英文论文文献国际投资

我帮你找了，翻译确实找不到了，只有原文,你看着给吧,如果合适就给点,文章是关于在中国的FDI介绍的.Analysis: foreign direct investment in China Last Updated(Beijing Time):2006-03-14 11:38 With a comprehensive view on the foreign direct investments since 2005, service industry, energy industry and its relevant sectors remain to be the hotspots of investment growth. At the same time, a lot of inland cities begins to become the targeted areas of foreign investment. As the Chinese government enhances its construction of new countryside, it is also possible for the countryside to attract more and more attention. In recent years, foreign direct investment attracted into China, which hit the historic high of US$ billion in 2004, has been witness a sustained growth; but in 2005, such a growth trend slowed down slightly with a little bit decrease on a year-on-year basis. In 2005, the number of newly established foreign-invested enterprises across China amounted to 44,001 with a year-on-year growth of percent but the foreign investment actually used amounted to US$ billion with a year-on-year decrease of April 2005 (except September 2005), China's amount of foreign funds actually used in a single month has been witnessing a downtrend and the decrease margin for the amount of foreign funds actually used in the three respective months of the second quarter all surpassed 10 percent. Such a huge decrease margin is rarely seen in recent far as the source of foreign funds invested in China is concerned, the number of newly established enterprises with US investment in China and the amount of such investment decreased by percent and percent respectively in 2005. The number of newly established enterprises with funds from 10 Asian countries (regions) in China increased by percentages, but the amount of such investment actually used decreased by percentage. The newly established enterprises with funds from some free ports in China also decreased by percent; yet, the number of newly established enterprises with funds from the original 15 EU member countries in China and the amount of such investment did increase by percent and percent facts that the economies of neighboring countries and developed countries picked up the developing speed and such countries attracted foreign investors with their own advantages have influenced the scale of China's utilization of foreign funds to some extent. In 2005, Russia attracted US$ billion of foreign direct investments, which accounted for percent of Russia's GDP. Russia, where the growth rate of market was only second to that in China, ranked the second in the 2005, the volume of foreign funds attracted to India, which has thus become the country ranking the second in the world, has surpassed that attracted into the United States. Vietnamese Ministry of Planning and Investment announced that Vietnam would attract US$ - billion, thus becoming one of the countries with the quickest economic growth rate in Southeast transition period after the entry into WTO has further cut down the doorsill for the Chinese market. The potentials to enjoy the largest growth rate of the service and trade market is a comparative advantage for China to attract foreign investment. It is expected that during a rather long forthcoming period of time, the service industry will remain as a field in the favor of foreign investment in commerce is a service industry through which foreign investment entered into China rather early; the opening-up of the insurance industry has made it possible for foreign companies to enter into China gradually. At the end of 2004, the Chinese insurance industry had opened up all areas and all businesses except some statutory insurance businesses to foreign investment. The year 2005 is the first year for the Chinese insurance industry to implement the all-rounded opening-up to the outside world, and the market shares seized by foreign-funded insurance companies increased to nearly 7 percent during that shown by statistics of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC), the domestic insurance market opened up step by step in 2005: three foreign insurance companies were permitted to enter into China's market, and 25 foreign-funded insurance agencies set up in China. For the time being, the number of foreign-funded insurance companies has increased from 14 in 2000 to 40 in 2005. Altogether 27 out of the 46 insurance companies listed into the Fortune Top 500 of the World have set up their agencies in since December 6, 2005, China has further scaled up the opening-up of its banking industry. Foreign-funded financial institutions' management of Renminbi businesses has been extended to Shantou and Ningbo while five other cities of Harbin, Changchun, Lanzhou, Yinchuan and Nanning were opened up in advance. The latest statistics indicate that the businesses of foreign-funded banks in China develop very rapidly in recent years, and the respective annual growth rates of assets, deposits, and loans are all above 30 September 2005, the Beijing Office of the US Peabody Energy Corporation, which is the largest private coal company in the world, officially set up. For the moment, Peabody Energy has contacted with Huaneng Power International, Inc., Shenhua Group and some large Iron & Steel enterprises; in future, it will also provide raw materials to and conduct technological exchange with Chinese power and Iron & Steel enterprises. Before that, the US Asian American Coal Inc. (AACI) had established the Shanxi Asian American Daning Energy Co., Ltd. and seized the holding right of 56 percent. Moreover, the US Morgan Bank purchased the 170 million H-stocks of the Yanzhou Mine, and companies from countries like Australia, South Korea, and Japan also went to China's major coal-producing provinces and autonomous regions like Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia to seek to get shares in local coal mines opened situation of tense power supply goes on as before. Multinationals think highly of the huge market of power-generating equipment in China, thus having expedited their investment in China. In October 2005, a joint venture invested by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) from Japan in Guangzhou was completed and began to produce heat components, the core components of turbines; and it is expected that its sales would amount to 8 billion yen by 2010. Early as in April 2002, MHI signed a "Joint Venture Agreement" with Dong Fang Steam Turbine Works on the joint investment to set up the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Dongfang Gas Turbine (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., a Chinese-foreign joint venture manufacturing heat components on gas turbines and providing after-sale services and maintenance of gas turbines. The total investment in the joint venture is approximately billion yen with MHI offering 51 percent of the overall investment and Dongfang Steam Turbine offering the other 49 percent, and the term for the joint venture is 20 2004, the French Alsthom Ltd. signed a framework agreement to set up a joint venture with the Beijing Jingcheng Mechanical & Electrical Holding Co. Ltd (JCH) and its subordinate enterprise Beijing Heavy Electrical Machinery Factory so as to set up a long-term partnership between two parties on the manufacture of 60,000kw steam turbine the Tenth Five-year Period, China has expedited its steps in international exchanges and cooperation in agriculture and made prominent achievements. From 2001 to 2003, agricultural projects making use of foreign direct investment amounted to nearly 3,000 with a total agreement sum of US$ billion. The annual amount is about US$ billion on average, nearly twice the average annual agreements sum of foreign investment made use of during the 20 years salary costs in China's inland cities is 20~50 percent lower than in coastal cities, and the rising rate of salaries is slower than that in large cities and coastal cities as well; however, the investment environment in such cities has got consummated gradually in recent years. As a result, some foreign investors have stopped their investment in metropolises like Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou; instead, they begin to cast their eyes on Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Ningbo, Dalian, Shenyang etc., and slightly less eye-catching cities of the second echelon . Wei Xinghua, the AmCham-China Chairman, expressed that in 2006, the investments from the United States in China will not only increase in a sustained way but nearly a half of US companies will also seek to invest in cities on the second and third-tier bench like Xi'an, Chengdu, and Dalian, etc. in the western and northeastern parts of China. According to him, quite many industries are all shifting from place to place at present; for example, the electronic assembly industry that was originally in Guangdong can go to Hohehot Municipality to conduct production. Moreover, there were originally some industries with traditional advantages like agriculture, large machinery, energy resources, chemical industry, etc. in the middle and western parts of China. Inland cities begin to demonstrate their charms, which will create conditions for foreign enterprises to invest there.

研究国际贸易的发展趋势，是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后，由于世界格局发生了巨大变化，西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退，再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约，国际贸易的增长速度连年下降，而且波动较大，国际贸易增长率从1989年的7％下降到1990年的5％，1991年又下降到3％，1992年上升到4．5％，1993年又降至2．5％，1994年回升到5％，1995年可望增长到7％左右，1996年后，增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看，整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期，其发展速度可达5％左右，不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代（4％）的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长，价格上扬，其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转，其绝对贸易额将不断增长，但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势，下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平，这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代，国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长，中后期增速加快，其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段，还没有重大突破，贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约，国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素（一）世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态，并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期，世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0．4％的基础上，1992年提高到0．8％，1993年为1．7％，1994年上升到3．1％，预计1995年可达3．5％，90年代下半期大体可保持3％的增长率，略高于80年代2．9％的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展，是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3％左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0．4％的负增长，提高到1994年的2．6％，1995年可达2．9％，尔后几年，经济形势将进一步好转，并步入常规增长，年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转，有助于抑制日元升值的势头，并在一定程度上推动日本的出口，为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机，使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期，日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3．5％，尽管高过美国和西欧，但仍低于80年代的水平。国际贸易的发展及趋势 发布时间： 2003-7-21 作者：安和芬 研究国际贸易的发展趋势，是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后，由于世界格局发生了巨大变化，西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退，再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约，国际贸易的增长速度连年下降，而且波动较大，国际贸易增长率从1989年的7％下降到1990年的5％，1991年又下降到3％，1992年上升到4．5％，1993年又降至2．5％，1994年回升到5％，1995年可望增长到7％左右，1996年后，增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看，整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期，其发展速度可达5％左右，不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代（4％）的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长，价格上扬，其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转，其绝对贸易额将不断增长，但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势，下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平，这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代，国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长，中后期增速加快，其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段，还没有重大突破，贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约，国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素（一）世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态，并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期，世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0．4％的基础上，1992年提高到0．8％，1993年为1．7％，1994年上升到3．1％，预计1995年可达3．5％，90年代下半期大体可保持3％的增长率，略高于80年代2．9％的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展，是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3％左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0．4％的负增长，提高到1994年的2．6％，1995年可达2．9％，尔后几年，经济形势将进一步好转，并步入常规增长，年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转，有助于抑制日元升值的势头，并在一定程度上推动日本的出口，为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机，使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期，日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3．5％，尽管高过美国和西欧，但仍低于80年代的水平。在东盟经济部长第26届年会上，一致同意把建成东盟自由贸易区的时间，从原定15年缩短为10年，决定在2003年1月1日，把东盟内部工业品、农产品的关税降到0．5％。目前，亚太地区的“成长三角”，作为次区域经济合作的一种补充模式进展比较顺利。为了推动亚太经济合作的发展，1995年2月16日，亚太经合组织举行高级官员“特别”会议，讨论地区贸易和投资的远景，并为今年11月在大阪召开部长级会议和第三届领导人会议准备议事日程，同时起草在2020年以前实现亚太地区贸易和投资的自由化“行动计划”。参加会议的官员一致认为议事日程应由贸易和投资自由化，以及经济和技术合作两部分组成。会议同意成立一个私营企业协调组。（四）科学技术进步的加速90年代是以微电子、生物技术、信息技术和新材料等领域为中心的高新技术、继续加速发展、而且日趋走向实用化、产业化的时代，随着高新技术的推广应用，国际化分工的深化，产品质量性能的不断提高，产品种类、规格的不断变化，产品的生产同期将大为缩短。由于产品的不断升级换代，必将促使各国的产业结构和经济结构向更高层次发展，使国际间的相互依赖和渗透进一步加深，从而推动国际商品范围和贸易量的不断扩大。使商品生产的内容、形式以及组织等方面都将发生变革。国际贸易的发展也越来越多地和新技术联在一起，使国际商品生产和贸易的原材料密度和粗放程度大为减少，而技术、知识密集度却大大提高。由于社会消费需求向多样化发展，通过商品交换，促进行业内部贸易的发展。（五）跨国公司的蓬勃发展进入90年代后，跨国公司发展尤为迅速，并正在不断改变着世界商品生产和流通的格局。目前，全球跨国公司约有1．2万家，控制着世界出口贸易总额的2／3，跨国公司内部贸易已占国际贸易的40％。随着生产国际化的新发展，跨国公司将在更大程度上控制着国际贸易、国际投资和技术转让等经济活动。制成品贸易，特别是高技术贸易和资本货物贸易在跨国公司内占的比重也将越来越大，在发达国家的制成品贸易中，由于规模经济的作用，使同一行业内部的双向性国际商品流动发展很快，并成为贸易效益的主要来源，据1992年有关部门的调查，发达国家的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的60％，新加坡、韩国、印度尼西亚等国的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的45％。随着世界经济区域集团化的发展和新贸易保护主义的盛行，企业进入国外市场更为困难。为了绕过东道国的贸易壁垒，为了有利于降低研究、试制、生产成本，扩大市场，实现优势互补，从80年代起，一些大型跨国公司已开始走向无国界化，但是直到近几年，大企业间缔结国际战略联盟的工作才得到迅速发展。跨国公司联盟可以利用自身和他国的不同优势，通过生产要素的国际流动，在世界范围内实现资源的合理配置，共同获取最大的经济效益，推动国际贸易的发展。三、国际贸易结构发生重大变化（一）国际服务贸易蓬勃兴起进入80年代后，服务贸易正以高于商品贸易的速度增长，国际服务贸易额从1982年的4050亿美元增加到1987年的9600亿美元，1992年又增加到10200亿美元，10年间增长1．5倍，同期，世界商品贸易额只增长1倍。1993年，世界商品贸易额比上年减少2％，而国际服务贸易额却增长3％。在国际服务贸易构成中，运输和旅游服务贸易所占的比重相对下降，通讯、保险、广告、技术、租赁、管理等服务贸易所占的比重在不断提高，尤其是高技术产品中的附加值的不断增加，其商品也越来越趋向于服务密集型。发达国家的经济越来越“服务化”，在国际服务贸易中，发达国家约占3／4的份额。美国是世界最大的服务贸易出口国，在电信、数据处理、银行、保险等新兴服务项目中具有明显优势。世界许多国家出于自身的经济安全考虑，对服务贸易实行保护主义政策，普遍构筑了贸易壁垒，对美国服务贸易的扩大构成强大的威胁，因此，几年前，美国就向关贸总协定提出要求解决服务贸易的问题。乌拉圭回合经过多年的谈判，终于达成服务贸易多边框架协定，规定缔约方所承担的一般义务与纪律，包括最惠国待遇、透明度、国民待遇、发展中国家的逐步参与、市场准入、解决争议等条款。服务贸易多边框架的制定，是关贸总协定在推动国际贸易自由化发展问题上的一个重大突破，它将使缔约方对服务市场的保护与多边谈判，加强人员交往与信息流通，特别是知识产权、技术转让、数据处理、咨询、广告等服务行业的贸易逐步自由化，有利于加速国际贸易的发展。（二）环保产品风靡全球1992年，联合国“环境与发展会议”，大大增强了世界人民的环保意识，对人类健康无害的绿色食品、绿色冰箱、绿色空调、绿色电脑、绿色汽车等绿色产品的需求量明显上升，从而推动了电器、能源、建筑、石化等工业部门的变革，防治污染、节能、信息服务等将形成一个新兴的庞大产业。北美、西欧的环保技术已占据国际市场的60％，据西方7个工业国的调查，抵制非环保产品的人数约占总人数的79％，这表明绿色商品在国际市场上已占主导地位，而且市场前景非常广阔。为了解决与贸易有关的环境问题，1993年12月15日，在乌拉圭回合的贸易谈判委员会议上，通过一项“关于贸易与环境”的决议，决定起草一份贸易与环境的工作方案，并制定有关贸易与环境措施之间增强相互作用的规则，监督用于环境目的的贸易措施，以及与贸易有关的环保措施。随着国际社会环保意识的增强，在国际援助和国际投资中，环保工程倍受重视。当前，许多国家不仅陆续推出严格的环保法规，而且在进出口贸易中，无论是工业国家还是“新兴工业国家”，大都制定“环保产品优先”的原则，美国克林顿总统明确提出：对环保产品要制定出口优惠政策；欧洲联盟已制定“绿色输入”政策；东盟国家决定对环保产品征收低关税；这对国际贸易的发展将产生深远的影响。四、国际贸易方式正处在变革中（一）无纸贸易逐步盛行无纸贸易（简称EDI），是利用电子数据交换代替传统的纸面单据进行贸易活动，将标准的经济信息通过通讯网络，在商业伙伴的计算机之间进行传输和处理，以实现买卖双方交易的目的。在国际贸易活动中利用EDI，可以大量减少甚至消除在传统贸易过程中的各种纸面文件和单据，避免数据的重复输入，简化工作程序，这不仅能加快信息的反馈速度，可及时得到大量的商业信息，减少差错，降低成本，提高效率，便于管理，在激烈的市场竞争中，还可提供更有利于企业的贸易机会和条件。无纸贸易始于60年代，但到80年代才逐步扩展到国际贸易领域。从1992年开始，美国的进出口贸易报关都采用EDI；日本结合EDI的应用开发了“战略信息系统（SIS）”；韩国也建立了EDI服务系统——韩国贸易网（KT—NET）；我国政府已成立“中国促进EDI应用协调委员会”，负责推动EDI的应用工作；联合国也提出了应用EDI的贸易服务促进项目——ET2000年，联合国国际贸易法委员会（UNCITRAL）正在制定有关EDI应用的国际法，为EDI在全球范围内普及使用创造条件。（二）管理贸易发展迅速管理贸易具体讲是指一国政府从国家的宏观经济利益和国内外政策需要出发，对外贸活动进行的行政管理和干预。对国际经济组织来讲就是对国际经济的协调管理。进入90年代后，由于国际市场竞争激烈，工业国家争夺市场份额的斗争越来越尖锐，对资本主义世界经济体系形成强烈的冲击，有关国家出于经济利益的相关性，都认识到加强国际经济协调十分必要。发展中国家通过产业结构和经济结构的调整，以及实施改革开放政策，有力地促进经济的发展，韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾等新兴工业化国家和地区的汽车、家电、服装、电子等商品，已开始与发达国家争夺国际市场份额，发达国家为了保护传统产业的发展，采取了不少的管理贸易措施；随着世界经济区域集团化趋势的进一步加强，各区域经济集团为了保护区内市场，在逐步拆除妨碍商品和生产要素自由流动的各种障碍的同时，对外实行排斥，使新贸易保护主义抬头，各集团之间的非公平垄断竞争和矛盾加剧，非成员国也感到自己的贸易空间在不断缩小，为了扩大出口，保护市场，需要加强对贸易的单边管理和与集团之间的贸易协调管理；随着生产国际化的新发展，跨国公司既需要采取自由贸易，消除对外经济扩张的一切限制，同时也需要借助国家干预外贸来提高竞争力，以保护某些产业免遭外国垄断组织的侵害，因此，90年代管理贸易将得到迅速发展。五、发展对外贸易的几点思考90年代，国际贸易发展的总趋势，对我国出口贸易的发展是机遇和挑战并存。其机遇主要是：1．有利于扩大出口。国际贸易的持续增长，标志着国际市场需求的稳步扩大，为我国出口贸易的发展，提供一个比较有利的国际环境，有利于扩大出口。2．有利于调整出口商品结构。在国际贸易中，制成品特别是资本货物（电器、非电气的机械及运输设备）和高新技术、信息、智能等“软件贸易”占的比重将不断上升，这有利于我国调整出口商品结构，加快发展制成品的出口。其挑战主要表现在：1．增加了我国出口贸易的障碍，而且出口的劳动密集型产品，将面临着更激烈的国际市场竞争。2．增加了我国引进外资和先进技术的难度，独联体和东欧国家在不久的将来，可能成为我国的竞争对手。为使机遇变成现实，充分利用国际环境中的有利因素，我国应采取下列措施：1．实行全球性的信息战略。建立健全全球性的行销网络。在世界各地寻求市场机遇，推动外贸活动的开展。2．根据国际市场需求，调整产业结构。特别要对无污染、附加值高、轻型化、多功能等市场发展潜力大的产品加以扶植，并作为经济发展的策略工业对待。3．积极开展跨国经营。我国企业应跳出传统行业的单一产品生产框架，踊跃涉足其他新的领域，开展多种经营，积极参加跨行业的竞争。企业在开拓国际市场时，为了绕过对方的贸易壁垒，可以输出劳务，承包工程，以资本输出代替商品输出，开展跨国、跨地区经营，采取在东道国（地区）投资建厂、合资办厂、收买股份、兼并等手段，就地生产，就地销售。要鼓励有条件的大型企业发展跨国战略联盟。4．进一步扩大市场开放度，加强法制，改善投资环境。

自己再润色一下吧With the expansion of international investment and international trade development, internationalization and acceleration of economic globalization, enterprises for the international market is becoming more competitive. Both developed and developing countries in achieving national economic growth and development, have exposure to international markets. Many multinational companies have set up offices overseas, and commercial activities worldwide, sales activity has also embarked on an international road. Purpose of marketing is through consumer demand and the desire to profit, international marketing is actually a cross-cultural communication. Compared to domestic marketing, international market environment with greater complexity, diversity, in addition to the economic environment, political environment, natural environment, population, environment, science and technology environment, but also by the cultural environment. So cultural issues has begun to attract attention. Had an international magazine, "What is the global marketing of the biggest obstacles," this issue in international marketing personnel worldwide to ask, results, listed eight obstacles, cultural differences are classified as top. As the nations of the world in their specific historical and geographical circumstances gradually formed its own unique culture, when people from different cultural backgrounds interact, they will have differences, cultural differences also brought consumer attitudes and consumer behavior of different . These cultural differences affect consumer demand, also affect the consumer response before and after purchase. User to accept or reject a product or service depends largely on the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and cultural factors, so companies must understand the market value of the consumer orientation, mastered the consumer's purchase psychology, the culture of the target market characteristics and thus the formation of consumer preferences, appropriate arrangements for the marketing mix, before being designated an effective marketing strategy. International Business in the literature, misjudgment or ignore the cultural environment will cause a lot of mistakes and losses, those who attach importance to cultural differences, it will achieve marketing success. Therefore, research and analysis of cultural differences on the impact of international marketing to help companies successfully enter foreign markets, and even the ability to promote their own culture to the world. In this paper, starting from the concept of culture, analysis of the marketing of cultural factors have an impact; the use of actual cases illustrate how the role of culture; through a case study to understand cultural differences on the important impact of international marketing; finally shows how to overcome cultural differences negative impact in the international market to improve the success rate of marketing.

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What Is International Trade? If you walk into a supermarket and are able to buy South American bananas, Brazilian coffee and a bottle of South African wine, you are experiencing the effects of international trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to us. It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German and American car. As a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which bring a cheaper product home to the Is International Trade?International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments. (For more on this, see the articles What Is The Balance Of Payments? and Understanding The Current Account In The Balance Of Payments.)Increased Efficiency of Trading GloballyGlobal trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may produce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently produce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in international 's take a simple example. Country A and Country B both produce cotton sweaters and wine. Country A produces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B produces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both can produce a total of 16 units. Country A, however, takes three hours to produce the 10 sweaters and two hours to produce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to produce 10 sweaters and three hours to produce six bottles of wine (total of four hours).But these two countries realize that they could produce more by focusing on those products with which they have a comparative advantage. Country A then begins to produce only wine and Country B produces only cotton sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal proportions of both products. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of producing both products is greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of producing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both products (after trading). Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each product would decrease, thus giving an advantage to the end consumer as that, in the example above, Country B could produce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. (For a review of some of these economic concepts, see the Economics Basics tutorial.)Other Possible Benefits of Trading GloballyInternational trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that individuals invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic the receiving government, FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country. These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic product. For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher Trade vs. ProtectionismAs with other theories, there are opposing views. International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international it opens up the opportunity for specialization and therefore more efficient use of resources, international trade has potential to maximize a country's capacity to produce and acquire goods. Opponents of global free trade have argued, however, that international trade still allows for inefficiencies that leave developing nations compromised. What is certain is that the global economy is in a state of continual change and, as it develops, so too must all of its participants. 如果你走进超市，并能买到南美香蕉，巴西咖啡和一瓶南非葡萄酒，您所遇到的影响国际贸易。国际贸易使我们能够扩大我们的市场，商品和服务，否则可能没有提供给我们。这就是为什么您可以挑选之间日语，德语和美国车。由于国际贸易，市场包含更大的竞争，因此更具有竞争力的价格，由此带来更便宜的产品提供给消费者。什么是国际贸易？国际贸易是交流之间的货物和服务的国家。这种类型的贸易引起了世界经济，在这种价格或供应和需求，影响和影响的全球性活动。政治变化，例如，亚洲可能会导致成本增加的劳动力，从而增加了生产成本为美国的耐克公司总部设在马来西亚，然后导致价格上升，你不得不花钱购买在网球鞋在您当地的商场。在减少的劳动力成本，另一方面，将导致您不需要支付较少为您的新鞋。贸易在全球范围和国家为消费者提供的机会接触到商品和服务不提供在自己的国家。几乎每一种产品可以在国际市场：食品，衣服，零件，石油，珠宝，葡萄酒，股票，货币和水。服务也是交易：旅游，金融，咨询和运输。产品销往全球市场的出口，和一种产品，是购买的全球市场是一个进口。进口和出口都是以一国的经常账户的国际收支。 （欲了解更多关于这个，请参阅文章什么是国际收支平衡？和了解目前帐户收支平衡。 ）提高效率，在全球范围内的交易全球贸易允许富裕国家利用它们的资源-无论是劳动，技术或资本-更有效率。由于国家赋予了不同的资产和自然资源（土地，劳动力，资本和技术），一些国家可能产生同样的好，因此更有效地销售更便宜比其他国家。如果一个国家不能有效地产生一个项目，它可以取得该项目的贸易与其他国家可以。这就是所谓的专业化的国际贸易。让我们来一个简单的例子。 A国和乙国毛衣都生产棉花和葡萄酒。 A国生产10毛衣和六瓶葡萄酒，而乙国生产6毛衣和10瓶葡萄酒一年。既可以产生，共有16个单位。 A国，但是，需要3个小时生产10毛衣和两小时内产生的6瓶葡萄酒（共5个小时） 。 B国，另一方面，需要一小时生产10毛衣和三个小时的生产六瓶葡萄酒（共4个小时） 。但是这两个国家认识到，他们可以生产更多的是侧重于这些产品，他们具有相对优势。 A国然后开始只生产葡萄酒和乙国只生产棉花毛衣。每个国家现在可以创建一个专门的产出20个单位，每年的贸易同等比例的两种产品。因此，每个国家现在已进入20个单位的这两种产品。我们可以看到那两个国家的机会成本，生产这两种产品是大于成本的专业。更具体而言，每个国家的机会成本，生产16单位都毛衣和葡萄酒为20单位的两种产品（交易）。专业化降低其机会成本，因此，最大限度地提高其效率获取他们所需要的货物。随着更多的供应，每个产品的价格将下降，从而有利于最终消费者以及。请注意，在上面的例子中，国家B可以同时生产葡萄酒和棉花比国家更有效的（更少的时间）。这就是所谓的绝对优势，乙国可能是因为较高的技术水平。然而，根据国际贸易理论，即使一个国家拥有绝对优势，另外，它仍然可以受益于专业化。（审查其中的一些经济概念，请参阅经济学基础知识教程。 ）其他可能的好处的交易在全球范围内国际贸易的结果，不仅提高了效率，而且也使国家参与全球经济，鼓励的机会，外国直接投资（ FDI ） ，这是的金额，个人投资于外国公司和其他资产。从理论上讲，经济增长因此可以更有效，也更容易成为有竞争力的经济参与者。为接受政府，外国直接投资是一种手段，外汇和专门知识可以进入该国。这些提高就业水平，从理论上讲，导致经济增长在国内生产总值。为投资者，外国直接投资提供了公司扩张和增长，这意味着更高的收入。自由贸易与保护主义至于其他的理论，有反对意见。国际贸易有两种截然不同的看法程度的控制放在贸易：自由贸易和保护主义。自由贸易是简单的两种理论：一种放任自流的方式，没有任何的贸易限制。主要的想法是，供应和需求的因素，在全球范围经营，将确保发生生产效率。因此，没有什么需要做，以保护或促进贸易和市场力量的增长，因为这样做将自动。与此相反，保护主义认为调节国际贸易重要的是要确保市场的正常运作。主张这一理论认为，市场的低效率可能妨碍国际贸易的利益，他们的目的是引导市场相应。保护主义存在于许多不同的形式，但最常见的是关税，补贴和配额。这些战略企图，以纠正任何效率不高在国际市场上。结论因为它开辟了专门的机会，因此更有效地利用资源，国际贸易的潜力最大限度地发挥一个国家的能力，以生产和收购货物。反对者的全球自由贸易的主张，但是，国际贸易仍然允许效率低下离开发展中国家的损害。可以肯定的是，全球经济正处于不断的变化，因为它的发展，也必须在其所有与会者。