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(一)反时针(CCW)PTt轨迹的造山过程
它是构筑动力学模型的必需和最初的一步。从岩浆-构造事件序列以及造山阶段的幕的划分来看,不论是一个造山幕的尺度还是整个造山过程,均记录了陆壳的加热在先,然后是收缩构造导致的陆壳加厚,最后隆升剥蚀的过程,因此,具反时针(CCW)PTt轨迹(图2-79)。因此,总体上表现为,一个较薄的岩石圈(60~100km)和一个加厚的陆壳(55~60km),类似于现今的安第斯和冈第斯的岩石圈结构。
图2-79 华北燕山造山过程反时钟(CCW)PTt轨迹示意图
热模拟中瞬间陆壳加厚之后的隆升约为100~120Ma(参见第一节),但是,华北造山带陆壳加厚之后的隆升只有几个Ma,甚至≤1Ma,因此,加厚的陆壳不可能恢复到加厚前的陆壳厚度,又遭受一次收缩构造,这样,随时间,陆壳厚度必然持续增加(图2-79)。
(二)燕山造山带动力学模型
基于已有的模型(吴福元等,2003,邓晋福等,2003)和造山过程的PTt轨迹,可构筑一个改进的动力学模型(图2-80),其概要如下:①J1和J2沿岩石圈破裂2次玄武质岩浆底侵于壳底和贯入于破裂的岩石圈(L1)中(图2-80a);②J1晚期和J2晚期2次收缩构造,使陆壳加厚,同时玄武质岩石和底侵岩浆房中堆晶超镁铁-镁铁质岩石转化为榴辉岩,使原有的克拉通岩石圈(L1)改造为密度大的岩石圈(L2),密度大导致岩石圈下沉(图2-80b);③J3和K11高密度岩石圈(L2)的下沉拉力,导致沿莫霍面构造薄弱带和山根带榴辉岩顶界近水平方向的拉裂,最终使岩石圈面型拆沉,软流圈上涌,导致面型玄武质岩浆的喷发(图2-80c);④K21由于区域挤压应力场的终止,巨大山根产生陆壳隆升,导致后造山伸展构造,这时软流圈开始冷却,逐渐转变为新的岩石圈(L3),由于软流圈冷却,火山作用基本上停止,只发育后造山侵入活动(图2-80d)。可以看出,图2-80的模型显示,后造山的伸展主要是由于区域挤压应立场的停止和剧烈的地壳隆升所诱发,此时已不是岩石圈大规模拆沉,而是软流圈开始冷却,逐渐转变为新的岩石圈的过程,是被扰乱的L/A系统走向稳定的过程。
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