医学论文结构化英文写作

[摘要]根据自己在编审医学论文英文摘要工作中的实际经验，总结和归纳在翻译医学论文摘要时应注意的问题及使用的方法、策略，重点论述医学论文英文摘要的写作格式、文章标题的表达方式、语态和时态的使用、长难句翻译等。[关键词]医学论文；英语摘要；写作；翻译为繁荣医学教育，提高医疗水平，传播医学知识，促进同国外的医学交流，推动医学科学的进步，我国目前已出版发行了数百种医学期刊。为了方便论文的检索和查阅，保持同国外医学期刊的一致性，医学论文大多要求书写中、英文摘要。笔者在医学期刊的英文编辑工作中发现，相当一部分摘要的书写不够规范，部分作者在遇到长句及疑难句子时就不知从何下手，有的将检索的外文资料生搬硬抄，同自己的原文完全不对应。笔者特撰写此文，以期对提高广大医务工作者书写英文摘要的水平、提高医学论文的质量有所帮助。1 英文摘要的写作格式医学论文摘要的格式目前主要采用结构式摘要(structured abstract)，它是由加拿大Mc Master大学临床流行病学和生物统计学教授Haynes博士[1]于1990年4月首先提出的。而几乎在同年，美国《内科学纪事》(Annals of Internal Medicine'Ann Intern Med)在国际上率先应用结构式摘要[2]，随之，世界各国的医学期刊都采用了结构式摘要[3]。这些结构式摘要有8段式、7段式、6段式、5段式、4段式及3段式等，内容主要包括研究目的、研究设计、研究单位、研究对象或病人、处理方法、检测方法、结果及结论共8项。而在实际应用中，8段式结构式摘要逐渐简化为4段式。我国大多数医学期刊都采用了4段式结构式摘要，即目的、方法、结果和结论。（1）目的(objective)：简要说明研究的目的，表明研究的范围、内容和重要性，常常涵盖文章的标题内容。（2）方法(methods)：简要说明研究课题的设计思路，使用何种材料和方法，如何对照分组，如何处理数据等。（3）结果(results)：简要介绍研究的主要结果和数据，有何新发现，说明其价值及局限。此外，还要给出结果的置信值，统计学显著性检验的确切值。（4）结论(conclusion)：简要对以上的研究结果进行分析或讨论，并进行总结，给出符合科学规律的结论。为了更好地说明问题，我们来看下例：（1）目的：探讨螺旋CT(SCT)对结、直肠癌术前分期的价值。（2）方法：51例疑诊结、直肠肿瘤的患者行SCT扫描，扫描前清洁肠道，并经直肠注气，扫描范围从膈顶至耻骨联合。51例中，41例经直肠镜或手术病理证实为结、直肠癌，其中31例有手术、SCT等完整资料参与分期研究，将影像诊断与手术病理结果进行对照。（3）结果：SCT总的分期准确率为(18/31)，判断T分期的准确率为(27/32)'N分期的准确率为(19/31)。评价肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为和。（4）结论：SCT扫描对结、直肠癌的术前分期有重要价值，有助于判断肿瘤浆膜外侵犯及区域淋巴结和远处转移情况。其对应的英文摘要为：（1）Objective：To evaluate spiral CT (SCT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas. （2）Methods：Fifty?one patients suspicious of having colorectal carcinoma underwent spiral CT scans performed from the dome of the diaphragm to symphysis pubica after cleansing enema and rectal air insufflation. 41 of the 51 patients were proved to have colorectal carcinoma by colonoscopy and/or pathology. The findings of SCT of 31 patients treated with surgery were compared with the surgical pathological examination for staging.（3）Results：The overall accuracy rate of SCT staging was (18/31). For evaluation of T staging and N staging'the accuracy rates were (27/32) and (19/31). Sensitivity and specificity for serosal infiltration were and .（4）Conclusion：SCT scan'playing a significant role in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinoma'is useful to detect the serosal infiltration'lymph node and distant metastasis.上述摘要中英文对应准确，叙述简练，基本上概括了全文的主要内容，便于专家和编辑的审稿和校对，也便于医务工作者以及普通读者的查阅和检索。

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二：

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

SCI医学英文写作的格式和技巧，对于是否能不能论文发表成功起到很大的作用；因此，怎样写出高水平的SCI医学论文，是摆在每个医务工作者面前的一个重要课题。 要写好SCI医学英语论文，总体分两步走：充分准备和论文结构。 充分准备就是指收集资料，看文献,从中找出灵感和方向，需比较全面地阅读本领域文章,总结其观点，密切关注国际研究动态,有关领域学术动态,对领域外的东西或交叉学科也可以借鉴、从而产生新的观点，多参加座谈会,研讨会，和同行探讨,从中获得启示,找出切入点,完善自己的观点。 论文结构是重点，医学英语论文写作有着自己的一套规则和格式，在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特点，只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定，才能提高所投稿件的录用率。 整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的概念图：先把文章大框写好，从整体考虑文章结构，分类整理,随时记录出现的新想法，采用这个方法，不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起，都能够做到大局不乱。 医学英语论文的基本格式包括 Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)andaddress(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录，可空缺Resume-作者简介视刊物而定Coveringletter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分，包括以下五部分： Introduction-引言/概述，MaterialsandMethods-材料和方法，Results-结果，Discussion-讨论，Conclusion-结论/总结。医学英语论文写作格式分析，Title-论文题目应该恰当、光鲜、醒目，简明扼要地概括论文的基本思想，突出新的观点，有新见解,重点突出，一目了然，必须吸引读者。 由名词词组或名词短语构成，也可用陈述句。在必须使用动词的情况下，一般用分词或动名词形式,介词、冠词小写。 国际尺度化组织（ISO/215号文件)规定除各国通用的缩写词和特殊符号外，标题内不得使用缩写词和特殊符号,10-20个词。 Author(s)-作者姓名按照欧美国家的习惯，名字(firstname)在前，姓氏(surname/familyname/lastname)在后，逐一写出各自的姓名，以下几种写法都可以。 LuxinYang/YangLuxin/ZHANGhong-jun论文的署名是一个很重要的问题。署名一则是分享成果的荣誉，二则是一种责任。 实验的实施者和执笔者为第一作者。实验的设计者(指导者)等（如导师或科研团队的领队)可为通讯作者，列在排名的最后一位。 Affiliation(s)andaddress(es)-联系方式在作者姓名的下方还应注明作者的工作单位，邮政编码，电子邮件地址或联系电话等。 Abstract-摘要是对论文内容的简短陈述,为读者阅读、信息检索提供方便,不宜太详尽，也不宜太简短，100～250个英文单词。 摘要主要有两大类 说明性摘要只向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果。一般适用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多。 资料性摘要多用于专题研究论文和实验报告型论文，尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，强调指出研究的目的，材料，方法和结果、结论等四要素。 随着信息科学和电子出版物的发展，近年来又出现了一种新的摘要形式即结构性摘要。先用短语归纳要点，再用句子加以简明扼要的说明。 Keywords-关键词 关键词是论文主题的浓缩，3-8个关键词。读者从中可以判断论文的主题、研究方向、方法等。是为了满足文献标引或检索工作的需要，可从论文中选出的词或词组，以名词或名词短语居多，如果使用缩略词，则应为公认和普遍使用的缩略语。 Introduction引言 用简短的文字介绍写作背景和目的，主要内容包括：介绍相关研究的历史、现状、进展，目前研究的热点和存在的问题，说明自己对已有成果的看法，以往工作的不足之处，以及自己所做研究的创新性或重要价值，意义和前景。 要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点紧密结合，在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。 在前言的结尾必须明确提出本文研究的范围：时间尺度,研究区域等，明确提出你所关心的某一特定区域。 引言的篇幅大小，两三百字左右为宜。 MaterialsandMethods材料与方法 这个部分如果是介绍实验为主，需要文字配合图表介绍实验流程，按实验步骤写出实验过程和方法，实验所用的材料和其特性、一些工艺条件也需简单或重点介绍。 还要叙述测量设备和测量方法，包括设备名称、型号、测试什么参数、测量量程或范围等。 方法部分可按实验对象、实验设备、实验材料、实验记录、实验分析方法等来组织行文。 实验对象一般是人、动物或一些组织等，他们的基本信息要描述明白。 实验设备，要对仪器型号、生产厂家、实验过程中的用途等作详细说明。 实验材料，不同学科有不同要求。对为什么要选择这种材料以及材料选择的必要性，最好有一定的说明。 实验过程，清楚描述实验的整个操作流程，一般要附以实验流程图进行说明。 Results结果有人把结果和讨论放在一起写，但是大多数论文都是分开的。这两种做法取决于文章的类型。 结果要求真实准确，不能伪造和篡改，不要故意隐瞒或遗漏某些重要结果，有迷惑或出现了什么问题都要说明。 结果部分一般要求提供表和图。文字，图，表相对独立，但避免重复。 建议大家在提供图时，尽量用最少的图提供最多的信息，最多不超过8个，图片格式的要求每个杂志各不相同。 Discussion讨论 讨论是最难写的部分，因为这里面最能够显示一个作者研究问题的深度和广度,突出本研究的创新及重要性。从深度和广度两个方面进行论述，深度就是论文对于提出问题的研究达到了什么样的程度，广度指是否能够从多个角度来分析解释实验结果。 要突出自己研究的创新性，实验的独特性，并体现出显着区别于他人的特点，区别无论大和小，有区别就是创新。其他研究中没有得到的，那么这个结果就是重点讨论的对象,探讨它有什么实际意义，参考价值和使用前景，从深度方面探讨。 其次要系统阐述为什么会有这样的结果，从广度的角度论述：从实验设计角度，从理论原理角度，从分析方法角度，或借鉴别人分析方法等。 Conclusion结论 对全文进行总结，对研究的主要发现和成果及其普遍性进行概括总结，有什么理论与实践上的意义，让读者对全文的重点有一个深刻的印象，行文要保持简洁。 在本部分也可提出当前研究的不足之处，本论文尚难以解决的问题,对研究的前景，后续工作和进一步研究进行展望,提出建议。 如果此文章只是某项目的一部分，稍做说明。 Acknowledgement-致谢 致谢主要分为两部分 ： 表明研究的基金来源，写基金时一般要标注清楚基金号码(GrantNumber)。 对参与人员(没有列在作者中的研究人员)和单位表示感谢，如果通过一审和最终接受发表，还要加上对editor和anonymousreviewers的感谢。 References-参考文献 不同杂志对参考文献格式要求不一样，参考文献和引用一定要规范，格式要统一，人名的拼写一定不能出现错误，一般要求必须引用阅读过的重要的、近年的文献。 参考文献的选择是一项极为严肃的事医学。它关系到论文的可信度和作者的声誉，文献发表的刊物、年代、卷号、标题、页码同样应核实无误。 参阅所投刊物的投稿须知中对参考文献的要求，注录格式，使论文的文献列举和标注方法与所投刊物相一致。 其余部分 Appendix-附录，可空缺。Resume/CV-作者简介，视刊物而定。Coveringletter附信，投稿信，也是必备。 结语论文被SCI收录，学术水平是基础，编排格式是条件，投稿途径是关键。 由于篇幅有限，文章的结构，逻辑关系就变得非常重要。就象其他任何出版物一样，被SCI收录的期刊也在不停地开发自己的市场，作为国际性的科学刊物，在欧美有很大的影响，这与历史、语言和经济发展程度等因素有关。随着中国和亚洲各国经济、科学的不断发展，一些刊物也希望开拓这一巨大的市场，这给中国科技人员带来了更好的机遇。可以预见中国科技研究的结果将会更多的出现在国际科学刊物上。 Editideas(辑思编译)--源自美国华盛顿的母语编辑品牌，上千名母语专家为您服务。 Editideas(辑思编译)为科研学者提供SCI/SSCI/EI论文润色、学术翻译、投稿预审、目标期刊选择和学术推广等科研服务。