医学论文result教学

撰写医学学术论文是一项艰巨的任务，但它对于医学专业的学生和学者来说至关重要。以下是一些有关医学论文撰写的详细步骤。1. 阅读和研究相关文献和资料撰写医学学术论文的第一步应该是阅读和研究相关文献和资料。这有助于加深对问题的理解，掌握背景知识，并提供概念和理论框架来支持您的研究。2. 选择主题并制定问题您需要选择一个主题，并制定一个研究问题。您的研究问题应该是可量化的，并具有充足的理论和文献支持。另外，您应该考虑您的研究方法和采样策略。3. 收集数据在撰写医学论文之前，您需要收集和整理数据。数据可以来自病例记录、问卷调查、实验和观察等多种途径。您需要确保您的采样方法是科学且可靠的，并且您的数据被严格地筛选和分析。4. 分析数据收集到数据后，您需要对数据进行分析。这可能包括使用各种统计学和计算机软件，以及编写描述性统计数据和图表。注意，您需要非常小心地处理数据，确保您的文献资料的准确性和可靠性。5. 写作在准备好数据和分析方法后，您需要开始写作。您的文章应涵盖包括背景、方法、结果和结论在内的所有必要部分。确保您的论文是清晰、有条理、简明扼要且准确。 利用所学习的样例来约束结构规范，再运用合适的语言来表述出自己的观点6. 校验和抽查最后，阅读和校验您的论文，纠正语法和拼写错误。并细心的进行抽查，确保所有信息的来源和引用都得到妥善的处理。撰写医学学术论文是一项复杂而挑战性的任务，但您可以通过遵循上述步骤，保持灵活性和深刻的思考来确保您的成功。

论文里面的＂result"和＂conclusion"的区别是：conclusion是结论根据论证，事实证明，数据分析而产生的。result是结果事物发展下去的必然性，有因有果。

因为SCI论文必须要问东西，也就是说必须非要有个Result不可。Result即结果该部分是SCI论文中最重要的部分之一，因为任何研究都应该有结果不管是什么。所谓Result就是A result is something that happens or exists because of something else that has happened.。

在SCI论文中，Result撰写的就是最后给出论文研究的实验结果。需要注意的是该部分论述的是结果，而不是结论，结论有SCI论文的Conclusion部分描述。结果（Result)与结论（Conclusion)之间的区别是：简单的说前者就是实验所发现的现象或获取的数据等；而后者就是对整个结果的定性。

相关信息

Result部分所示的任何数据都必须真实并有意义，即支持本论文论点的，否则就没有必要写这篇论文了。因为科技论文常常基于的是假说验证的方法，在所有试验后得出的数据中，只有那些能够获得或影响结论的数据才能作为Result部分的最终数据，而木有什么太大意义的数据就不要出现了。

Result部分里不需要罗列所有的实验数据，Result部分中的最终实验数据是要支持整篇SCI论文的论点。如果实验结果是否定一个观点的，那么最终实验数据支持否定这个观点的结论。所以在动手写Result部分前，整理和选择数据应该非常有必要。

学术论文写作步骤

一、材料准备

利用图书馆网站资源查阅有关的报刊目录索引、专题目录索引与年鉴等工具书以及制作文献目录卡片。卡片内容包含：

对于单行本，要包含出版单位，报纸包含发行的年月日。

二、确定文章结构

编写提纲的主要作用：

三、写作初稿

初稿的写作是论文形成过程中最艰苦阶段。初稿的目的是要把所有想写的内容全部表达出来，对全部数据和资料进行详细的分析、归类。从初稿的写作过程中还可及时发现前期文献研究工作有无不足或错误。

四、修改

修改是对论文初稿所写的内容不断加深认识，对论文表达形式不断优化，选择直至定稿的过程。 论文的修改不只是在语言修辞等枝节上自找毛病，对全文论点及论据进行再次锤炼和推敲也很重要。最后一步才是定稿。经过不断修改，确保论文达到一个基本满意的状态。

每一篇实验研究性文章的结果部分，都会有不同的Results，也会有不同的Figures，每一个figure里面又会有不同的picture。本文就将对Result的常用句式进行总结。 首先是英文时态： 结果部分的写作是 SCI论文写作的第一步，单从英文写作的角度讲这部分很容易写，我们要做的只是要去 描述实验结果 ，这一部分只需要一种时态—— 过去时 。 在结果描述的过程中，我们还需要 分段总结 实验结果，使每段内容的含义更好的被理解，这些总结的语句一般用 一般现在时 。 结果部分还需要一些 承上启下的连接语句 ，或者补充 introduction中没讲完全的内容时，其时态需要 单独分析 。 此外，将常用句式主要分为9个部分： 一.做这个result的最初目的，为什么要做这个实验？二.对result中的图表进行描述和解释三.强调某一结果的重要性四.开始讨论一个阳性的结果五.开始讨论一个阴性的结果六.报告阳性or阴性的相互作用七.强调这个发现是一个有趣的、令人惊讶的结果八.过渡语句九.对Result进行分段总结The standard approach to this section of a research article or dissertation is to present and describe the results in a systematic and detailed way.  When reporting qualitative results , the researcher will highlight and comment on the themes that emerge from the analysis. These comments will often be illustrated with excerpts from the raw data. In text based studies, this may comprise quotations from primary sources. 即首先要点明这个这一部分的Result的主题，得到了一个什么样的结论，再用一些原始数据或者引用参考的数据来支持这一结果。 In quantitative studies, the results section is likely to consist of tables and figures , and writers comment on the significant data shown in these . This often takes the form of the location or summary statement, which identifies the table or figure and indicates its content, and a highlighting statement or statements, which point out and describe the relevant or significant data. Result部分里面应该包含图片和表格，文中应该对这一部分的数据进行解释。对每一个图表都应该有其对应的称述或解释，并且文字要有指向性，指向某一个具体的小picture。 All figures and tables should be numbered and given a title . 每个图表都需要编号，并且有一个title。 More elaborate commentary on the results is normally restricted to the Discussion section. In research articles, however, authors may comment extensively on their results as they are presented, and it is not uncommon for the Results section to be combined with the Discussion section under the heading: Results and Discussion.有些文章的result里只是对结果进行描述，但是具体的讨论会放到一个专门的Discussion部分；而有些文章会将Result和Discussion放在一起。这个要具体对待。 接下来是一些常用句式： The first set of questions aimed to … xxx experiment  was performed to identify/demonstrate xxx. To explore the function of xxx, we did compare the difference between … The purpose of Experiment 3 was to … Simple statistical analysis was used to … The next question asked the informants … To assess X, the Y questionnaire was used. Changes in X and Y were compared using … Regression analysis was used to predict the … To distinguish between these two possibilities, … The first set of analyses examined the impact of … The correlation between X and Y was tested using … T-tests were used to analyse the relationship between … The average scores of X and Y were compared in order to … In order to assess Z, repeated-measures ANOVAs were used... Nine items on the questionnaire measured the extent to which … 下面给了一些万能句式：涵盖了不同的主谓宾形式，可根据句子的长短以及具体的内容进行选择。 Decreased mRNA/protein levels  of xxx were observed in xxx mRNA analysis of xxx, showed significant increases of  xxx. RT-PCR analysis showed a higher expression level of xxx mRNA in xxx than in xxx. xxx treatment affected something, indicating the role for xxx. Drug A application increased xxx We purified total RNA from U2OS cells and added increasing concentrations of this RNA to G3BP1 protein in vitro in the absence of Ficoll and found that this RNA strongly promoted LLPS of G3BP1 This finding was consistent with the previous finding that xxx. Our data demonstrated that xxx plays a role in xxx Ligation and puncture in mice resulted in xxx. The number of cells surrounding the xxx was increased. The increase in the expression of xxx was abrogated upon xxx treatment. The elevation in the expression of xxx was decreased upon xxx treatment. What stands out in the table is … Closer inspection of the table shows … It is apparent from this table that very few … The most interesting aspect of this graph is … In there is a clear trend of decreasing … What is striking about the figures in this table is … What is interesting about the data in this table is that … The differences between X and Y are highlighted in Table 4. From the chart, it can be seen that by far the greatest demand is for … From this data, we can see that Study 2 resulted in the lowest value of … This table is quite revealing in several ways. First, unlike the other tables … From the data in Figure 9, it is apparent that the length of time left between … Data from this table can be compared with the data in Table which shows … As Table III shows, there is a significant difference (t = , p = ) between the two groups. The mean score for X was … Further analysis showed that … Further statistical tests revealed … A two-way ANOVA revealed that … On average, Xs were shown to have … Strong evidence of X was found when … This result is significant at the p = level. The results, as shown in Table 1, indicate that … A positive correlation was found between X and Y. There was a significant positive correlation between … The difference between the X and Y groups was significant. There was a significant difference in X, t(11) = , p< There was a significant difference between the two conditions … Respondents who reported low levels of X also reported significantly lower levels of Y. No increase in X was detected. No difference greater than X was observed. No significant differences were found between … None of these differences were statistically significant. No significant difference between the two groups was evident. No significant reduction in X was found compared with placebo. No evidence was found for non-linear associations between X and Y. No significant correlation was found between X scores and the Y scores (p = .274) X appeared to be unaffected by Y. Only trace amounts of X were detected in … There was no evidence that X has an influence on … The Chi-square test did not show any significant differences between … Overall, X did not affect males and females differently in these measures. A clear benefit of X in the prevention of Y could not be identified in this analysis. T-tests found no significant differences in mean scores on the X and Y subscales. Stimulation of X cells with Y did not increase the … With successive increases in intensity of the X, the Y moved further to … Following the addition of X, a significant increase ( P <) in the Y was recorded. When X cells were stimulated with Y, no significant difference in the number of Z was detected. Interestingly, the X was observed to … This result is somewhat counterintuitive . Interestingly, this correlation is related to … The more surprising correlation is with the … Surprisingly, only a minority of respondent s … The most surprising aspect of the data is in the … The correlation between X and Y is interesting because … The most striking result to emerge from the data is that … Interestingly, there were also differences in the ratios of … The single most striking observation to emerge from the data comparison was …除了描述结果和总结结果，在结果部分还需要用一些承上启下的语句，其目的就是把各个 部分的结果连接起来，让整个结果部分变成一个连贯的整体，就好像在讲一个完整的故事 一样，这样才方便读者阅读理解。常用的句式和段落承接方法有： If we now turn to … A comparison of the two results reveals … Turning now to the experimental evidence on … Comparing the two results, it can be seen that … The next section of the survey was concerned with … In the final part of the survey, respondents were asked … Previous report that xxx, led us to assess the effect of xxx on xxx. We next asked whether xxx was required for xxx process. Having shown that xxx, we thus speculate that xxx. According to the finding that xxx, one may note that xxx, so we performed xxx experiment. Having demonstrated that, we investigated that xxx. To discover additional xxx, we conducted xxx experiment. 为了让我们的结果更容易被理解，最好每一小段文字的结尾都有一句总结的文字，顺便还 可以解释一下实验结果说明了什么 对一小段文字进行总结： Therefore, the goal of this study is to demonstrate xxx. Thus, xxx signaling pathway could be a novel target for the treatment of xxx These results suggest that xxx mediates xxx and the subsequent downstream signaling events. Taken together, our data indicate that xxx. These results suggest that … Overall, these results indicate that … In summary, these results show that … In summary, for the informants in this study, … Together these results provide important insights into … Taken together, these results suggest that there is an association between … The results in this chapter indicate that … The next chapter, therefore, moves on to discuss the …

医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结，是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶，是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文，能使成果向国际上展示，并有可能被人采用和传播，为人类造福，因此，更具有意义与价值，那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节：写前准备Preparation， 论文结构 Structure， 论文文题Title， 摘要Abstracts， 引言Introduction， 文章主体Body of Paper， 结论 Conclusion， 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料，找出灵感和方向，主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点，文章的结构应该：选题要宽，研究方向要窄，然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement)，用最少的字句表达出自己的观点，吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear，short)，以提升读者的阅读兴趣，然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影，一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字，篇幅<200字)，按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results)，这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短，顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面，而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节，因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分：(1) Methods，详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程，对于通用的实验方案可以简略，重点要放到自己的独创方案上面，按照实验的先后顺序介绍，为了文章的阅读方便，不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion，这个部分是为了以后的study ，在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis，和别人的成果进行比较，暗示自己的主要收获，为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result，使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来，其中table不要使用过多，而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确，必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息，保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分，稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误，是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement，不要忘记，这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质，还一定程度体现了研究水平。

医学SCI论文的正确写作步骤一、 收集整理资料 资料要真实，资料的获取一定是作者亲自调查或进行实验所取得的第一手材料。而绝非虚构、伪造或“想当然”。论文中所有数据都要忠实于事实材料，必须经过反复验证，要有据可查，不能主观臆断、弄虚作假。所有数据都必须选择恰当的统计方法进行统计处理。计数资料用绝对数，率，百分比，OR值，标准误，可信限等，统计用条图，圆图，线图，分析用χ2检验；等级数据可用秩和，Ridit分析，统计用条图，圆图，分析用秩和检验，Ridit分析；计量数据用均数，中位数，标准差，标准误，百分位数，参考值，统计用直方图，分析用t检验，方差分析，相关与回归分析等；反应时间用年复发率，年生存率，中位生存时间等，统计用生存率曲线，生存率阶梯图，危险率图等，分析用专门的统计方法，即生存分析(survival analysis)。 二、 编写提纲 编写提纲是把医学论文结构、构思固定下来，它是完善构思，使构思条理化，周密化的一种有效的方法，当然你也可以打好腹稿。编写提纲的好处是你能确定你研究成果总的轮廓、逻辑顺序，可以让你清晰明了你所研究课题，不会造成论文混乱，甚或重复。文章结构应该清晰明了，对于大的主题，应该按各期刊要求加以划分小标题来层层说明。如果没有小标题，读者读起来很吃力，显的杂乱无章，这样的文章读者是不喜欢的。 三、 撰写成稿 初稿应一气呵成，而不要不时的回头去看前面写的是否满意。初学写论文的读者很容易不停的去往上看，是否字写错了，段落是否连贯等等。记住，这只是初稿，以后还要修改的，不时的回头看，会影响自己的思路。初稿完成后，仔细的从头读到尾。看有没有错别字，语法是否有问题。论文写好后还应反复修改，将可有可无的字、句，不必要的数据，甚至图表删除。注意有无文字与表或图的内容重复。最重要的就是是否说清楚了你研究的问题，拿起你写下的主题，看看是否跑题了。对于段落，要注意段落的构成是否单一，完整，段与段之间的衔接是否连贯，紧凑；对于句子，每个句子是否正确的表达了文章内容；对于用词看是否贴切，是否符合习惯用语；修改文章一定要看看文章是否合乎逻辑，合乎多数读者参考：查尔斯沃思论文润色贴士