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Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

学术堂整理了一份标准的管理学论文格式供大家参考:一、论文标题文字概括精练,一般要求不超过15-20个汉字;单行题目要居中,双行题目上行要长于下行题目;英文题目要求不超过12个词或100个书写符号;题目不用缩写词或者简化词;尽量不用标点符号.二、摘要论文摘要又称文摘、提要,是论文的重要组成部分.摘要由目的、方法、结果和结论四部分组成:目的部分应简要说明研究的目的,说明提出问题的缘由,表明研究的范围及重要性;方法部分应说明研究课题的基本设计,使用了什么材料和方法,如何分组对照,研究范围以及精确程度,数据是如何取得的以及经过何种统计学方法处理;结果部分要列出研究的主要结果和数据,有什么新发现,说明其价值及局限,叙述要具体、准确,并需给出结果的可信值和统计学显着性检验的确切值;结论部分应简要说明、论证取得的正确观点极其理论价值或应用价值,是否值得推荐或推广等.摘要的内容是对题目的扩充,是全文的高度概括.摘要一般不分段,不列图、表以及化学结构式,也不引用参考文献.摘要的长短,一般为正文字数2-3%.国际标准组织建议不应少于250个词,最多不超过500个词.摘要虽然居于全文前首,但在写作上却是论文完稿后写的.三、关键词关键词也称主题词,是从论文的题名、层次标题、摘要和正文中选出来的,能反映论文主题概念的词和词组,并按照一定顺序逐次排列出来的.其标引质量直接影响到二次文献的收录与利用,便于对全文的检索.一般要求一篇论文要有3-5个全文使用频率比较高的关键词.四、引言引言(前言、概论、序言、绪论、绪言、导言、导论)引言作为论文的开端,主要是交待研究成果的来龙去脉,即回答为什么要研究相关的课题,目的是引出作者研究成果的创新论点,使读者对论文要表达的问题有一个总体的了解,引起读者阅读论文的兴趣.引言一般稍多于摘要的字数.要求该部分的写作要言简意赅、突出重点,不要与摘要雷同,也不要成为摘要的注释.一般不用图表和公式来论述问题,但至少应该有观点的罗列,同时一定要把作者的创新点明确表达出来.引言部分应以阿拉伯数字"0"作为该级层次的前置编号.引言内容:如需编序号,用圆括号序号,段前空两个字的间空.五、正文正文是引言之后、结论之前的部分,也是论文的核心部分.作者论点的提出、论据的陈述、论证的过程、结果和讨论都要在此得以展现.要求观点要正确、论点要明确、论据要充分、选材要新颖;论述要有条理,有较好的逻辑性、可读性和规范性;表达要以读者在最短的时间里得到最多的信息量为原则;量、单位、名词术语的使用要统一、规范.正文是否有创新性,是决定一篇论文采用与否的首要标准,也是刊物决定录用与否的主要依据.虽然许多论文不属于"首次提出"、"首次发现",但作为一篇论文总应该对某一个问题的研究有新意,或对某种算法有改进,或对某一技术指标有提高.要求论点突出、尊重事实、表达准确,要求结构能紧紧围绕主题层层展开、环环相扣,使整篇论文系统严密、浑然一体.常见的论文的结构形式有并列式、递进式、总分式和分总式等.论文结构层次一般分成若干个自然段,或是用若干个小标题来论述.每层的小标题均用阿拉伯数字连续编码.一个编码的两个数字之间用圆点(.)分开,末位数字后面不加圆点.每一层次一般不超过4级,最后一级如果还要分层次,可用1);2);①;②形式表示.如:1 (一级标题);(二级标题);(三级标题);三级;正文的结构层次不论是采用自然段还是小标题的形式,都要注意各层次之间要紧密衔接、环环相扣、富有逻辑,达到无懈可击;层次与层次之间还应协调一致,各部分的先后次序、篇幅的长短,都应根据逻辑顺序和表现主题的需要当详则详,当略则略.正文结构层次上的常见问题:(1)标题不简明、不得体;(2)标题用词不确切,含混不清;(3)标题之间缺乏逻辑关联;(4)层次递进缺阶、段,衔接不上,层次混乱,不符合事物或现象的发展规律;(5)同一篇文稿中使用多种结构方式.六、结论(结语、结束语)结论是一篇论文的收束部分,是以研究成果为前提,经过严密的逻辑推理和论证所得出的最后结论.在结论中应明确指出论文研究的成果或观点,对其应用前景和社会,经济价值等加以预测和评价,并指出今后进一步在本研究方向进行研究工作的展望与设想.结论应写得简明扼要,精练完整,逻辑严谨,措施得当,表达准确,有条理性.一般说来,读者选读某篇论文时,先看标题、摘要、前言,再看结论,才能决定阅读与否.因此,结论写作也是很重要的.撰写结论时,不仅对研究的全过程、实验的结果、数据等进一步认真的加以综合分析,准确反映客观事物的本质及其规律,而且,对论证的材料,选用的实例,语言表达的概括性,科学性和逻辑性等方方面面,也都要一一进行总判断、总推理、总评价.同时,撰写时,不是对前面论述结果的简单复述,而要与引言相呼应,与正文其他部分相联系.结论中,凡归结为一个认识、肯定一种观点、否定一种意见,都要有事实、有根据,不能想当然,不能含糊其词,不能用"大概"、"可能"、"或许"等词语.如果论文得不出结论,也不要硬写.凡不写结论的论文,可对实验结果进行一番深入讨论.论文结论的字数要求在600-800字左右.七、致谢科学研究通常不是只靠一二个人的力量就能完成的,需要多方面力量支持,协助或指导.特别是大型课题,更需联合作战,参与的人数很多.在论文结论之后或结束时,应对整个研究过程中,曾给予帮助和支持的单位和个人表示谢意.尤其是参加部分研究工作,未有署名的人,要肯定他的贡献,予以致谢.如果提供帮助的人过多,就不必一一提名,除直接参与工作,帮助很大的人员列名致谢,一般人均笼统表示谢意.如果有的单位或个人确实给予帮助和指导,甚至研究方法都从人家那里学到的,也只字未提,未免有剽窃之嫌.在论文末尾向曾经给与该论文各种帮助的人给予真诚的致谢,是对别人研究成果和劳动的一种尊重.八、 附录附录是将不便列入正文的有关资料或图纸编入其中.它包括有实验部分的详细数据、图谱、图表等,有时论文写成,临时又发现新发表的资料,需要补充,可列入附录.附录里所列材料,可按论文表述顺序编排.九、参考文献作者在论文之中,凡是引用他人的报告、论文等文献中的观点,数据、材料、成果等,都应按本论文中引用先后顺序排列,文中标明参考文献的顺序号或引文作者姓名.每篇参考文献按篇名、作者、文献出处排列.列上参考文献的目的,不只是便于读者查阅原始资料,也便于自己进一步研究时参考.应该注意的是,凡列入参考文献,作者都应详细阅读过,不能列入未曾阅读的文献.参考文献着录原则:(1)只着录最必要、最新的文献;(2)只着录公开发表的文献;(3)参考文献的数量不宜太少.参考文献:[1]专着[M],论文集[C],报纸文章[N],期刊文章[J],学位论文[D],报告[R],标准[S],专利[P],论文集中的析出文献[A].[2]电子文献类型:数据库[DB],计算机[CP],电子公告[EB].[3]电子文献的载体类型:互联网[OL],光盘[CD],磁带[MT],磁盘[DK].示例:A、专着、论文集、学位论文、报告[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码(可选)例:[1]刘国钧,陈绍业.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,、期刊文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J] .刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码例:[1]何龄修.读顾城《南明史》[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173.[2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].EarthquackEng,1997,38(3):358-361C、论文集中的析出文献[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(可选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.例:[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用--中国运筹学会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996:、报纸文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).例:[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).E、电子文献[文献类型/载体类型标识] [J/OL]网上期刊.[EB/OL]网上电子公告[M/CD]光盘图书.[DB/OL]网上数据库[DB/MT]磁带数据库.[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名 [电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出版或获得地址,发表更新日期[引用日期].例:[12]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].十、注释注释就是对文章内容的解释和说明.目的是为了让别人和自己很容易看懂.为了让别人一看就知道这段代码是做什么用的对书籍或文章的语汇、内容、背景、引文作介绍、评议的文字.一般置于"参考文献"后面.十一、作者简介作者简介包括主要要素:作者姓名、出生年月、性别、民族、籍贯、现在工作单位、职务或者职称以及简单履历和工作业绩等.字数一般要求50-100字之间.十二、基金项目一般在作者简介之后,通常用"注"或者"※"号提示,包括要素:基金项目、具体项目名称、项目编号和项目主持人姓名等等.十三、表格备注用来注解表格相关内容的文字或数字.十四、插图是指插在文字中间用以说明文字内容的图片.其作用主要有:用图示的方法展示正文的内容,形象、直观,一目了然;作文字部分的补充;能表述复杂的科技问题,减少文字叙述;文图并茂,美化版面.

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学位论文撰写格式学位论文内容及顺序论文内容及顺序一般为：封面、毕业设计任务书、中文摘要、英文摘要、目录、论文正文、致谢、参考文献、附录。内容要求题目应恰当、准确地反映课题的研究内容。论文题目一般不应超过25个汉字。摘要与关键词摘要摘要是对毕业设计（论文）内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，具有独立性和自含性，概括设计（论文）的内容、方法、和观点，以及取得的成果和结论，应反映整个内容的精华。要求一般不少于300汉字。关键词关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条。关键词一般列出3-5个。 目录论文目录应包括论文中全部章、节的标题及其页号，含以下内容：正文章节题目（要求写到第3级标题，即，以及标题顶格书写，2级标题缩进一格，3级标题再缩进一格。）包括结论。 论文正文论文正文包括绪论、论文主体及结论等部分绪论绪论一般作为第一章。绪论一般应包括：本研究课题的学术背景及其理论与实际意义；国内外文献综述（也可只写国内情况）；相关领域的研究进展及成果、存在的不足或有待深入研究解决的问题；本课题主要研究内容。论文正文论文正文是毕业设计论文的主要部分，应结构合理，层次分明，重点突出，文字简练、通顺。内容可因研究工作涉及的学科、选题、研究方法等不同而不同，一般可包括研究对象、理论原理与方法、设计方法和结果、计算方法和结果、实验和观测方法、仪器设备、材料原料、实验和观测结果、数据资料、经过加工整理的图表、形成的论点和得出的结论等。要求做到实事求是，客观真切，准确无误，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。论文主体的内容应包括以下几个方面：本研究内容的总体方案设计与选择论证；本研究内容各部分（包括硬件与软件）的设计计算；实验结果和实验数据的处理及分析；结论（或结语）结论包括对整个毕业设计（论文）工作进行归纳和综合而得出的总结，包括所得结果与已有结果的比较和尚存在的问题，以及进一步开展研究的见解与建议。结论集中反映作者的研究成果，表达作者对所研究的课题的见解，是全文的思想精髓，是文章价值的体现，结论要写的概括、简短。毕业设计论文的结论作为论文正文的最后一章单独排写，但不加章号。 参考文献参考文献的著录，按文中引用顺序排列，统一列在全文后部，并在文内相应位置用上标标注引用序号。参考文献总数:论文类不少于20篇、设计类不少于10篇，且一般都应有外文参考文献。致谢致谢应以简短的文字对课题研究与论文撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员表示自己的谢意，内容应简单明了，实事求是。这不仅是一种礼貌，也是对他人劳动的尊重，是治学者应有的思想作风。希望对你有帮助。

请参考——《管理学报》投稿须知1 作者及工作单位：文章均应有作者署名。中国作者的姓名按汉语拼音书写；主要作者的工作单位，均应包括一、二级单位全称，所在省、市名及邮政编码。来稿附第一作者及导师简介：姓名，出生年，性别，民族，籍贯，学位，职称，研究方向(任选)，Emai地址联系电话等。2 摘要：文章必须附中、英文摘要。中文摘要的编写执行GB6447-86规定，篇幅为150～300字；英文摘要在150个实词左右。英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应，具有相同的内容。摘要使用第三人称。内容应包括目的、过程及方法、结果和结论。 3 关键词：按GB-T3860的原则和方法，参照各种工具书和词表选取3～8个关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。 4 中图分类号：在中文关键词的下方，按《中国图书馆分类法》(第4版)给出本篇文章的“中图分类号：”。同一篇文章，根据内容可给出1～3个分类号；按相关性大小排序，之间用分号分隔。 5 基金项目：凡属国家和省、部级等各类基金项目的论文需在文稿首页说明。项目名称应按国家有关部门规定的正式名称填写；多项基金项目应依次列出，其间用分号分隔并标注项目批准号。批准号用()括起。 6 符号：本刊采用国际标准体系，简体字及科技术语均以国家正式公布的为准。工程术语采用现行标准，量和单位要符合国家标准规定，不得使用废弃的单位。计量单位不用中文名称，而用法定符号表示。 7 图表：文中表题和图题应简短明确，图位宽以200px或200px×2(双栏)为宜，图上的中外文字用6号或小5号字体；计量单位用正体，物理量符号用斜体；坐标标值线朝里。表格采用国际通用的三线表，表内无斜线、竖线。照片与插图统编阿拉伯数字流水号。 8 参考文献：参考文献表置于文末，仅列入作者亲自阅读、明确引用、公开发表或有案可查者。按文内出现的先后顺序编号，在文内右上角注明序号。主要责任者在3名以内的，全部列出；超过3名时，在第3名后面加“等．”。格式如下： 1)专著、论文集、学位论文、报告：[序号]主要责任者．文献题名[文献类型标志]．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码． 2)期刊文章：[序号]主要责任者．文献题名[J]．刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码． 3)专著、论文集中析出文献：[序号]析出文献主要责任者．析出文献题名[文献类型标志]∥原文献主要责任者．原文献题名．出版地：出版者，出版年：析出 文献起止页码． 4)国际、国家标准：[ 序号]起草单位．标准代号标准名称Es3．出版地：出版者，出版年． 5)专利：[序号]专利所有者．专利题名[P] ．专利国别：专利号，出版日期． 6)电子文献：[序号]主要责任者．电子文献题名[电子文献类型标志／载体类型标志]．电子文献的出处或可获得的地址，发表或更改日期／引用El期(任选)．(注①文献类型标志：M一专著，c一论文集，J一期刊，D一学位论文，R一报告，s一标准，P一专利。②电子文献类型标识：BD 一数据库，CP 一计算机程序，EB一电子公告。③载体类型标识：MT 一磁带，DK一磁盘，OL 一联机网络。) 外文文献著录规则同上。外国人名，姓在前，全部大写；名用缩写在后，不加缩写点。 9 其他 1)稿件自收到日期起，编辑部一般在2个月内将处理结果通知作者或作者通过网页()查询。如超过半年没有收到录用或退稿通知，作者有权另行处理，但需通知本刊编辑部。 2)请作者自留底稿，不论刊登与否恕不退稿。作者切勿一稿多投，否则一切后果由作者负责。稿件若曾在学术会议上宣读或在内部刊物上刊出，或用其他文种发表过，请在投稿时加以说明。 3)稿件经审理决定采用后，作者需按编辑部要求修改，并尽快返回修改稿。编辑部对来稿文字有删改权。作者收到校样半个月后仍未寄回校样，或不交发表费，即视为作者自动撤稿。文章一经刊登，本刊即付稿酬并按作者署名各赠送样刊l册。 4)凡已被本刊录用的论文，版权归《管理学报》编辑部所有。编辑部有权将期刊内容输入光盘版、电子版和国际国内检索及科技文献数据库。所付稿酬中包含光盘版、电子版和国内外检索及科技文摘数据库等的稿费。如作者不同意收录，请在投稿时提出声明；否则将视为同意收录。 5)文稿的著作权。除《著作权法》另有规定外，属于作者。文责由作者自负。署名作者的人数和顺序由作者自定。如在编排过程中有所变动，需有正式函件，并有变动前后署名作者的签字。