研究生论文答辩英文摘要

好的[新手] 从正规的说法看，是为了和轨国际接轨。从实际看，我国学术尚在低潮期，需要与外国比较然后找出出路，所以在学术训练中做英文摘要是一种途径。佛教初入中国时，翻译佛经的一个词会动用几百甚至上千的高智商的人，在此基础上，才有禅宗和理学的出现，所以，对英语的消化也有一个过程。 文章八股自古皆然，历史上写诗文的大家大多是八股高手，起承转合破题承题都是在写八股过程中练出来的，关键不在他的死格式而在活思想，毛泽东论说文气势磅礴，论证严谨有力，其实他的出发点主要是孟子、庄子、韩愈，八股的活力是有的，关键在思想。 中国的工科学术落后于西方 用英语一旦发表就可以让他人检索到 ，可以与西方相应国家的相关技术有可比性，分出孰优孰劣，有利于自己论文的修改和提高。同时我国正全面进行小康社会的建设，改革开放是一个必要渠道，学术上的交流更突出其重要性。因此通过英文摘要，可以为中西方的学术交流提供了一个便利平台。从上面意义上说，要求在论文中写英语摘要就是用心良苦的一件事了

软件翻译，仅做提示参考Talk about swindle of letter of credit and legal structure [Content summary ] Letter of credit as modern important way that international trade pay, it is international trade that develop into certain result of historical stage. It replaces commercial credit with the credit of the bank, has played the function of ensuring seller's security to collect money , avoid the settlement risk objectively. The principle of independent character (or independence ) of the letter of credit is the fundamental principle that the system of the letter of credit depends on for existence and development, separate according to this letter of credit of principle and relevant document and contract trade. But this kind of mechanism has created conditions that the beneficiary is engaged in the fraud , so in order to remedy the defect of the operating mechanism of letter of credit , make great efforts to look for the measure of preventing the letter of credit from swindling, various countries have developed the important system of preventing the letter of credit from swindling gradually - -The letter of credit swindles the exception. The analysis of the meaning that this text swindles from the letter of credit and production reason is started with, what is meant by to " swindle " the ones that swindled the exception while using on this basis, how should should getting rid of , issuing bank swindling the exception suitably carry on the discussion to the important problem of swindling the exception , swindling the relation that the exception and court prohibit Fu Ling etc., and think to the question existing in the judicial practice of our country , propose the relevant perfect suggestion. There is an enormous realistic meaning to international trade of our country in the research and exploration to this question, especially after entering the WTO, face the complicated and changeable international trade problem, our country needs to pay enough attention to the letter of credit even more, could guarantee the development that the economy of our country is healthy and fast !

gee, if you cannot write this essay yourself, why in the world do you deserved to be a master degree holder? You are so lazy and cheat. Why don't you go back home and work in the farms.

A View on L/C Fraud and Legal RegulationsAbstract: L/C is an important payment term in modern international trade, which is en evitable way in the development of international trade. It replaces the business credit of the traders with bank credit, which guarantees the payment to the seller and reduces the risks of settlement. The independance rule of L/C is fundamental for the existence and development of L/C. According to the rule, the L/C and the documents are seperate from the contract in the business. But this rule brings the fraud conditions for the beneficiary. In order to make up the defects of L/C operation machanism and prevent L/C fraud, an important rule - Fraud Exception of Documentary Credit is developped by many countries. This paper starts at the definition and causes of L/C fraud, discusses the key problems of the "fraud" in fraud exception cases, exclusion of fraud exception application, how to deal with fraud exception by the issuing bank and the relationship between fraud exception and legal bans, analyzes the problems in the judicature practice, and points out some related suggestions for improvement. The research to this problem is crucial in the international trade in China. Already as a member of WTO, China is confronted with complicated and variable situation in international trade, China must put enough emphasis on L/C problems to guarantee proper and fast growth of the words: L/C, L/C fraud, independance rule, fraud exception of documentary credit真诚希望楼主为我们外贸事业做贡献！

根据学术堂的了解,中英文摘要写作规范主要为下面五点:1、简洁.摘要一般要有中文摘要和与之对应的外文摘要.中文摘要一般不宜超过200-300字(如遇特殊需要字数可以略多);外文摘要不宜超过250个实词,所以摘要要排除相关学科领域内常识性的内容,要力避引证和举例,要准确使用名词术语、恰当使用缩略语等.2、完整.摘要应具有独立性和自含性,即摘要本身有论点、有论据、有结论,合乎逻辑,是一篇结构完整的短文,读者不读论文全文、仅读摘仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论.3、准确.摘要的内容与论文的内容要对应、相称,不要在摘要中传达论文未涉及的信息,也不要让摘要丢失论文的重要内容,以保证摘要准确无误地传达论文的主旨.4、平实.摘要无需对论文进行评价,尤其不能对论文进行拔高评价,如"本文超越前人的研究""本文全面论述了这一问题"之类的话语就不能出现在摘要中,因为对论文的评价不是由摘要说了算的.故摘要的主语不能是"本文""该文""本文作者""笔者"之类,而应以论文研究的对象为主语,如论文研究的对象是"素质教育",那么摘要的主语就首选"素质教育".5、求新.摘要应将论文中原创的、最具新意的部分凸现出来,论文有什么新观点、用了什么新论据、采用了哪些新的研究方法、得出了什么新结论等要在摘要中着重反映出来,因为人们判断一篇论文是否有价值主要就是依据论文是否提供了什么新东西.