最近的医学论文翻译

对于不少医学工作者来说，发表医学论文其中一个难题就是翻译。由于英文水平的不足，医学工作者在翻译过程中常常遇到困境。今天我们就来谈谈医学论文翻译技巧，希望对各位同学有所启发。 一、时态问题 1、表达目的所用的时态 在医学论文中，“目的”通常指进行某项研究的原因、意图，即表明研究的目标。由于研究目标的制定通常在着手开始研究之前，故可使用过去时态；但是，在论文写作中，也通常使用一般现在时来表达目的，以表达研究目的是合理的、可重复等意义。 2、表达方法和结果所用的时态 在研究性论文中，在描述所使用的实验方法、技术时通常使用过去时，以表达相关的实验方法步骤发生在过去；对结果的报道也使用过去时，以表示已经得出了结果。 3、表达结论所用的时态 医学论文的结论部分为作者表达观点、意见，以及对研究进行总结的地方，常用时态为一般现在时，以表示研究结果的客观性，如果用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅仅适用于该研究过程中特定的情况，不具有普遍性。 二、词首字母大小写问题 关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。 三、标点符号问题 由于语言习惯影响，不少医学工作者会错误的使用英文标点符号，导致医学论文出现语言问题。下面我们列举几个英文标点符号常见的错误。 1.顿号使用错误 由于英文中没有顿号，但有些作者由于习惯影响，会在句子中使用顿号，如错误例子：The five concentrations of nitrogen in our study were 1、5、10、50、100 mg/L,respectively. 该句作者使用顿号隔开数字，应改为逗号，在英文学术论文写作中，无论是多个并行的数字、单词和短语都是用逗号来分隔。 2.书名号使用错误 对于书名、刊物名、影片、文章名在中文表达中使用书名号无可厚非，但用英文标点符号时可就注意了，如错误例子： In the book 《Pipeline Risk Management Manual》, the authorMuhlbauer W Kenr (.) grouped pipeline risk into 4 classes. 该作者错误的将句子中的书名使用了中文的标点符号，由于英文标点符号没有书名号，所以通常使用斜体字来表示，有时也可用引号、全部大写或在书刊名下划线来表示。 3.方括号和圆括号使用错误 方括号与圆括号并用时，容易产生错误，首先举一个错误的例子：[That was the colour (blue) she preferred] ，事实上在方括号和圆括号并用时，英文句子的使用方式与中文恰恰相反，即圆括号在内外，方括号在内，因此上句应改为： ( That was the colour [blue] she preferred. )

艾德思可以做这个。

血糖升高对出血性脑卒中（hemorrhagic apoplexy）的发生发展有极其重要的影响，不但作为重要危险因素参与HA的起始，导致疾病发病率增高，而且对HA发生后病理过程有促进作用，使血肿体积扩大，加重水肿，加重功能损害，影响预后。Hyperglycemia has a very important impact on the occurrence and development of hemorrhagic stroke (hemorrhagic apoplexy). It not only acts as an important risk factor in the initiation of HA, but also increases the incidence of disease, and promotes the pathological process of HA, enlarges the volume of hematoma, aggravates edema, aggravates functional damage, and affects prognosis.高血糖参与HA的发生机制是多方面的，包括:脂代谢异常、颈动脉重塑、内皮功能障碍、血小板功能异常、高凝状态、胰岛素抵抗。而高血糖扩大梗死面积，促进HA发展主要与致酸中毒、缺血损伤区域细胞凋亡等机制有关。Hyperglycemia is involved in the pathogenesis of HA in many aspects, including: abnormal lipid metabolism, Carotid Remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, platelet dysfunction, hypercoagulability, insulin resistance. However, hyperglycemia can enlarge the infarct area and promote the development of HA, which is mainly related to the mechanism of acidosis and apoptosis in ischemic injury area.血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和环氧合酶（COX-2）与脑血管病的关系，已引起人们的重视。血管内皮生长因子的突出作用是诱导体内血管形成，提高血管通透性；近年来发现它也有刺激神经元、胶质细胞、轴突的生长和成活的作用。环氧合酶(cyclooxygenase，COX)，是催化花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid，AA)合成前列腺素(prostgalandin，PG)以及血栓素(thromboxan，TX)的限速酶。其中COX-1为结构型，存在于大多数组织中，催化生成维持正常结构的PG；COX-2为诱导型，在生理状态下，COX-2在大多数组织中以极低拷贝数表达。但IL-1、TNF等许多炎症刺激因子均可诱导COX-2表达。但目前有关血管内皮生长因子和环氧合酶的研究多集中在与脑缺血的关系上，而关于脑出血后脑水肿的动态变化与VEGF、COX-2表达的相关性研究却不多。The relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and cerebrovascular diseases has attracted people's attention. In recent years, it has been found that vascular endothelial growth factor can stimulate the growth and survival of neurons, glial cells and axons. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate limiting enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane (TX) from arachidonic acid (AA). COX-1 is a structural type, which exists in most tissues and catalyzes the generation of PG maintaining normal structure; COX-2 is an inducible type, which is expressed in a very low copy number in most tissues under physiological conditions. But many inflammatory factors such as IL-1 and TNF can induce COX-2 expression. However, at present, the researches on VEGF and COX-2 are mostly focused on the relationship with cerebral ischemia, but few on the relationship between the dynamic changes of brain edema and the expression of VEGF and COX-2 after cerebral hemorrhage.在认识到高血糖对脑出血损伤危害性同时，控制血糖水平治疗即成为脑血管病治疗手段之一，特别是采用胰岛素降低血糖水平纳入急性脑卒中治疗指南。已有研究发现胰岛素对急性期脑出血周围脑组织的缺血性损伤有保护作用。可能机制为：现已发现脑中存在胰岛素受体，胰岛素可与胰岛素受体结合，降低脑细胞对糖的摄取，从而降低脑细胞内糖的储存，减少乳酸产生的底物，从根本上纠正细胞酸中毒；同时胰岛素还可以降低外周血糖浓度，增加出血周围水肿带的有效血供，造成相对低血糖高灌流状态，从而对脑损害产生改善作用。In recognition of the harm of hyperglycemia to cerebral hemorrhage, the control of blood glucose level has become one of the treatment methods of cerebrovascular disease, especially the use of insulin to reduce blood glucose level has been included in the treatment guidelines of acute stroke. It has been found that insulin has a protective effect on the ischemic injury of brain tissue around acute cerebral hemorrhage. The possible mechanisms are as follows: it has been found that there is insulin receptor in the brain, insulin can combine with insulin receptor, reduce the uptake of sugar by brain cells, thus reduce the storage of sugar in brain cells, reduce the substrate produced by lactic acid, fundamentally correct cell acidosis; at the same time, insulin can also reduce the concentration of peripheral blood sugar, increase the effective blood supply of edema zone around hemorrhage, resulting in relatively low blood supply Hyperperfusion of blood glucose can improve brain damage.为了解这两种细胞因子与糖尿病合并脑出血损伤的关系，本研究在糖尿病模型的基础上，拟通过自体血注入法建立稳定的大鼠脑出血的动物模型，在此基础上动态观察脑出血后行为学和脑含水量的变化趋势，分析VEGF和COX-2在出血后脑组织中的分布特点和表达变化，进而探讨VEGF和COX-2在脑出血后脑组织损伤中的作用和意义，对比糖尿病大鼠和正常血糖大鼠脑水肿体积的差别，初步观察此二因子在糖尿病大鼠和正常血糖大鼠脑出血表达的差异，以期为脑出血的治疗提供新的方法和思路。In order to understand the relationship between these two cytokines and the injury of cerebral hemorrhage in diabetes mellitus, this study is to establish a stable animal model of cerebral hemorrhage by autogenous blood injection on the basis of diabetes model. On this basis, dynamic observation of the change trend of behavior and brain water content after cerebral hemorrhage is made, and the distribution characteristics and expression changes of VEGF and COX-2 in brain tissue after hemorrhage are analyzed, Furthermore, to explore the role and significance of VEGF and COX-2 in brain tissue injury after cerebral hemorrhage, to compare the difference of brain edema volume between diabetic rats and normal glucose rats, and to preliminarily observe the difference of expression of VEGF and COX-2 in cerebral hemorrhage between diabetic rats and normal glucose rats, in order to provide new methods and ideas for the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage.材料与方法Materials and methods1. 实验动物和分组1. Experimental animals and groups健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠，共96只，体重250~280克，由郑州大学实验动物中心提供。按照随机化的原则将实验动物分为4组，即假手术组、正常血糖组、高血糖组和胰岛素干预组。每组均设4个时间点：6h、24h、72h、7d。每个时间点设6只大鼠。96 healthy adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g were provided by the experimental animal center of Zhengzhou University. According to the principle of randomization, the experimental animals were divided into four groups: sham operation group, normal blood glucose group, hyperglycemia group and insulin intervention group. Each group had four time points: 6h, 24h, 72h, 7d. Six rats were set at each time . 高血糖大鼠模型制作及胰岛素干预方法2. Establishment of hyperglycemia rat model and insulin intervention参照STZ诱导法制备高血糖大鼠模型。以STZ 60mg/kg，对高血糖及胰岛素干预组大鼠单次腹腔注射。大鼠正常血糖值为4一6mmol/L，注射后一周检测血糖≥为成功模型备选用。高血糖模型成功后，予干预组大鼠普通胰岛素，腹壁皮下注射，3次/d，4U/次，连用3天，测血糖值达正常范围。The hyperglycemia rat model was established by STZ induction. STZ (60 mg / kg) was used for single intraperitoneal injection in the hyperglycemia and insulin intervention group. The normal blood glucose value of rats was 4-6mmol / L, and the blood glucose ≥ was detected one week after injection as the successful model. After the success of hyperglycemia model, rats in the intervention group were given insulin, subcutaneous injection of abdominal wall, 3 times a day, 4U a time, for 3 days, and the blood glucose value reached the normal range.（论文翻译由学术堂提供）

我当时没办法解决，英文不好，找的清北医学翻译。医学翻译的第一。非常好。