防雷接地英文论文期刊带翻译

电铸铜接地极是一种双金属复合材料，是将铜与钢两种金属通过电镀工艺加工而成的新型接地材料，以低碳钢为钢芯(参照UL467，BS6651和BS7430标准)，通过电极原理，将纯度为99．9％的铜离子均匀吸附在钢芯表面。该产品既有钢的高强度、恒定的低电阻率和高导磁特性、又有铜的良好导电率及优良的抗腐蚀性能。Electroforming copper grounding is a kind of two metalscomposite material. It was a new type of grounding that produced by electroformingcopper on the surface of steel. It used low carbon steel as steel core(according to the UL467, BS6651 and BS7430 standards) and uniformly absorbed copper on the surface of steel core according to electrode principle. It not only hasthe features of steel, like high strength, constant low resistivity and highpermeability, but also has features of copper, like good conductivity andexcellent corrosion resistance. 电铸铜接地极是铜与钢的高分子结合，是导电率和耐腐蚀的极佳组合。具有铜层厚、结合力强、成本低、施工方便等特点，是目前最理想的接地材料。Electroforming copper grounding is a polymer that combinedwith copper and steel. It is the best combination of conductivity and corrosionresistance. With features of thick copper layer, strong binding low cost andeasy construction, etc. it is the best ideal grounding material in nowadays. 1、制造工艺独特：电镀工艺，铜与钢完美结合。 manufacturing technique: electroplating process, combined copper andsteel perfectly. 2、外观更美：全包铜技术(独家专利)，对比市场同类产品，外观更美，可与纯铜媲美。2. Attractiveappearance: full plated copper technology (patented), comparing to othersimilar products in the market, it is more attractive and can be comparablewith pure copper. 3、防腐及导电率更优：由于电流在导体中的集肤效应及铜材独有的防腐特性，故导电率、抗腐蚀率优于其它接地产品。3. Better corrosion resistance andelectric conductivity: because of the skin effect of current and the corrosionresistance of copper, the electric conductivity and corrosion of it is betterthan other grounding products. 4、安装便捷、施工简单、可手工或机械施工，造价低廉。 installed and simple constructed, can be constructed by hand or machinewith low costs. 5、单面铜层最厚可以达到；常规产品的单面铜层为，使用寿命达40年以上。5. Themaximum thickness of copper layer can be reach to , but that ofsimilar product is just . In this way, the service life of our groundingwill be more than 40years. 6、硬度高，适合深钻，从而容易打入地下，铜皮不破裂，不脱落，以满足特殊场合低阻值要求。With highhardness, it is suitable for deep drilling and easy to be drived into copper layer surface will not crack or fall off, so that it can meet thelow resistance requirement of special occasions. 7、特制螺具连接器，连接更紧密，结合更好。With special screwconnectors, it makes the connection easier, closer and better.主要技术参数及规格1、铜层最薄厚度≥0．254mm(UL标准≥0．254mm)Minimum thickness of copper 2、抗拉强度≥600N／mm2Tensile strength 3、平直度误差≤1mm／mFlatness error 4、铜层可塑性：接地棒(线)弯曲成U型，折角内外缘无裂缝现象．Copperlayer plasticity: ground rod (or wire) bends into U-shape, no cracks at inside oroutside edge of the corner. 5、铜层结合度：经附着力试验，除虎口钳钳口咬合处出现剥落铜层，其余部分铜钢结合良好，未出现剥离现象．Combination degree of copper layer: according to the adhesiontest, there was no peeling layer of copper appeared in the test, except theplace bit by pliers 、接地极常规螺纹为公制螺纹(中12．7mm、中14．2mm和中17．2mm可以订做英制螺纹)。1. Thenormal screw of grounding is metric thread (Medium , medium andmedium . Inch thread is available according to customers’ request). 2、我司可供多种铜层厚度的接地极：0．025mm，0．05mm，0．10mm，0．125mm，0．2mm，0．254mm及0．33mm等等。 with thickness of copper layers are available: , , , , , , etc. 3、多种接地极外形供客户选购：两头平螺纹，两头螺纹一头尖，一头尖一头平，一头螺纹一头尖。3. Variousshapes of groundings are available: two flat screws, two screws with one sharpand one flat, one screw with sharp. 4、接地极长度可根据客户需要定制。 of the grounding can be produced according to customers’ request.

Substation in the power system is the power to transform voltage and current, focus and allocation of places, it assumed from the electric power system, the PSA, and then the task of distribution. Clearly, the substation is a hub for power supply system, power supply system in an important position. It is precisely because of the power substation in the importance of the substation ensure safe and reliable operation of the work it is very important. Lightning Protection substation is one of the factors of insecurity, if the substation lightning accident occurred, causing widespread power outages. To the social production and cause inconvenience to people's lives, so a power substation in the mine system to protect the important parts. In order to ensure the safe operation of substation on the requirements of mine must be very reliable. Substation to be qualified to mine standards, the need for a substation of the various parts of lightning protection. Including the substation Zhiji Lei protection, mine substation on the induction of protection, mine-line into the substation, transformers and other distribution equipment Lightning Protection, the overall mine substation grounding. Only do a good job in various parts of the mine substation measures to ensure safe operation.

各种毕业论文参考>接闪 接闪就是让在一定范围内出现的闪电能量按照人们设计的通道泄放到大地中去。地面通信台站的安全在很大程度上取决于能不能利用有效的接闪装置，把一定保护范围的闪电放电捕获到，纳入预先设计的对地泄放的合理途径之中。避雷针是一种主动式接闪装置，其英文原名是Lightning Conductor，原意是闪电引导器，其功能就是把闪电电流引导入大地。避雷线和避雷带是在避雷针基础上发展起来的。采用避雷针是最首要、最基本的防雷措施。2>均压连接 接闪装置在捕获雷电时，引下线立即升至高电位，会对防雷系统周围的尚处于地电位的导体产生旁侧闪络，并使其电位升高，进而对人员和设备构成危害。为了减少这种闪络危险，最简单的办法是采用均压环，将处于地电位的导体等电位连接起来，一直到接地装置。台站内的金属设施、电气装置和电子设备，如果其与防雷系统的导体，特别是接闪装置的距离达不到规定的安全要求时，则应该用较粗的导线把它们与防雷系统进行等电位连接。这样在闪电电流通过时，台站内的所有设施立即形成一个“等电位岛”，保证导电部件之间不产生有害的电位差，不发生旁侧闪络放电。完善的等电位连接还可以防止闪电电流入地造成的地电位升高所产生的反击。 3>接地 接地就是让已经纳入防雷系统的闪电能量泄放入大地，良好的接地才能有效地降低引下线上的电压,避免发生反击。过去有些规范要求电子设备单独接地，目的是防止电网中杂散电流或暂态电流干扰设备的正常工作。90年代以前，部队的通信导航装备以电子管器件为主，采用模拟通信方式，模拟通信对干扰特别敏感，为了抗干扰，所以都采取电源与通信接地分开的办法。现在，防雷工程领域不提倡单独接地。在IEC标准和ITU相关标准中都不提倡单独接地，美国标准 IEEEStd1100-1992更尖锐地指出:不建议采用任何一种所谓分开的、独立的、计算机的、电子的或其它这类不正确的大地接地体作为设备接地导体的一个连接点。接地是防雷系统中最基础的环节。接地不好，所有防雷措施的防雷效果都不能发挥出来。防雷接地是地面通信台站安装验收规范中最基本的安全要求。 4> 分流 分流就是在一切从室外来的导线（包括电力电源线、电话线、信号线、天线的馈线等）与接地线之间并联一种适当的避雷器。当直接雷或感应雷在线路上产生的过电压波沿着这些导线进入室内或设备时，避雷器的电阻突然降到低值，近于短路状态，将闪电电流分流入地。 分流是现代防雷技术中迅猛发展的重点，是防护各种电气电子设备的关键措施。近年来频繁出现的新形式雷害几乎都需要采用这种方式来解决。由于雷电流在分流之后，仍会有少部分沿导线进入设备，这对于不耐高压的微电子设备来说仍是很危险的，所以对于这类设备在导线进入机壳前应进行多级分流。

The passage probe on the lightening protection design for the wind farm in Chaka,Qinghai-Tibet the design for the wind turbine generator system on the plateau in the damage of the WTGS from lightening、directness lightening protection、surge overvoltage prevention、grouding and so the characteristics of the climate in high-elevation areas is different from that in low-elevation areas,the design is surge overvoltage prevention and the reduction of the earth resistance to a reasonable level will be impacted greatly by different SPDs and the existence of words:Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,wind turbine generator system(WTGS),lightening protection,overvoltage,grouding也许会有些语法错误，请仔细看过，不当的地方自己改动下

Defend the change of thunder productWhen people know that the thunder is a kind of electricity phenomenon after, to the adoration of the thunder and lightning with fear for the gradual disappearance, and start with the taste of science come from new observation the natural phenomena of this magic, hope to make use of or control a thunder and lightning activity to bring benefit to than 200 year agos Franklin led off on the technique to start a challenge toward the thunder and lightning, he invent of the lightning rod may be regarded as to at the earliest stage defend a thunder product and this product name almost has already been know by the all people fact, Franklin while invent lightning rod is think metals lightning rod of point of turn on electricity a function can synthesize the electric charge in thunder cloud, make thunder cloud and the electric field of the earth be as low as the level that can't broke through air, avoided strike by lightning thus of occurrence, so the then lightning rod must request to be afterwards study enunciation:The lightning rod is the occurrence of the unavoidable thunder of, the reason that it can prevent°from a thunder is because the Gao is towering to sign of the lightning rod changed atmosphere electric field, make thunder cloud of certain scope always turn on electricity toward the lightning rod, be also say lightning rod be just than it surroundings of other objects more easily connect Shan thunder and lightning, the lightning rod is strike by lightning medium but other objects be protect, this be the defend of lightning rod thunder of the research express the connect of lightning rod Shan function almost have something to do with its height, but have nothing to do with its shape, be say that the lightning rod isn't necessarily a thunder technique realm to know together as now this type of defend thunder device for connect a Shan machine. The widespread usage of electricity promoted to defend the development of thunder product and be a high pressure power grid to provide motive and illuminate for the thousand 10000, thunder and lightning also a great deal of bane high pressure lose to change to give or get an electric shock an high pressure line installs Gao, be apart from long, cross geography complications, is strike by lightning easily protection scope shortage of the lightning rod with protect up to thousand power lines, so avoid thunder line as to protect high pressure line of new connect a Shan machine to emerge with the tide of the the high pressure line acquire a protection, the hair linked with high pressure line, go together with electricity equipments to be still conduct electricity to press damage, people discover this is because"respond thunder" is play tricks.(Respond the thunder is to respond the metals conductor of neighborhood because of keeping shot thunder to turn on electricity in, respond the thunder can pass 2 kinds to differently respond way incursion conductor, one is an electrostatic induction:When the electric charge in thunder cloud accumulates to gather, neighborhood of the conductor will also respond up the contrary electric charge and be a thunder to turn on electricity, the electric charge in thunder cloud quickly releases, and the conductor Central plains come to is tie up by thunder cloud electric field of the static electricity will also follow conductor fluxion to look for to release passage, will become electricity pulse in the electric is an electromagnetic induction:When thunder cloud turn on electricity, the thunder and lightning of quick variety flows to around produce to strongly change in a sudden an electromagnetism field at it and produce very high feeling to living electromotive force in the conductor of its enunciation:The wave that the electrostatic induction method cause flows out the wave that the several cause at the electromagnetic induction to flow out.)The thunder and lightning is on-line to start to respond an electricity to flow out in the high pressure, and follow to lead line to spread with it connect with each other of hair, go together with electricity equipments, be these bear of equipmentses to press lower hour will be responded thunder to damage, for repress to lead line in of give or get an electric shock to flow out, people invented a circuit lightning arrester. The circuit lightning arrester in earlier period is a liberal air air brokes through electric voltage very high, about the 500 kVs/m, but after it was broke through by the high electric voltage the low pressure of only several ten characteristic people who make use of air designed the circuit lightning arrester in earlier period and lead 1 line of a carry connect on the power line, another lead line of on carrying to connect ground, 2 lead line of another a carry to be separated certain distance constitute air cleft of two electrodes, cleft distance made sure a broke through of lightning arrester electric voltage, broke through the electric voltage should be slightly high at the work electric voltage of power line, so be electric circuit to normally work, the air cleft is equal to open a new road, will not influence the normal work of conducting electricity to press invade, the air cleft is broke through, conduct electricity to press quilt Qian to arrive very low level, conduct electricity to flow to also leak to put into the ground through an air cleft and carried out a lightning arrester to protect the cleft contains too many weakness, if broke through electric voltage is influence by environment greatly;Air's turn on electricity will oxidize electrode;Air electricity arc-shaped needs to through many communicate that the period then can extinguish Hu after become, this may result in the lightning arrester break down or the circuit break developped the air of to turn on electricity a tube, tube type lightning arrester, Ci to blow a lightning arrester to to a large extent overcome these troubles, but they are still the principles that the establishments turn on electricity in the air air turns on electricity the proper weakness of a lightning arrester:The impact brokes through electric voltage Gao;Postpone while turn on electricity longer(the μ s class);The remnants presses a form steep.(the dV/dt be more big)These protections ability that the weakness comes to a decision air to turn on electricity a lightning arrester an equipments to the sensitive electricity aren't strong. The semi-conductor technical development provided to defend the thunder new material for us, for example steady press a tube, it the Fu-Anne's characteristic match circuit to defend a thunder request, just it passes the ability that the thunder and lightning flow weak, make common of steady press a tube can't directly used to a lightning valve type that the semi-conductor lightning arrester in earlier period is make into with carborundum material lightning arrester, it have with steady press the Fu-Anne's characteristic of the tube likeness, but pass the ability that the thunder and lightning flow very very quick people discovered metals oxide again the semi-conductor change Zu machine(MOV), it the Fu-Anne's characteristic be better, and have to respond to time quickly, flow to have great capacity etc. many , currently widespread adoption MOV circuit lightning arrester. Along with the development of correspondence, and then produced many lightning arresters which used for corresponding by letter circuit, because of being deliver by correspondence circuit the stipulations of parameter, this lightning arrester wants to consider that the influences, such as electric capacity and electricity feeling...etc. delivers the index signs of it defends thunder principle and MOV basic , connect Shan function to point a realization to connect the condition that the Shan function should have, include a form(lightning rod, avoid thunder to take and avoid a thunder net) of connect the Shan machine, bear to flow to bear the ability of press and connect Shan effect and build price and connect Shan machine and the esthetics unity of the building etc. in a , reposition of redundant personnel influence the guide line log out to the reposition of redundant personnel effect of to log out of thick thin directly influence reposition of redundant personnel effect with amount, lead to log out to have another, each one leads to log out to pass of the thunder and lightning flow small, it responds scope distance which leads to log out its mutually shouldn't be small at the provision in the the building is very high, lead to log out very long time, should in the building of the middle part's increment all presses wreath to lead by let up to log out of the electricity electric voltage not only can with the reposition of redundant personnel, and can also lower to counter-attack electric , the balanced electric potential make each parts in the building all become an equal electric potential, then etc. electric the structure reinforcing bar in the building can link with various metals constitution and the metals pipelineses unify of conduct electricity a body, certainly will not produce different electric potential inside building, so can promise will not produce counter-attack and endanger contact electric voltage or stride electric voltage of Human body safety inside building, to keep the micro-electronics equipments of the pulse interference of the thunder and lightning electromagnetism from have also a very big building of reinforced concrete structure most has a realization etc. the condition of the electric potential, because it all of the big parts of internal structure reinforcing bar is to naturally weld or colligation order to satisfy a request of defend the thunder device, should there is destination connect Shan device and beam, plank, pillar and foundation to dependablely weld, colligation or take to connect together, in the meantime again various metals equipments and the metals pipeline with it weld or the card connect together, this makes the whole building become good etc. electric potential a , shield the main purpose that the function shield is make inside building of correspondence equipments, computer, precise instrument and automatic control system don't need encounter thunder and lightning electromagnetism the bane of the facilitieses in the building, not only will be subjected to electromagnetism interference while defending thunder device to connect Shan, and intelligent because of they sex Gao and bear to press level low, sometimes nearby thunderclap or connect Shan, will also be subjected to the influence that the electromagnetism of thunder and lightning wave radiate, even will also be subjected to from the electromagnetic wave for spread when other buildings connect Shan of , we should as far as possible make use of the reinforcing bar in the reinforced concrete structure, namely the reinforcing bar in the plank, wall noodles, and beam, pillar of the building hinterland plank, crest, make it constitute a net cage of hexahedron, namely the cage type avoid a thunder net and carry out to shield of the dissimilarity of structure structure, inside wall with the reinforcing bar in the building plank have Shu is airtight, when the reinforcing bar density isn't enough, design a person should press the density that the different demand of various equipments increases a shield to not only make etc.'s electric potential and reposition of redundant personnel's these two problems solve problems with the greatest ease, but also is also the most valid measure towards defendoofing thunder and lightning electromagnetism, addition, building of whole shield can also defend ball thunder, side shot and round the raid of shot , connect the quality which connects a ground of effect of a ground of connecting a ground of effect is goodlyalso one of important assurances which defends thunder building wants to consider which kind the effect which connects a place type had better with the most Xu the Sir think, when the building which is reinforced concrete structure matches a norm condition, should make use of reinforcing bar conduct and actions in the foundation to connect a ground of condition or foundation coulded not reach to rule in the norm wrap in waterproof book material layer, can do for a week, the turn type connects a ground of device, but should week the turn type connect a ground of device in advance covers up in the foundation slot of outermost.(need not leave the building 3 ms outside)Connect a ground of body near the foundation inside of the reinforcing bar be advantageous to balanced electric potential, can also save in the meantime for dig the manpower and material resources that deep ditch again after the foundation complete work the deep ditch then easily influences a basal stability. Mix structure building to the wood structure and the brick, have to do independence to lead to log out and adopt independence to connect a place soil electric resistance the rate be big, the usage connects ground very more, can also do a surroundings type to connect a ground of the week turn type connects a ground of impact resistance of device small in independently connect a ground of impact resistance of device, and be advantageous to the ground electric potential which improves inside building to distribute, let up stride electric drilling a hole to deeply cover up effect of connect a ground of pole(about the 4~12 ms) as when adopt the independent type connects a place type had better, the deep bore connect a ground of water level with underground pole easy reach, and can reduce to connect use of a ground of pole amount of , the thunder and lightning wave invadeThunder and lightning wave the form which invade an intelligence building contains 2 kinds, 1 kind keeps shot thunder, another is to respond speaking, the possibility which keeps the electronics equipments of intelligence building universe in the shot thunder is very small, usually need not install the equipments that the protection keeps shot the thunder is flowed output strong electromagnetism field variety and conductor by the thunder lightning flash to respond a conduct electricity of to press and conduct electricity to flow a formation the thunder invades electronics equipments and calculator system to mainly have the following three paths:(1)The ground electric potential of thunder and lightning counter-attacks electric voltage to pass to connect a ground of body to invade.(2)From communicate power supply power supply the circuit invade.(3)It is invade by the correspondence signal is to pass which form, which path invade, will make electronics equipments and calculator system be subjected to damage or serious interference of different degree. The intelligence mansion is generally and all a type of building, should build up comprehensive connect a ground of system, connect a ground of electric resistance to be no bigger than one Ω .Design in the building crest from avoid thunder to take, lightning rod or mixture constitute of connect a Shan machine, make use of steel pillar or sign the reinforcing bar in the pillar as to defend thunder to lead to log out, and and the foundation reinforcing bar of building, beam reinforcing bar, the metals frame conjunction gets up, become to shut to match good farad cage and construct inside the Shu toward the metals piping should each time all press of the 3 F and turn beam wreath connect with each other, all press wreath should with defend thunder device ad hoc lead to log out connect with each building is more than 30 meters high, in response to 30 meters and the railing on above part of outside walls, the metals doors and windows wait a bigger metal direct or through metals doors and windows cover up an iron with defend thunder device a intelligence is various exchanges inside the mansion, the direct current equipments is numerous, the circuit maneuvers interleave, should exchanges work in the building ground, safe protection ground, direct current work ground, defend thunder to connect ground and the cage good conjunction of the building farad, become an etc. electric potential body, avoid connecting the existence potential difference of the of a ground of line, respond to conduct electricity reason of press the creation by and lightning in order not to from communicate power supply power supply the circuit invade, can in the high pressure cabinet of go together with the electricity of the change of mansion of each mutually install the first degree protection of lightning arrester conduct and actions, install a valve door a type to defend thunder device as a second degree protection in the low-pressure cabinet, in order to prevent thunder and lightning irruptive go together with of mansion electricity careful rise to see, can install power supply to avoid thunder box as in the power supply of each layer of mansion go together with the electricity box x-rated protection and will go together with an electricity box of the metals outer shell and defend of mansion thunder connect a ground of system credibility correspondence circuit in the intelligence mansion's have another is take by the comprehensive cloth line comprehensive cloth line system constitutes to°from six statures systems:(1)The buildings sub- system.(2)Equipments sub- system.(3)Manage sub- system.(4)Perpendicular trunk line sub- system.(5)The level trunk line sub- system.(6)Work the area sub- underneath is once analytical to comprehensive the cloth line defend of system thunder protection.