社区工作论文外文文献

The aging of the population in the 21st century the major social problems, the international community of the hot issues of common concern of China's social, economic and overall development with the major strategic issues. In recent years, China's traditional family and community-based old-age pension services, both in the event of significant changes. Now, on this issue with the international experts and counterparts to exchange some cases. (A) At present, China is the world's most populous country in the elderly, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's elderly population. Since the end of 2000, the elderly population over the age of 60 to percent average annual growth rate last year, China's water for more than 60 elderly people have reached 136 million, accounting for 10 percent share of the total population of more than the aging of the population to enter the country. More prominent is that the elderly over the age of 80 has reached 13 million and an average annual rate of percent. The middle of this century, 60 years old or older will reach about 400 million, when one in four elderly people. China's population age structure into old age by the adult type, date from 1982 to 2000, only 18 years, compared with some developed countries, the speed of the base of the large number of the elderly population is an unprecedented of. Population aging in the process of development, although the growth rate of China's rapidly aging population, but from the beginning of the 21st century, the Chinese economy will achieve the development objectives of the third step, 30 to 21 years, the working population the proportion of the total population has remained more than 60%, with a long time in China's labor resources are still relatively abundant and low age of the older population accounts for 70% of healthy elderly. Therefore, the aging of the population on China's prospects, they do not have to worry, can not be negligent, as long as doing a good job, governance of China's population aging, we are full of confidence. It is worth noting that at the turn of the century about the importance of 20-year historical period, China's social and economic structure of many areas will face a "transition" process, and its future, will include old-age pension system, including the future of China's economy have a profound impact on the trend. One change from the scores of the planned economy era of planned economy to market economy and the coexistence of two-track, and then to a fairly complete socialist market economic system reform, China has demanded the establishment of the pension system and reform the idea of a variety of market economy should be closely the pulse of development in line with the requirements of the development of a market economy, constrained by the laws of the market. The second change, China has continued for more than a decade of rapid economic growth, the turn of the century will be continued. As to China's overall national strength has increased substantially and the national economy and employment structure of the industrial structure will be significant changes to speed up the urbanization process. Owing to the large number of rural surplus labor transfer to the second and third industries, and from rural areas moved to cities, rural areas will depend in large measure the traditional shake the foundation of the family pension. The third change in the turn of the century, China's aging population has entered the ranks of society. Elderly population in absolute numbers and in the total population increase in the proportion will change the age structure of the population, adding to the burden of social endowment. Of social labor market supply, the national economy, the proportion of accumulation and consumption and so on have a profound impact. The transformation of socio-economic structure, the decision of China's pension system will also be going through a "transition" process, leading from the main domestic economic leader in the social old-age pension to the transition. However, taking into account in the 21st century for a long period of time, China's existing urban-rural dual economic structure will continue to exist. Therefore, at present, China's pension system, the basic framework can be broadly summarized as follows: conform to their social, economic and demographic changes in the structure of the family old-age pension and track both the overall framework of the gradual transition to the social endowment. (B) China's old-age pension, currently mainly family-based old-age pension. People's Republic of China since the founding of the "Constitution", "Marriage," "People's Republic of China Law on the Protection of the rights and interests of older persons" such as laws, they affirmed the legal status of family pension, of which 29 August, 1996 promulgated " Old Age Law "clearly provides that" the elderly mainly depend on old-age home, family members should be the concern and care for older persons. maintenance of older persons should carry out to support the economic, social care and spiritual comfort of the obligations of the special care of the elderly needs. " China's family old-age model, has also aroused the concern of the international community. Held in Vienna in 1982, the United Nations World Assembly on Aging, the General Assembly, the Secretary-General pointed out: "with China as the representative of the Asian way to solve the problems of the elderly is the world's example." The so-called Asian way, that is, refers specifically to the way of family pension. In China, such a large population, the economy is not yet well-developed developing countries, to play the role of family pension, a very far-reaching significance. Moreover, adhering to and developing the tradition of old-age home for the aging of the population of developing countries to solve the problem, there will be a certain impact. From the social development, the family pension is not only reflected the inter-generational economic reciprocity between the mutual aid and, more importantly, embodies the spirit of mutual support the two sides consolation. No matter what kind of goods to the level of economic development, regardless of people's thinking, values and how the family structure changes, the traditional ethics of the Chinese nation still maintain the basic norms of a normal life. Because, in the family as a result of the formation of a common life and harmonious family relations, social relations, any other can not be replaced. However, the progress of society, the times are changing, China is not the old model can not be changed. Overall, China's old-age, elderly, whether rural or urban, 70% of the elderly have been relatively good maintenance. And the mobilization of all levels of government rely on the strength of all sectors of society to take a variety of old-age pension, so as to enable the broad masses of the spirit of the basic needs of the elderly. However, some elderly people to old-age pension is also not satisfied. Not satisfied with the proportion of claims for different, and some that are not satisfied with the 22 percent of people, some 19% of the people that are not satisfied with, and some that are not satisfied with 26% of the people. In short, one-third of the elderly believe that the issue of the elderly more prominent pension of old-age pension is not satisfied with the situation. This is because the emergence of new family pension, the new situation. Its a common question is: the concept of family pension, old-age sense of desalination; "parents, not Travel" has been completely shattered the fetters; senior citizens more and more elderly, more and more empty-nest elderly, a growing elderly family more; rural old-age security has not been fully established, the rural collective economic base is weak, no more funds to address the issue of protecting the livelihood of the elderly; elderly family status has changed fundamentally. Old-age traditional family has faced unprecedented challenges. In the cities, increasing family size reduced, the core of the family, empty nest families, the elderly will be increasing number of families. "Family changes in trend analysis of Shanghai," Shanghai article pointed out that the main characteristics of the family: the family is always in continuous growth (the early 80s, the city's families a total of 3,146,000, the early 90s rose to 4,153,000, 10 in an increase of million); families increasingly shrink the average population (the city's family size to persons in 1949 to 1982, the city's average family size has dropped to people, the current average is less than 3 per person); single families, elderly households showed the trend of rapid growth (the city's million households in the elderly over the age of 65 accounted for percent of households than in 1990 increased by percentage points), the example of Shanghai, in a sense, reflects China's cities with the issue of universality. The above shows that with the historical development, social change, the family faced a series of new problems in old-age pension, old-age traditional family has become the aging of the population not meet the needs of the development. From China's economic, political, cultural traditions and the elderly and families for tolerance, it is necessary to ensure the dignity of older persons, both now or in the future, take the family old-age pension and social combination of roads, is to resolve the issue of China's old-age of a way out. (C) of the Chinese elderly people in urgent need of the community old-age pension of service to the community. Community refers to a certain geographical-based community social life, which includes a certain geographical region, the region of a variety of material and cultural resources, as well as through the blood, such as geopolitical relations linking people with common interests and organizations. Urban communities in China, generally refers to an office area or street. Community to serve the community of old-age pension is community-carrier-led community-based organizations play a government, communities, families and individuals a wide range of power, the full mobilization of community resources, material and human resources for the elderly, elderly, old-age provide a full range of support to the elderly according to their own desires to continue to stay at home and stay in a familiar environment, and pro-people familiar with the neighbors and friends with dignity. China's community service pension starting from the 80's, after 20 years of development has begun to take shape, at present, most large and medium-sized cities have begun to take shape the facilities and services, fixed services and door-to-door services as the main form of service, and form of life care, health care, mental health, culture and entertainment, participation and protection services as the main contents of the pattern of community service pension. In recent years, the Chinese government attaches importance to promoting community service to the community, and has introduced a "speed up the development on the views of community services" and "accelerate the achievement on the socialization of social welfare views." In some places on the promotion of community service to the community of old-age have also been actively exploring in the full use of various social forces to mobilize the community of human, material and financial resources, the establishment of multi-channel services to the cause of old-age community has made initial success. Such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces and municipalities have issued the relevant policies and regulations, social forces organized for the cause of social welfare has created a favorable policy environment, greatly improving the enterprises and institutions, social groups and individuals, as well as Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and even foreign organizations to run social welfare initiatives to quicken the social and pension services. Up to now, China's community-based elderly care facilities has reached 200,000, community service organizations, 70,000 volunteers, community service more than 800 million volunteers, run more than 750 social welfare agencies. At present, China's endowment of the community social services to the main contents include: (A) the diversification of investment channels. Given China's current level of economic development, the Government can not do all the community facilities and services for the elderly, should be taken to the state, collectives and individuals shared responsibility approach. Part of government investment funds, the main force of the elderly services for the demonstration projects, and through preferential policies and encourage the community to draw on the strength of older facilities and services set up in order to greatly accelerate the community-the pace of development of elderly services to meet the growing elderly The demand for services and facilities. (B) community-based management approach. Arranged to change the way old-age welfare facilities, services and facilities, as appropriate, will be part of services to civil society groups to the operation and management, the Government has given some preferential policies, the adoption of policies and regulations at the same time monitoring and guidance, social service to the community to do. (C) the community of clients. Community services and old-age pension is not only simple facilities for the elderly or a small number of the Home object, but for all communities in need of the elderly. Units and corporate services and facilities for the elderly to all elderly people should be community-oriented, to achieve resource sharing. (D) community-based services. The professional services and volunteer activities, a wide range of community residents and area units for the elderly community obligations, to cover services. In addition, the level of China's social security than the western developed countries is still relatively low, for the welfare of the elderly care situation of growing demand, a number of urban communities to establish a time saving system to encourage young people to provide care for the elderly care for the elderly, for their own future care needs of the time savings.

加强社区社会管理是全面推进社会管理创新的重要基础性工作，社区从开始就被定义为“小社会”，社会的一切活动都是在一个个实体的社区里进行，一个社区所面临的许多问题，既是某一社区中单独的存在，也是更大社会范围内的问题的具体表现。因此，探索社区存在的一些问题，为解决整个社会普遍存在的一些现象有所帮助。一、“社区”来源1887年滕尼斯用“社区”与“社会”两个综合性分析概念，来说明人类演进过程中农业社会和工业社会的两极特征。他认为“社区是一种持久的真正的共同生活，是一种原始的或者天然状态的人的意志的完善的统一体。”社会则是一种有目的的联合体。在社会里人们“虽然也像在共同体里一样，以和平的方式相互共处地生活和居住在一起，但是基本不结合在一起，而是基本上分离的。”由此，滕尼斯认为社区是由一定地域范围内的同质人口组成的、价值观念一致、关系密切、出入相友、守望相助、疾病相抚的富有人情味的社会共同体，并强调人与人之间所形成的亲密关系和共同的精神意识以及对社区的归属感、认同感。随后20世纪20-30年代，研究都市社区的芝加哥学派代表人物.帕克强调了社区的本质特征是“地域性”的观点。1955年，美国社会学家则认为，大多数社会学家认同的社区概念应包括社会互动、地理区域和共同关系三个特征。目前我国对社区的研究较有影响力的范式是“国家与社会的关系”。此类研究将社区视为社会的代表或者国家与社会的中介，通过社区去验证关于国家与社会关系的某些重要论点。另外一个研究方向是研究社区治理的具体范畴，他们认为社区是中国公民社会崛起、推动社区自治和城市共同治理的重要方式，政府向社区让权、还权、授权，成为社区自治的推动力，而草根社区通过公民行动和政治参与，并对管理体制形成强大的冲击力。目前，按经济结构、人口密度、人口聚集规模标准分类，主要有农村社区、城市社区和集镇社区（或城镇社区）三种，本文探讨的是城市社区治理中存在的不足。二、我国城市社区治理存在的问题随着经济发展，我国的国家和社会关系经历了巨大的转变，国家对社会的控制正逐步走向服务，各类非政府社会组织取得了一定能动性，社会管理的创新活动正如火如荼。尽管公民社会形成的外部环境和内部结构已逐步改善，但因为公民意识尚不普遍、法制体系尚不健全、民间组织的自主性不强等原因，虽出现了不少社区自治的示范社区案例，但大多数采取的仍然是政府为主导的社区治理模式，政府外的社会力量如社区法定组织与民间组织等都还很弱小，存在以下不足：1.治理主体定位不清我国社区自治程度普遍较低，政府往往通过行政命令和强制手段直接控制社区的治理工作。在城市社区治理中，社区的独立性与法律赋予的自治性都受到了限制，社区成为基础政府组织及其派出机构的“附属物”。市、区各管理部门存在工作职能相互混淆的情况，结果往往各自为政，工作布置繁杂和重复交叉，使社区居委会这一群众性自治组织承担了大量原本属于政府部门的工作任务，成为政府部门的承受层、操作层和落实层，加之工作中权、责、利的不明晰和当前考评机制的综合因素，社区工作开展起来力不从心，疲于应付。这种社区行政化实际上形成了领导与指导兼有的双重关系，而其原本的自治管理功能却日益萎缩，不利于提升居民对社区的认同感、归属感，也不利于提高社区居委会的威信，同时还严重影响了社区的承载能力。在治理角色错位的的同时，政府过多地干预了非政府社会组织的自主权利，使得一些地方的居委会承担了一些应由非政府社会组织承担的事务性职能，如社区文化活动、公益慈善活动、志愿者活动等。由于政府角色上的缺位和越位，出现了“该管的未管，不该管的强管，管了的又管不好”的现象，影响了社区建设的健康发展。2.社区管理资源匮乏我国城市社区普遍面临资源匮乏、配套支持难以满足社区治理需要的困境。一方面是人力资源匮乏。由于编制等历史原因，当前从事社区治理与服务工作的多是下岗职工、家庭妇女、离退休职工等，专业人员和管理人员比例偏低，大多数从业者没有经过社会工作的专业培训，缺乏社会管理知识，面对社区各项功能社会化服务显得心有余而力不足。另外社区工作人员工作强度很大，但工资薪酬却普遍偏低，吸引不了高素质人才，社区工作者队伍青黄不接。另一方面是政策资源缺乏。社区治理缺乏相应的政策支持，很多条例过于笼统，执行起来难度较大，而政策间也缺乏有效衔接，这为注重细节管理的社区治理带来了很多困难。具体表现在：一是街道办事处指导下的社区居委会，对自身行政服务和管理的范围没有制定明确的制度规范，容易造成管理缺位或越位的现象；二是社区内的市、区属机关和企事业单位，分别按各自指令行事，与社区之间的关系缺乏有效的政策和法律依据，往往造成社区事务相互推诿扯皮；三是社区管理运行尚未形成行之有效的监督机制，难以制约一些权力集中部门的工作。3.社区参与性不强社区治理的目标就是通过多元的社区组织实现对社区治理的参与，治理的主体既包括党团组织和政府组织，也有非营利组织和市场组织，还有居民个人。现阶段社区内居民参与和社会组织参与积极性都不高，社区活动的行政化痕迹明显。虽然很多社区管理机构对居民的意愿和要求给予了一定的重视，居民的合理化建议得到了一定程度的采纳，但靠行政推动力来整合社会力量的方式很难吸引居民自觉参与。而在政府的强势领导下，社区社会组织活动的开展很多时候处于被动地位，因为这些组织无法像政府那样采取合法的强力手段实现公共管理和保护公民的公共安全与人权，而政府与营利组织又不能像非营利组织那样对社区弱势群体提供免费而又受到受助者欢迎的服务。此外，社区中存在各种各样的社会主体，这些主体在社区活动中构成错综复杂的关系，但目前各组织尚未明确各自所应该承担的职责和义务，比如社区非正式组织与政府机构之间、业主与物业公司之间的共建与共享尚未成形。 三、城市社区治理的对策分析1.创新政府管理方式虽然我国的社区治理模式大多数还是政府主导，但是参照武汉、上海等社区管理的创新经验，我们发现城市社区管理体制由单一行政管理模式转变为政府与社区互动的治理模式道路可行，这是构筑政府依法行政与社区依法自治相结合的管理体制模式，也是架构“小政府、大社会”的创新社会管理途径。一要明确居委会与各职能部门所担负的职责。各职能部门必须独立承担的行政管理责任，对于自己职能内的事务不推给社区，如果需要社区协助应该提供工作人员和相关经费，其他如社区保障、群众文化等社会性服务工作应从行政职能中分离出来，按“权随责走、费随事转”的原则移交社区，并界定社区自治管理的职责，包括社区社会机构的管理、邻里关照等社区公益事业建设等。二要创新社区评议的考核监督机制。对社区的考核由上级部门的单向考核，转变为上级部门、驻区单位、社区居民共同参与的多向考核；政府职能部门在社区建立公示制、承诺制，接受社区成员的监督和评议；考核管理社区、服务居民的内容应当以社区居民的满意度为主，并取消考核与社区职能无关的内容，切实为社区工作减负。2.加大人才队伍建设2011年，国务院办公厅印发了《社区服务体系建设规划(2011-2015年)》，《规划》指出，要积极推进社区服务人才队伍专业化、职业化，落实“一社区一名大学生”政策，实施50万大学生服务社区计划。对各种不同类型的人才，要采取公开推荐、民主推荐、群众推荐、组织推荐、个人自荐等方式，引入竞争机制，推行竞争上岗，创造公开、平等、竞争、择优的用人环境。针对社区管理特点，要开展形式多样的培训活动，建立培训登记管理制度，鼓励社区工作者参加各种职业资格考试和学历教育，对社区服务人员进行系统培训，切实提高社区干部的计算机操作、口头表达、文字组织、矛盾协调等技能。另外，要认真落实政务公开、财务管理、民主评议干部等规章制度，保障社区人才队伍的稳定，从而使社区管理服务水平向规范化、专业化、制度化发展迈进。3.提升社区居民参与社区居民参与度的高低，决定着社区建设与城市基层民主化实现程度的高低，是创建和谐社区的基础，也是实现社区建设自治发展的关键。首先，要引导居民群众在社区民主管理中发挥作用。通过建立社区网站、张贴宣传通知等各种方式实行居委会工作公开；开展试行社区事务听证制度，增加社区管理的透明度，提高居民责任感，对影响居民生活的大小事情通过召开听证会、楼道会等形式解决。其次，开展各类丰富多彩的社会活动和互助活动，融洽邻里关系，消除矛盾纠纷，满足社区居民多方面的精神需求，并通过树立社区活动积极典型，引导居民自觉参与社区的管理，形成和谐邻里、平等互助的良好社区风气。4.培育各类社区组织社区服务组织是社区管理和社区服务的重要力量，对该类组织的设立和发展要给予必要支持，特别是对公益慈善类、社会福利类、社会服务类社会组织等应简化登记手续，降低准入门槛，减免税收费用，对办公场所方面也应积极配合。此外，对一些提供服务的社会组织可以借鉴香港地区的做法，试水市场化的购买制度，引导符合条件的组织或个人创办公益性组织，扩大试点服务范围和内容，实现社区居民综合性服务的提供。当前中国社会结构正处在公民社会逐步形成发展阶段中，处于这个阶段的公民社会虽已形成，但还不够成熟。作为典型的政府主导型的公民社会，中国处在市场、社区与民间组织还不成熟的转型时期，只有采取多种管理方式，积极加强人才培养，促进社会组织发展，培育社区公民意识，不断提高社区自治能力和自主意识，才能引导社区治理逐步走向成熟。