的精髓结合起来，对于提高学生的英语水平有着重要的作用，进而提高学生的综合素质和文化修养。

三、结语

中西方文化存在着许多的差异，因此，在英语教育中注重中西方文化差异是十分必要的。英语教学中要达到跨文化交际的目标，必须处理好语言教学与文化教学的关系，使学生在掌握英语的同时也能学到中西方文化的知识。因此，在英语教学中，我们不仅应向学生传授词汇、语法等语言知识，而且还应培养学生文化意识，增强他们对文化差异的敏感度，了解中西方文化差异，从而成为既具有专业知识又具有跨文化交际能力的复合型人才。

参考文献：

[1]冯文娇.英语教学中的中西方文化差异教育[J].延边教育学院学报，2011(06).

摘要:本文从对英汉文化的不同特点入手分析，简要阐述了两种文化与大学英语翻译教学的相互关系，并进一步明确指出如何把文化差异与翻译教学结合起来，以及怎样在翻译教学中引入文化的介绍，深入的了解东西方文化差异在翻译中的重要性。

关键词:文化差异；翻译；语言；教学

1 概述

翻译是英语学习中的一个重要方面，也是教学中的难点。尽管对翻译的定义众说纷纭，但真正意义上内涵是一致的:即用一种语言代替另一种语言来传达同样的信息。在翻译过程中，译者必须面对两种不同的语言，而这两种语言各自归属于两种不同的文化系统。因此，译者所面对的还有两种文化。讨论翻译必须探讨语言与文化的关系，必须研究不同的文化之间的差异。 英语学习中常见的一个问题是，不少学习者在学习到较高阶段，就感觉到力不从心。其中一个重要原因便是文化障碍造成的，因为学习者没有把语言放到一个整体的文化系统中去学。由此可见，把英汉文化差异引入大学英语翻译教学，对解决翻译中的困难，提高学生的实际应用能力都有着十分重要的作用。

2 翻译中的空缺

绝对准确的语言交际是不可能的，即使是在同一语言中也是如此。语言的不对等性存在于任何不同的两种语言之间。在分属两种不同语系的英语和汉语间则表现得尤为明显。在英汉互译中，相互无对应词或语义不对应的现象时有发生，这就是我们所说的翻译中的'空缺。

词汇空缺

语言之间虽然存在共性，但不同的语言毕竟各具特性。其特性表现在词汇上，便会造成概念表达上的不对应。它与译者所处的自然环境，地理位置，生活方式及科技发展水平等相关。

语言是一种正在进行的活动，随历史的发展而产生新的词汇。1957年10月4日，苏联第一颗人造地球卫星升空时，sputnik一词在世界数千种语言中均出现词汇空缺。1967年7月21日美国宇航员阿姆斯特朗登上月球，英语中才随之出现了moon craft，moon bounce，lunar dust，lunar soil等词语。这类词汇空缺是因科技发展的水平不一所致。还有世居阿拉斯加的爱斯基摩人，他们表达“雪”的词有十几种:空中飞舞的雪，落在地上的雪，冰块似的雪，半融化的雪等等，而在英语中，却只有snow一词。

美国语言学家萨丕尔说:“语言的存在不能脱离文化，不能脱离社会继承下来的各种做法和信念。”中国历经几千年的封建社会，形成了独特而严密的封建宗法关系，男女有别，长幼有序，血缘关系的远近疏密泾渭分明。相比之下，英美的宗法关系远不及中国那么严密，家庭结构也较松散。汉语中兄弟有别，英语中都用brother表示没有分别；汉语中伯父，叔父，姑父，姨父等称谓之间身份各异，关系明确，而英语中凡是表示长一辈的男性均用uncle。同汉语相比，英语中的词汇在表达亲属称谓方面就出现了词汇空缺。

在英语教学中，对此类宗法关系的差异应予以足够的重视，对词汇空缺所造成的文法冲突应细心揣摩，通过变换角度的变通手法化解矛盾。

语义空缺

色彩这种文化共有现象，在许多情况下意义相同，但表现在中英两种文化中某些相同色彩却被赋予不同的含义。如英文中“green”一词，在表示“青春”“未成熟”“生机勃勃”等语义时与汉语对应词“绿色”一致。但“green”一词所含的“嫉妒”之意在汉语“绿色”一词中却是空缺。同样，英语中的“black and blue”是“遍体鳞伤”，而不是“黑一块蓝一块”；“a black sheep”是“害群之马”而不是“黑羊”。因此，在教学过程中，弥合语义空缺的首选方法是寻求语义上的深层对应，而不是词语对词语的表层对应。

语义空缺的另一主要方面则表现为语义辐射面的不重合性。同一个词，出自不同的言语者，不同的言语场合，或不同的语言环境均可能产生不同的含义。如英语中“flower”与其的汉语对应词“花”，其基本语义相同，但在实际语言交际中两者的差别却很大。英语“flower”用作动词可表示“开花”“繁荣”等义，而汉语中“花”却并无此意；但“花”作动词时，如“花钱”“花费”所获得的语义对于“flower”也是空白。故此，两者作动词时都出现了语义空缺。翻译时，应使学生明白弥合此类语义空缺的关键是把握词语在语言交际中所获得的实际语境意义。

语用含义

语用含义是指词语所寓含的民族文化涵义。文化的渊源不同，语言承载的文化涵义也必然有所不同。翻译是一种跨文化的语言活动，某些词语一经翻译，原语词汇所依附的文化环境也随即发生了变化。譬如，“John can be relied on，He eats no fish and plays the game。”“约翰为人可靠，他不吃鱼，还玩游戏。”从字面上看，译句与原文词义贴切，但由于译者缺乏文化背景知识，仅译出了句子的表层意思。原来在英国历史上新旧宗教派别之间斗争十分激烈，旧教规定在斋日只许吃鱼，新教推翻了旧教后，新教徒拒绝在斋日吃鱼，以表示皈依新教，忠于新政。所以“to eat no fish”表示“忠诚”之意，“to play the game”原意表示“按规则进行比赛”，转义为“光明正大”“为人正直”。所以，这句话正确的译法应该是:“约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。”

从这一系列的论述中，我们可以看到语言与文化是密不可分的，这就要求外语教学既要强调语言形式本身，又需重视语言的文化属性。作为教师，我们在平时的翻译教学中，要考虑到语言的文化背景，不能失去原有的文化环境，否则便会产生对英语文化的误解。

翻译是文化交流的忠言工具。文化发展是译学发展的基础，译学发展又受文化制约。了解英汉文化的差异，加强对英汉文化差异的敏感度，对我们富有成效地进行大学英语翻译教学是大有裨益的，同时也是我们在翻译教学的实践中需要不断研究， 探索的课题。

参考文献:

[1]周方珠 《翻译多元论》中国对外翻译出版公司 2004

[2]王大伟 《现代汉英翻译技巧》上海世界图书出版公司 1999

[3]王蔷 《英语学科教育理论与实践》安徽教育出版社 2003

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。