国外研究中美文化的论文

美国作为一个只有200年历史的国家，美国并不像中国一样拥有悠久的历史 文化 底蕴。下文是我为大家整理的关于美国文化论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考!

从影视作品简析美国文化价值观

[摘要]影视作品就像历史文化的一面镜子，透过影视作品我们可以了解不同文化背景下人们的生活观念与态度。美国的影视作品之所以俘虏了全球人的眼球，一个重要的因素就是将美国文化价值观巧妙地贯穿于其中。本文从捍卫梦想、追逐民主自由以及人性的光辉三个方面对美国影视作品中的文化价值观进行了分析与 总结 ，让我们在通过影视作品了解美国文化的同时，也能对自己的人生观、价值观有重新的定位与思考。

[关键词]影视作品;美国文化;价值观

美国的大部分影视作品都是选用亲情、友情、爱情、正义以及科幻为线索。大规模耗资制作的华丽场面，再加上其政治、经济、文化的优势，使美国文化中的个人主义、英雄主义、自由与民主借助影片完整地展现在观众眼前，由此引起人们的思索与探究。美国影视作品传达出的道德关怀和人道主义，物质进步和增长以及追求自由与平等的价值观都值得观众借鉴和学习，而这些不仅是美国经济、文化发展的支柱，同时也成为世界上大多数国家所乐意标榜的完美价值观。

一、美国的文化价值体系

美国文化体系的构建大多数来源于它的移民文化，所以美国的文化被称作一个“大熔炉”[1]。美国的 传统文化 大多数是盎格鲁撒克逊人从他们的原住地所带来的，尽管融入了许多移民国的文化，大体上还是以英国的传统文化为主。自由女神像，芭比娃娃，《美国哥特式》，野牛镍币和山姆大叔被视为美国传统文化的五大象征，由此派生出的民主政体、自由原则、个人主义和英雄主义也就成了美国传统和主流的文化价值观。由于美国是一个新兴的资本主义国家，传统文化保留的时间也相对较短。美国的现代文化也是由传统文化逐渐过渡而来，主要表现在美国梦，自由与平等，道德主义与人道主义之上。无论是美国人，还是亚洲和拉美人，他们都把美国看成是实现梦想的摇篮，并想通过自己的努力在这片土地上有所获。同时，作为一个建立在自由之上的国家，自由与平等同样在美国文化体系中占据了最重要的位置，这是由于早期的美国殖民大多数来自殖民国的中下层阶级，他们严格反对“旧世界”的许多不平等现象，希望实现真正意义上的自由，即自己管理自己的生活。大多数美国人都有着虔诚的宗教信仰，因此道德主义和人道主义也被视为美国文化价值观中的一个重要组成部分。总的来说“美国的现代文化正在从隔阂走向统一”[2]。当然这与美国的社会体制的改革密不可分。

二、从影视作品透视美国文化价值观

(一)捍卫梦想

1.不同人的不同梦想

电影虽作为一门视听艺术，但是在物欲横流的今天，大多数电影也不过是人们在闲暇之余以供消遣娱乐的玩物。但是对于真正让人看后有启示、有收获的电影还是一样会得到观众的热衷与好评。美国的大部分影视作品都在造梦，它并不仅仅局限在某一小小的部分。有希望实现种族平等的梦;有渴望过上富足生活的梦;有盼望登上万众瞩目的舞台，成为明星的梦;也有期望拯救全人类，探索未知世界的梦。而这些无一例外地都从另一个角度彰显了美国人的个人主义和英雄主义的价值观。无论是哪种意义上的梦，人们都笼统地把它称作现代意义上的“美国梦”。尽管不同的人对这个词语有自己不同的理解，但是他的轴心始终不会改变，美国这块土地提供一个可以实现梦想的平台给人们，即“人人都有成功的希望和创造奇迹的可能”[3]。

2.从《阿甘正传》浅析阿甘的永不放弃

美国的许多电影都对“美国梦”有一个非常完美的诠释。影片《阿甘正传》和《当幸福来敲门》就是展现美国梦的典型。在《阿甘正传》中阿甘由始至终都贯穿着“笨有笨的作为”这一思想。尽管他是一个智障儿，但是凭着对生活永不放弃的信念，他顺利地完成了大学学业并参了军，最终还成为人们心目中的战斗英雄。命运对每个人来说都是未知数，我们永远无法知道等待我们的下一站会是什么。上帝为你关上一扇门的同时，也会记得帮你打开一扇窗，透过窗户，阳光依然可以照进来。阿甘的 故事 教会人们只要敢想敢做，一切皆有可能。

3.从《当幸福来敲门》中解读克里斯是如何捍卫梦想

另一部将现代意义上的“美国梦”诠释得很完美的电影就是The pursuit of happiness，美国电影《当幸福来敲门》取材于真实的故事。故事的主人公就是当今著名的投资专家Chris grander。这部电影属于 励志电影 ，但是却与简单地描述个人了奋斗与梦想的励志电影截然不同。它成功地刻画了一位濒临破产，老婆弃家，只有和儿子相依为命的穷酸落魄业务员的形象，最后是如何凭借自己的努力成为知名的金融投资家的故事，而这一过程没有坚强的意志与精神的支柱，常人是很难做到，儿子就是他不断奋斗下去的动力。克里斯在影片中说：“我生活的这一部分叫做搭公车;我生活的这一部分叫做冒傻气;我生活这一部分现在的一部分叫做疲于奔命，我生命中这个阶段的阶段叫做幸福。”这部影片不是一味地强调个人的奋斗，脚踏实地抑或是凭借聪明的才智去获得成功。这里的幸福不是一个目标，一个方向，更是一种责任，一种权利。追逐梦想不是一味地行走，偶尔也需要停下来思考一下，人生的目标究竟是什么，有梦想就要好好地去捍卫它。

(二)追逐民主自由

1.美国文化价值体系中的自由与民主

平等与自由是美国人一直以来普遍认同的观念，美国人虽然没有统一的思想，但却有普遍认同的观念，即以平等和自由为中心的价值体系。美国的《独立宣言》更是将平等与自由放在了首位，他明确地指出“我们认为以下这些真理是不言而喻的：“人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干而不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权，自由权和追逐幸福的权力。”美国的自由与民主似乎就是上帝赐予他们的光环。在好多美国电影的开始，都有过这样的一幕，在一片金色的光芒中，一个象征着美国人民争取自由、对美好生活的向往与追求的女神像高高地耸立在纽约港口的自由岛上。因此民主与自由也就被反复地穿插在影视作品中。

2.在《肖申克的救赎》中安迪和瑞德对自由的追求

说到美国文化中的追求自由，同样也会把大多数观众的视觉拉回到1994年上演的《肖申克的救赎》当中。“有一种鸟儿是永远也关不住的，因为它的每片羽翼都沾满了自由的光辉。”这部电影用第三人称的旁白描绘了肖申克监狱所发生的故事，以瑞德的视角描绘了安迪的所作所为和因为他而得到救赎的肖申克监狱的人们。本片最能吸引观众的还是主人安迪公强大的内心的力量和对自由生活的执著。他说人生可以简单地归于两个选择：忙着活，或者忙着死。影片的整个过程中我们可以看到主人公渴望自由的执著从来没有停止过。花19年用石锤凿出一个洞，是什么给了他动力，是内心的希望的火种。“Fear can hold you prisoner，hope can set you free.”这也是作品本身所要告诉人们的。

(三)人性的光辉

1.人性的光辉是美国电影持久不衰的秘诀

美国的电影自始以来虽然在极力制造各种英雄神话，以各种视觉效果打造影片的独特文化。如《真相至上》《战马》《泰坦尼克号》《2012》《惊涛大冒险》《危情时速》等。但无论是法制题材的电影抑或是一些巨型的灾难片、科幻片，他之所以吸引观众的注意力，一个重要的秘诀就是将人性的光辉巧妙地穿插在了整部影片当中。

2.《绿里奇迹》中黑人死囚约翰及监狱长的身上所呈现出的人性的光辉

拍摄于1999年的《绿里奇迹》，它同1994年的《肖申克的救赎》一样同属监狱题材的电影。监狱，是最阴暗恐怖的场所，充满恐惧又令人毛骨悚然。尽管在这样的地方，也不乏闪耀着人性的光辉。在《绿里奇迹》中，黑人死囚犯约翰·科菲相貌恐怖，体形硕大，但却身上有着温暖的爱心和神奇的力量，他和监狱长保尔·艾治科姆一起诚心地帮助死囚们平静地、安心地走过了人生最后的旅途，演绎出一段感人的故事。而中国恰巧相反，尽管监狱中也有许多感人的故事，但是因为教条主义的影响，很少有人去触及。

3.《泰坦尼克号》中人性的真、善、美

影片《泰坦尼克号》是一部里程式的电影，自1997年上映至今，一直为人们津津乐道，这部电影之所以震撼人心，不仅仅是因为伟大的爱情，还有人性。“让妇女和 儿童 先上”而不是“领导先走”。这是在船沉没的那一刻，霍利克用钱收买大副要求先上救生艇这一戏剧冲突强烈地表现了出来。在生死面前男士们自己浸在水中，让妇女儿童先上救生艇，他们克服了人性的自私，他们都是英雄。在“泰坦尼克号”沉没的那个瞬间，船上相拥赴死的老年夫妇，母亲讲着故事和两个孩子一起葬身海底，牧师在最后一刻还不忘给予人们精神的安慰，这都显示出人类那无与伦比的伟大和无畏，他们就像会思考的芦苇在自然的毁灭中迸发出了撼天动地的力量。一场灾难，见证了人的脆弱，但也同样见证了人性本身所含有的真、善、美。关于人性的主题，无论电影、电视剧、动画片，总会让人看后有思考、有收获，也会成为人们永久歌颂的美话佳谈。

4.从《拯救大兵瑞恩》中看硝烟弥漫中闪烁的人性的光辉

《拯救大兵瑞恩》在大多数观众眼中，它不过是一部精心制作的美国爱国主义宣传片。但如果仔细观看，将会领悟影片其深层次的含义。一个母亲有四个儿子参战，三个同时战死，于是美国参谋总长下令无论如何要将身陷前线的第四个儿子安全撤回。作为现代民主的发源地之一，美国的立国精神就是强调个人价值。尽管“战争没有仁慈，杀戮没有良知，但硝烟弥漫中仍闪耀着人性的光辉”[4]。八个去救一个人，为的是不让一个年老体衰的母亲，经历所有儿子都命丧战场的噩耗，相信看过此片的大多数男性也会在此片中找到自己的影子。[5]

三、结语

美国的影视作品凭借其别具一格的文化特色在全球范围内树立了标杆。美国影视作品所反映出的寻求梦想，追逐自由以及对个体生命价值的尊重等价值观已成为全球文化价值评判的标准。欣赏影视作品不仅可以帮助我们不断提高对美国文化的深入了解，而且可以掌握语言本身的应用能力。大多数影视作品中都对中美文化的差异及冲突进行了描写和探讨，了解不同的文化背景、历史背景和地理区域的差异，可以有效地促进跨文化交流的顺利进行。取其精华，去其糟粕，更好地继承和发扬中华传统文化。

浅谈美国多元文化 教育

摘 要：多元文化教育是美国现代教育的一种基本取向，学习风格理论和多元智能理论为之提供理论基础。本文介绍了美国多元文化教育的产生背景、教育 方法 、及其为我国多民族教育提供的有益启示。

关键词：多元文化教育;教育方法

美国，多元文化教育被认为是一种教育概念，一种思想，一种教育改革和过程。美国研究多元文化教育的著名专家詹姆斯·班克认为，在学校中无论性别、种族、民族的学生都应该享受平等的受教育的权利。他还认为多元文化教育的概念应该是广义的。按照克瑞斯汀(Christine,1999)的观点，美国的所谓多元文化教育是指“基于对民主的珍视和信仰，在有文化差异的社会中和多种文化相互依赖的世界中确认文化多元化的一种教学和学习取向”。所以，多元文化课程是多元文化教育理论的一种必然产物。

一、美国多元文化教育产生的背景

自20世纪60年代以来，世界移民风起云涌，第三世界国家的人口纷纷涌入美国，30%以上的美国居民由欧洲白种人后裔的“少数民族”组成。据统计，目前美国大约有270多个民族，逐渐构成了新的少数民族群体。随着美国少数民族数量的增长，以及在国家中扮演的角色重要性的提高，他们迫切要求在教育中体现自己民族文化的特殊性并提高其地位，这直接推动了美国多元文化教育的迅速发展。

(一)教育民主化的深入是主要因素

从某种意义上来说，现代教育的发展过程就是教育的民主化过程。在20世纪50年代以前，教育民主化主要体现为“个体取向”：追求个体受教育权利的尊重和教育机会;的均等化。50年代以后，人们越来越强烈地意识到，离开种族文化的平等与教育的“反种族主义”。

(二)在学校教育中树立全球意识正成为公民的一种紧迫任务

因为人们越来越充分认识到人类只有一个地球，而这个地球正面临诸如：臭氧层、污染、贫穷和疾病、核武器、全球性饥荒、艾滋病、国际恐怖主义等许多问题。人类要解决这些问题，就需要全球性的合作，而这种合作就需要人们具有一定的跨文化理解能力。这种能力在学校教育中的培养则要求实行多元文化教育。

(三)美国的在校学生在构成上具有明显的异质结构

美国学校的在校学生中大约有25%的儿童来自少数民族。而且这个比例有增无减。据估计，到2020年在校学生中有色人种学生将超过30%。研究者认为，教育应直面这种存在而加以改革。如果学校教育不实行多元文化教育，那么种族歧视、黑社会等社会问题就会日益严重。美国人一贯主张民主、强调人权。在这样复杂的社会构成中消除社会偏见，尊重人们的生活选择，让所有人享有平等的机会以使其在智力、社会能力和个人成长等方面的潜力都得到最充分的发挥，就成为公民的一种迫切要求。

二、美国教育者采用的多元文化教育方法

多元文化教育思想认为学生不论性别、种族、民族都应该有平等受教育机会。多元文化教育力图使多种群体的学生在学业上获得成功的发展机会，提高不同性别、不同民族和不同文化群体的学生以及一些特殊学生的素质。美国许多教师进行多元文化教育时，所采用的教育方法如下：

(一)因材施教法

是对特殊的、文化上有差异的学生的教学。它的主要目的在于帮助有色人种的学生、低收入家庭的学生和接受特殊教育的学生掌握和吸收知识，并在现存的社会中获得成功。这种方法认为，美国与西方文化为公民提供了大量的机遇，并且表明在文化发展中处于领先地位。那些学业未成、事业未就的学生，更希望在他们的文化背景与学校之间架设起座座桥梁，以便使学校课程成为更有用的东西。可以称为“桥梁”的东西包括基于学生学习方式上的教育策略、相关的文化材料、用学生的母语来授课以及其他方式的补习计划等。教师采用这种方法，常常对学生的学业成绩期望很高，他们相信传统的学业课程对所有的学生都是适合的，只是不同的学生需要不同的方法。因此，他们并不主张改变学习科目的重点和内容，仅仅是将它们用更有效的方法传授给构成多样化的学生。如果这些学生能在学校里获得一个高分，那么，这些学生无论其文化背景如何，都能走向生活并获得他们所要得到的东西。

(二)情感活动互动法

它试图通过课堂的教学与活动，在不同民族的成员之间培养起积极的人际关系，增强每一个学生的自我意识。在这里，教师所关注的主要是学生们的相互感受和交往。人际关系课包括消除成见、比较个体之间的异同，以及学生所属的种族团体对社会的贡献等内容。许多学校在多元文化教育的名义之下所做的工作，大部分实际上是人际关系，如举办民族集会节或某个团体特殊的庆祝活动，主要目的是联络感情，消除成见，以利学生对本民族、本社团已经做出的贡献产生良好印象和感觉。人际关系方法对教师之所以有吸引力，是因为他们把整个美国社会看作是公平和开放的。他们认为，学生之间的不和谐，如种族性谩骂、活动场上的分离状态等，乃是误解和虚妄的成见导致的结果。因此，他们相信，只要向学生提供有关不同民族、种族和社团情况的正面教育，增加实际接触的机会，这种不和谐状况就会得到消除。

(三)多元文化方法

这种方法旨在重新建构整个教育过程，提高质量和促进社会文化的多元化发展。它所倡导的课程内容，是围绕着美国不同的种族和民族，不分男女，残废人以及不同的社会阶层而重新组织起来的。这种方法特别提倡，学校的教职员队伍应包括各类人才，具备不同的教学能力，要打破传统的指任角色的观念，使教学以学生的学习风格为基础，适应学生的技能水平，进而引导学生积极思考和分析活生生的现实。尤其鼓励那些非英语的学生保持其母语，并且鼓励所有学生习得多种语言。在多元文化课堂教学中，学生们将习惯于把不同的观点都看作是“正确”的，他们 辩论 不同的观点并思考多样性是否实际上意味着“怎样都行”。这种方法特别注重促进所有各不相同的民族、社团的学生都取得平等的学业成绩;学生的学业成绩也不会因民族、团体的不同所形成的人际关系而居于榜尾。此外，采用多元文化方法，体现多元文化性，学校全部课程会在吸收单个民族和社团研究成果的基础上加以重写。

三、美国多元文化教育在实施中面临的问题

多元文化教育的蓬勃发展一直在理论、概念、研究和决策方面，而不在教师和行政人员能够在中小学易于贯彻执行的实际策略的研制方面。对待一种思想，教师与行政人员在能够看到它如何在学校里或课堂上起作用之前，往往会采取冷漠的态度。许多教师尤其是那些数学和理科教师对多元文化教育感到迷惑不解，这种迷惑不解的表现形式常常是对多元文化教育的抵制。即使教师对多元文化教育有深刻的理解和认同，他们的教学仍面临着艰巨的任务，即内容整合、知识构建和 教学方法 的变革等。随着美国种族构成的不断变化，多元文化教育模式将更趋于多样化，但问题依然存在，而且会继续面临各种新的挑战。

四、多元文化教育对我国教育的借鉴作用

多元文化教育的目的是，继承各民族优秀遗产，加强各民族间的文化交流，促进多民族大家庭在经济上共同发展，在文化上共同繁荣，在政治上各民族相互尊重、平等、友好与和睦相处，最终实现多民族国家在多元一体格局下的各民族大团结。我国也是一个多民族国家，长期以来都在不断努力探索少数民族教育发展的途径与 措施 。经过建国50多年的建设与发展，少数民族教育在数量与规模上已不是主要问题，其关键是如何切实提高教育的质量。美国学者曾在 1993-1995年期间对美国黑人儿童进行了大量的问卷调查研究，结果显示，学生们普遍认为如果在学校中能学到他们自己的文化和其他族群文化内容的话，学校教育就会对他们更有兴趣和吸引力，也会与他们更加相关和使他们更加投入。

少数民族学生学业成就的低落并非因其来自于贫困的文化背景，而是因为他们的文化和学校文化不同之故。而这主要是学校的责任，因为学校的教育远离他们的生活文化背景，使他们时常面对“文化中断”带来的诸多困惑，从而影响他们获得高学业成就。虽然我国的少数民族教育与国外相比有诸多的差异，但世界上任何国家、民族的任何类型和层次的教育总是在一定的文化背景中进行的。我国民族教育也要考虑和适应各民族文化环境，提高学校教育对少数民族文化的适应性，克服学校教育的“文化中断”。

众所周知，我国学校正规课程以汉语为信息载体，绝大多数地区使用全国统编教材，课程内容也主要以汉文化为背景。对于少数民族儿童来说，往往与所学课程存在一定的文化隔膜。比如有学者曾指出，在小学教材中，让藏族儿童背诵李白、杜甫的诗歌而不谈《格萨尔王》，这样的课程远离了藏族儿童的生活空间，很难让藏族儿童感兴趣。因此，民族教育必须对因为文化差异而造成的文化隔膜与中断给予充分关注，改革现有教育中不能反映民族文化的大一统的课程模式，提高课程对少数民族文化的适应性。目前，我国正在大力推行新一轮基础教育课程改革，为了使学校课程更好的反映文化、地区、学生之间的差异，确立了国家课程、地方课程、学校课程三级课程、三级管理的课程开发与管理机制，这为建立既体现民族文化特色又反映现代科学文化知识的民族中小学课程体系提供了课程空间和制度保障。

他山之石，可以攻玉。美国多元文化的教育至少能给我们以下几点启示：打破单一设置民族文化课程的开发模式;在保持必要张力的原则下，尝试整合模式，通过多种途径将少数民族文化的内容与现代科学知识有机结合;将多种课程形式作为民族文化的载体，关注活动课程、潜在课程、非正式课程;充分利用各种课程资源，探索地方与学校层面的课程开发;重视教师在课程开发中的作用，使之成为课程开发主体。

Diet Culture difference between China and America.（中美饮食文化的差异）这篇可以参考：）~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. ╮(╯_╰)╭ 给分 给分采纳哦

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

文化差异(Culture Difference):种族 National race The whole question of the changing role of Blacks in American society as been the subject of newspaper articles around the world so frequently that visitors to the United States do not know what to expect when they arrive. They may be surprised when they see that Blacks and Whites work side by side in offices , factories , and schools across the country . The majority of Blacks in the United States, however, live in and around only a small number of American cities. Many dark-skinned visitors arrive in the United States fearing personal attack or expecting various degrees of racial prejudice. Some forms of discrimination [1] still exist ,unfortunately, especially in the areas of the housing , schools , and jobs . The school equality is still more a dream than a reality. There are still too many areas of the country where Black Americans do not enjoy the same full opportunities as White Americans . However, the vast majority of American s are working , studying , and sharing public places together. This was not true even a few years ago in some parts of the country , but progress is steadily being made . You will be able to observe the improvement in race relations as soon as your plane lands . You will see it in the airport, in public buses and trains , in theaters , restaurants , rest room, in sops and libraries , in offices and factories . Close personal friendships between Blacks and Whites , full trust and social relationships are still not common , except in certain areas, However, even in this - the slowest area of progress-there has been change , especially among young people. [1] discrimination n. 辨别, 区别, 识别力, 辨别力, 歧视 Excerpted from " A Guide to . ", edited by Li Yang, Li Yi, published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Culture Difference 发表日期：2005-04-22 10:58:52 作者：洪恩在线 It is not a novel knowledge that culture difference exists between eastern and w estern countries. But not until I heard the lecture given by a Chinese scholar, who has been lived in Australia for several years, did I came to understand that how different it is. The scholar summarized that we, as Chinese, prefer to think in a spiral, casual way, while western people, more often than not, are fond of a linear, business-i s-business way. Supporting the idea, he named out examples he himself experience d while staying in Australia. Here are some excerpts. Firstly, line up matter. If you are in China, it is not rare to see that a crowd of people throng in the supermarket, trying to get service first. People in Ch ina do line up, the scholar said in a humorous tone, but they prefer to line up at a horizontal way. In contrast, in western countries, say, in Australia, people always line up, no matter in a big bank or a small grocery store. And they take it for granted. Lin ing up has long since become part of their life that they scarcely doubt it or g row impatient while doing it. Secondly, first come, first served. Though in words it is a normal principle her e in China, it’s mostly not the case in reality. Take an example of what usuall y happens in a bank. Here when we are in a middle-sized bank, and suppose we are talking with the cashier, it always tends to have someone butt in, claiming tha t his or her request takes only one second. And it seems that we have already been accustomed to it. So has the cashier. But in western countries, it never applies. It is always rude that you butt in whil e the cashier is serving his customer. No matter how little time your request co sts, the cashier, more often than not, is likely to turn you down. Only one cust omer at a time is his principle. Thirdly, change stuff. Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase cost me 142 RMB. While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wall et, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-yuan coins. What will I do? To give the ca shier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-yuan coins so that he could r eturn me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of us. I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the la tter one. But the scholar said, in Australia, they won’t do so. He then told th at he himself did try it once, and he thought it was self-evident to do so. But the cashier did not understand. So the scholar latter on summarized that western people are prone to lack of fle xibility while doing their work. Then how about us in their eyes? They think we Chinese have a tendency to make things complicate. What an interesting contrast! Here I don’t intend to tell which is better and which is worse. What I try to s ay is just that we might well be in conformity with the customs and be aware of the culture differences while being abroad. Like the saying goes—while you are in Rome, do as Romans do. If you don’t want to put yourself in the public, bear ing all this in mind is perhaps the best policy. Caroline This article has been read by 276 persons. Copyright: This article was written by caroline. and first posted in HongEn online. The author owns the copyright, and HongEn online owns the right of using it. Any other unit or individual should get the author's approval before using, repasting or quoting. The author will assume all the civil and penal responsibility, directly or indirectly caused by posting the article. The SYSOPs and board masters have the right to reserve or delete the article. Reply|Digest|Return|Search Replied Articles Title Author Size Post Time Grade Re：Culture Difference tdeanxx(Tim) 1K 01:19 Dear Caroline, I think your scholar friend spent several years in Australia and completely miss ed the most important value represented in his examples. That value is egalitar ianism. The principle that people should be treated equally. When the bank teller insists on attending one customer at a time the principle i s not "only one customer at a time" it is "this customer waited in line and so w ill you, no matter how tall, how well dressed or how loud your voice." And you can be sure if the customer is a poor working man and the impatient man is a wel l dressed business man, the customer will very bruskly insist on his rights not to be interrupted. A well run bank will have a customer service person who can answer questions, but people doing transactions must wait their turn. My impres sion of a business or a nation where people are not treated equally in the marke tplace and a bully can obtain service without waiting is a place where there is a class oriented culture and/or where one can bribe one …………[文章太长，没有全部显示，点击本文标题阅读全文] Re：Culture Difference caroline.(caroline) 2K 12:25 Dear Tim, The lecture given by the scholar is mainly on English learning. That's for he na med such examples. He just aimed to tell the audience how important to understan d a culture is, which is different from our motherland. What you said is indeed right. And I am with you on this. The corruption in Chi na is rampant these years, you relate it with class. Well, I haven't thought abo ut it. But I do agree that the idea of class roots in many people's mind. Like the example you took in the article, I almost could be sure that here the c ashier would definitely turn to the well dressed business man. You say that the poor working man will insist on his rigts not to be interrupted. But here I gues s he would just pretend not to mind it and let it be. I myself experienced this once, in fact. Once I was in a post office to have a p ackage posted. You know, it was crowded inside and the people lined up in a wayw ard way. So when it was my turn, and when I was just about to tell the man my re quest, one guy …………[文章太长，没有全部显示，点击本文标题阅读全文] Re：Culture Difference panpanpan 210 08:32 You've got a sharp eye for the human conditions, Tim. -- Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop back. Learning is like sailing a boat against the current; it either advances or retre ats. Re：Culture Difference tdeanxx(Tim) 351 12:47 Dear Panpanpan, I wouldn't have written in such a non-diplomatic fashion except that I wanted to see what people thought, and that sort of behavior is particularly irritating t o me. I will try not to lose my temper when I am in China. I don't want to get "kung fu'd". Great to hear from you, friend. I want to hear more of your thou ghts. Tim Re：Culture Difference smdyfc(Dont happy) 263 18:05 English is so good!Do you announce some articles more again?Did you graduate?Wor ker, should have of, all of you have brains!Can come to our company to work? -- Power is everything!!Falling behind would be beaten!! I'm never,never,never,never give up!!! Re：Culture Difference spoilme(maple) 804 06:02 "Thirdly, change stuff. Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase cost me 142 RMB. While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wal let, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-yuan coins. What will I do? To give the c ashier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-yuan coins so that he could return me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of us. I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the la tter one. But the scholar said, in Australia, they won’t do so. He then told th at he himself did try it once, and he thought it was self-evident to do so. But the cashier did not understand. " It won't happen in New York. Maybe the cashers in NY are smarter. :) -- Be not afraid of going slowly, be afraid only of standing still.参考一下Diet Culture difference between China and America.（中美饮食文化的差异）这篇也可以参考一下The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on