直流电阻检测论文

论三相异步电动机维修及故障排除 摘要：介绍三相异步电动机的结构特点及损坏情况，根据近几年在三相异步电动机检修中的经验，总结出三相 异步电动机的检修方法及在试运转试验中常见的几种故障及排除方法。 关键词：三相异步电动机 检修 定子绕组 试验 我公司自1993年开始进行三相异步电动机的维 修，经过多年的摸索，不断总结实践经验，目前为止 三相异步电动机的检修质量和判断故障点的速度都得 到了很大的提高，得到了广大客户的认可。三相异步 电动机又叫感应电动机，它是一种结构简单、坚固耐 用、使用和维护方便、运行可靠的电动机，它主要是 由定子和转子组成。目前绝大多数动力设备，如机床、 起重设备、运输机械、鼓风机、各种泵类以及日常生 活中的电扇、医疗设备等装置中广泛应用。 三相异步电动机要定期检修，方能保证可靠运行。 它的检修有一般维修，也有恢复性大修。随着使用年 限的增长，使用数量的增多，损坏情况也不断增加，恢 复性大修数量也逐年上升。我修复过各种大小规格的 电动机，功率从～300kW。 1 结构特点及损坏情况 三相异步电动机是由固定部分—定子和转动部分 —转子组成的，定子与转子之间留有相对运动所必须 的空气隙。定子是电动机的静止部分，主要由定子铁 心、定子绕组和机座等部件组成。定子铁心它作为电 动机的磁路，一般由～的硅钢片叠压而成， 钢片的表面涂有绝缘漆，内圆表面冲有均匀分布的槽， 槽内嵌放定子绕组。定子绕组的作用是通入三相交流 电流，产生旋转磁场。通常绕组是用高强度漆包线绕 制成各种型式的线圈，嵌入定子槽内。机座是固定定 子铁心和定子绕组，并以两个端盖支承转子，同时起 到保护整个电动机和发散电动机运行中所产生热量的 作用。转子是电动机的旋转部分，主要由转子铁心、转 子绕组、转轴、端盖等部件组成。转子铁心它作为电 动机的磁路是由～的硅钢片叠压而成，固 定在转轴上。转子表面冲有均匀分布的槽，槽内嵌放 转子绕组。转子绕组用以切割定子磁场，产生感应电 势和电流，并在旋转磁场作用下使转子转动。转轴用 以传递转矩，支撑转子的重量，一般由钢及合金经过 机械加工而成。端盖一般为铸铁件装在机座的两侧，起 支撑转子的作用。 三相异步电动机主要有下面几种损坏情况： （1）滚动轴承安装不正确造或润滑脂不合适，造 成轴和轴承发生磨擦，使轴磨损严重而损坏。 （2）定子绕组损坏。主要原因是电机过载、匝间、 相间、短路、对地击穿等造成定子绕组损坏。 2 三相电动机的定期检修 为了避免和减少三相异步电动机突然损坏事故， 三相异步电动机需要定期保养和检修。如遇有电动机 过热和定子绕组绝缘太低时，须立即进行检修。 三相异步电动机的检修方法是：将电动机进行解 体，对各零件先进行清理，再对它们作表观检查，是 否有异常。然后对关键部位的尺寸进行测量，对电机 绕组作电气检查。 （1）机械检查。检查电机的外壳和端盖是否有裂 缝现象，如有裂缝应进行焊接和更换。检查转子由一 侧到另一侧的轴向游隙，测量时将长500~600mm的塞 尺，塞入定、转子之间，按4个或8个等分位置来测量 气隙，然后取其平均值。表1列出了三相异步电动机气 隙大小的参考数值，该数值系指两边尺寸的总和。如 平均值与参考值偏差较大，则应检查转轴是否弯曲，装 配工艺是否妥当。另外用手拨动转子，看是否能转动， 如转不动看是否有异物卡住，轴承是否良好。然后根 据情况更换轴承、轴套。测量检查叶轮的上、下外止 口和与它们相配合的扣环及电机内径的尺寸，这两个 配合间隙是否在检修标准规定的范围内，超差时需更 换零件或采取其它措施（如：堆焊、镶套）使配合间 隙达到规定要求。否则将影响电机的性能、轴向平衡 力等。观察检查定、转子的表观情况，尤其要注意焊 缝处有无异常情况。 （2）电气检查。直流电阻检查：三相电阻的不 平衡度不得超过2%。 绝缘电阻检查：三相异步电动机绕组的绝缘电阻 一般能达到100MΩ以上。如低于5MΩ时需分析原因， 绝缘是否受潮，或绕组因绝缘不好而接地等，如经电桥 实验检测三相电阻平衡无问题，则纯属绝缘受潮，需进 行干燥处理，如定子三相电阻不平衡，则需对电机线圈 三相分别做对地耐压实验及匝间实验，查出接地点。 多采用F级绝缘。漆包线，槽绝缘、槽楔、绝缘套管、 引接线及浸渍漆等均需采用H级绝缘的材料。75kW以 下的定子绕组更换大多采用B级绝缘。漆包线，槽绝 缘、槽楔、绝缘套管、引接线及浸渍漆等均需采用B级 绝缘的材料。电机更换绕组的原则是：按原样修复，尤 其是线圈匝数不可随意变动，匝数变化将明显影响电 机的主要性能，线径则只要接近原总面积即可，绕组 形式、线圈跨距也不要变动。 （2）总装和检查性试验。在完成定、转子的修理 后，备好合格的轴承、轴套、密封圈等即可进行总装。 装配完成后用手转动转子，转动应均匀、灵活，转子应 有一定的轴向窜动量，其窜动量应在检修标准规定的 范围内：完成总装后再检查一下直流电阻和绝缘电阻 等，认为电气性能正常后，将三相异步电动机做耐压 实验，最后进行试运转观察其电流、转速、振动等有无 异常。 4 常见试运转试验的故障及排除方法 （1）通电后电动机不能转动，但无异响，也无异味 和冒烟。则检查电源回路开关，熔丝、接线盒处是否有 断点，如有则进行修复。 （2）通电后电动机不转，然后熔丝烧断则说明可 能缺一相电源或定子绕组相间短路、定子绕组接地、 定子绕组接线错误等原因。然后一一排除这些故障。 首先检查刀闸是否有一相未合好，电源回路是否有一 相断线，如有则进行修复电源回路，若无则用兆欧表、 万用表、耐压机、匝间试验仪、电桥逐一排除查找出 故障点。 （3）电动机空载电流不平衡，三相相差大则可能 是重绕时，定子三相绕组匝数不相等、绕组首尾端接 错、电源电压不平衡、绕组存在匝间短路、线圈反接等 故障。通过绕组匝间冲击耐电压试验仪、电桥试验等 逐一排除和消除这些故障。 （4）电动机空载电流平衡，但数值大。可能是修复 时，定子绕组匝数减少过多，或Y接电动机误接为Δ， 或电机装配中，转子装反，使定子铁芯未对齐，有效长 度减短。或大修拆除旧绕组时，使用热拆法不当，使铁 芯烧损。这些问题则通过逐一排除进行修复，若是匝 数减少的问题，则重绕定子绕组恢复正确匝数。若是 接法错误，则改接为Y，若是装配错误和铁芯烧损则重 3 三相异步电动机的恢复性大修 绕组损坏的三相异步电动机，需进行恢复性大修。 损坏情况一般是定子绕组发生对地、相间击穿，线圈 匝间短路，过载而造成绕组烧毁。均需更换定子线圈。 （1）定子绕组更换。75kW以上的定子绕组更换大 电动机 的容量 k W ～ 1～2 2～ 10～15 20～40 50～75 100～180 200～250 正常气隙 m m 增大的气隙 m m 正常气隙 m m 增大的气隙 m m 500～1500r/min 电动机转速 3000r/min 表1 三相异步电动机的平均气隙值 新装配，检修铁芯等来解决。 5结论 通过对三相异步电动机的近十年维修，不断总结 实践经验，使我公司检修的电动机的质量有了很大的 提高。我们不仅初步理顺了电动机的管理体制，建立 了一套较规范的检修管理制度，使维修工作走上规范 化管理道路。今后我们将通过进一步强化管理，巩固 取得的成果，使维修工作再上一个新台阶。

Power transformer is widely used in electric power system, the manufacturing process of the quality of the solder joints, wire assembly should be effective supervision over the quality. Measuring winding dc resistance is simple and effective means, is also inspection, found the transformer faults and the important method and basis. In power transformer factory, after the handover, overhaul, changing tap-changer preventive test, the winding dc resistance measurement is indispensable in the pilot project. In the transformer winding dc resistance measurement, with the traditional method (bridge method and pressure drop method) measurement of transformer winding dc resistance and high power induction equipment often because of power transformer winding has a large inductance, resistance and cause work is a time-consuming work. In order to change this situation, to shorten the measuring time and reduce the working burden of testers. Paper combined with the actual situation, in the analysis and comparison of the existing, on the basis of various measurement methods, starting from the basic circuit, deduces a kind of can in the transient process of transformer winding is rapid, simple and accurate new method to measure the dc resistance and combining the existing products on the basis of through a large number of direct circuit experiment and debugging, to complete the fast measurement method based on the new hardware and software of intelligent instrument with the single chip processor as the core, and designs. This paper is divided into five chapters: the first chapter mainly introduces the course of practical significance, dc resistance tester, development, and the main content of the paper; Second chapter in the analysis and comparison of the existing, on the basis of various measurement methods, starting from the basic circuit, deduces a kind of can in the transient process of transformer winding is rapid, simple and accurate new method to measure the dc resistance; Third chapter elaborated in view of the measuring instrument hardware circuit design; The fourth chapter in view of the measuring instrument software part design. The fifth chapter in view of the actual prototype test, record test data and detailed analysis, summary of graduation design.

Power transformer is widely used in power system, quality, lead solder joint assembly quality of its manufacturing process should be effective supervision. Measure DC resistance of windings is both simple and effective means, also check, found the important method and basis of defects and faults of transformer. The factory, in power transformer, overhaul, after changing the switch the preventive test, measuring winding DC resistance test project is indispensable. In the measurement of transformer winding DC resistance, using traditional methods (bridge method and the pressure drop method) DC resistance measurement of transformer winding and high-power inductive devices often due to winding power transformer with large inductance, micro resistance caused is a time-consuming work. In order to change this situation, shortens the measuring time and reduce testing personnel's work load. Based on the actual situation, in the analysis, comparison of the present various measurement method based on extant, starting from the basic circuit, deduces a new method for measuring fast, can be in the transformer windings in the transition process of simple, accurate and with the DC resistance has been a product basis of a large number of circuit experiment and debug the rapid measurement, intelligent instrument based on this new method with single-chip microcomputer as the core of the software and hardware design. This paper is divided into five chapters: the first chapter introduces the main content of the course of practical significance, DC Resistance Tester development and research; second chapter in the analysis, comparison of the present various measurement method based on extant, starting from the basic circuit, a new method of measuring can quickly, in the transformer winding transition process simple, accurate the DC resistance is derived; the third chapter elaborates the hardware circuit design of the instrument; the fourth chapter the software design for measuring instrument. The fifth chapter in the prototype experiment, recording test data and detailed analysis, summarizes the graduation design results.

Power transformer is widely used in power system, quality, lead solder joint assembly quality of its manufacturing process should be effective supervision. Measure DC resistance of windings is both simple and effective means, also check, found the important method and basis of defects and faults of transformer. The factory, in power transformer, overhaul, after changing the switch the preventive test, measuring winding DC resistance test project is indispensable. In the measurement of transformer winding DC resistance, using traditional methods (bridge method and the pressure drop method) DC resistance measurement of transformer winding and high-power inductive devices often due to winding power transformer with large inductance, micro resistance caused is a time-consuming work. In order to change this situation, shortens the measuring time and reduce testing personnel's work load. Based on the actual situation, in the analysis, comparison of the present various measurement method based on extant, starting from the basic circuit, deduces a new method for measuring fast, can be in the transformer windings in the transition process of simple, accurate and with the DC resistance has been a product basis of a large number of circuit experiment and debug the rapid measurement, intelligent instrument based on this new method with single-chip microcomputer as the core of the software and hardware design. This paper is divided into five chapters: the first chapter introduces the main content of the course of practical significance, DC Resistance Tester development and research; second chapter in the analysis, comparison of the present various measurement method based on extant, starting from the basic circuit, a new method of measuring can quickly, in the transformer winding transition process simple, accurate the DC resistance is derived; the third chapter elaborates the hardware circuit design of the instrument; the fourth chapter the software design for measuring instrument. The fifth chapter in the prototype experiment, recording test data and detailed analysis, summarizes the graduation design results.我最快了