英汉动物隐喻对比研究英文论文

呼啸山庄写的人太多了吧，要是本科论文的话就没关系，写成什么样都能过。我还是觉得做作家论好一些，也容易答辩，如果你嫌烦的话，可以做诗歌。

Name is translation often occurred in ingredients. It seemingly small component, but it is bad to can cause many misunderstandings and then. Translation even difficult difficult in its profound cultural connotations, and the source language and target language different expression and accept culture way. To appropriate and scientifically translation gaudentia, must comprehend the profound cultural connotation and to follow certain translation principles, make even in both languages can be correctly understood, and do not break the source language characteristic. This paper tries to Chinese name cultural differences, naming conventions comparison, Chinese and western literature works named after people cultural connotation and so on several aspects to explore even translation principles. A Chinese and western even cultural differences Name and name from arranged sequencing see Chinese and western names cultural differences Have surnamed famous common features of the eastern and western people, but in the name of the permutation order is inverted: Chinese (li si) name permutation order is: the name is prior, name behind, While the westerners (George Bush) name permutation order by contrast, name prior, surname last. This surname and name different permutation order is east of traditional culture in different names. Name embodied on the code, and embody family name is individual code of Chinese and western names. In this name and name permutation order is orientals in "universality and individuality" relationship held by different idea reflected. In general supreme, "three cardinal guides emphasizes so-called p-five" of Chinese traditional culture, which is inevitable represents the fathers, family's "surname" prior, who represent the individual, human symbols -- "name" last. By contrast, westerners are stress individual character, respect personal independent personality and subject consciousness, therefore represent personality conception of "name" were put in front, and represents the common surname "concept" rear. The Chinese to "surname" hotly-contested three-week dash across, inspect if "sacred", While the westerners to "surname" is watching very light, very casually. Second, the Chinese and western naming conventions comparison named principle Chinese name of total principle is: the form significance is beautiful, choose lucky words: such as "happiness", "wealth", "ting" etc, Or choose refined characters, such as "jia", "" etc. We compare the Anglo-American name: Nancy (Nancy, meaning "elegant", Helen (Helen, meaning "sunshine", Frances (Frances, meaning "freedom", it can be seen in principle differences. Naming names from the west principle can be reflected in this sentence, that is "take a good name is better than riches", But Chinese naming principles might as well as "auspicious life, summarize grave life". naming convention Chinese naming rich and colorful, reflects the nation in different social, different era of ideas, meanwhile reflected people's aspirations, ideal, etc. (1) the birth horoscope name. This is the Chinese a named custom, birth horoscope and gold, wood, water, fire and earth "five elements" to calculate, see lack a printing line is used the word name, like "f", "water", "sawasaki sichuan, etc; RunTu" Westerners natural don't believe this sets. (2) to be born time fame. Such as "chunsheng", "dawn", "song", Western naming, no this method. (3) ranking order name. Such as: "zhang SAN", "li si", "the king", The Anglo-American children ranked according to metal, such as: "ranking arrangement for the Gold (long children Gold) : Gold and Silver (Silver for children times) : ShiEr eph. (4) parents surname name. Such as: father's song, mother's name Korea, daughter named SongHan (harmonics). (5) to parents look forward to name. Such as: LiFuQin, Ruth (rose), meaning "beauty". (6) birthplace name. Such as: WangHuSheng, Scott (Scott), etc. . (7) on animals and plants for life. Such as: dragon, wild goose, tiger, chicken, rumei, Ephraim; etc. British and American names: started (Rose), Lily (lilies), etc. In addition, there are many Chinese to fame, use fixed degress word mean generation degress, make a cycle, from generation to generation. Three, sino-foreign literature works named after people cultural connotation of perspective Works of literature creation, character name selection is very important. Because in the characters, according to the purpose of writing, in order to deeply reveal characters' personalities, indicating that the fate of the characters, and end always carefully and cautiously for character select name. And, as in the names and nico panov society in his book "the more famous said, master, the more for his work carefully choose name hero." this means its connotation more rich, translation should be more ZiZhenGouZhuo, certain translation guiding principle is necessary. To sum up, the Chinese and western names reflect the differences between Chinese and western culture differences. Names is the carrier of culture and the mirror image, names and cultural change together. In symbiosis named after people more reflects different customs. Literary works named after people usually have clew character and the connotation of destiny. In translation names to follow "name from master", "conventional", "brief" principle of literary works middleman. The name of the translation and processing according to different circumstances, follow the coexistence and free translation, "" principle and" translate "refer to the significance of names principle.

英汉动物象征意义对比关系离不开其内涵比较，文化意义是指社会所赋予词语的引申义、隐喻义、借代义、联想义、象征义、感情色彩、语体色彩以及特有的含义，在浩瀚的词汇海洋里，动物词往往蕴涵着丰富的感情色彩，它不仅有直接的，表面的，字典的意义，还有内涵的，情感的，迁移的意义。尽管不同语言动物词的概念意义(conceptual mean-ing)相同或相近，但具有其民族特征的内涵意义(connotative meaning)有时则大相径庭。许多同一动物在不同语言中其语词有着不同的文化内涵，因此同一动物词在不同的文化背景里给人带来的联想也截然不同。例如，提起“公鸡”，国人往往会联想到“闻鸡起舞”、“金鸡报晓”、“雄鸡一唱天下白”，但“金鸡”牌闹钟销往英美国家，若商品名译为“Golden Cock”则恐怕无人问津，因为在英语中cock有“雄性动物生殖器”之意，这种难登大雅之堂的联想自然会令商品滞销。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词文化内涵的异同会有助于语言学习，通过对同一动物在英汉语言中文化意义基本重叠,部分重叠,完全不对应和存在语义空缺的动物词可能引起相类似联想等诸方面的对比研究，可以透析出文化对词汇的影响：第一种是汉英动词完全相同的涵义，动物千姿百态，特征突出，常被用来描述有关人或物的某种品质、性格，使表达鲜明，形象生动，各民族人民对某些动物属性往往有共同的认识，从而对一些动物名称产生相似的联想，汉语和英语从动物的基本属性角度出发使用动物名称时，其文化内涵往往是相同的。例如“狐狸”一词在英汉两种语言中都会引起“精明，狡猾，多疑”的联想，汉语里“狐媚，狐疑，狐狸精，狐狸尾巴，狐假虎威，狐群狗党”等词多带贬义，英语中的fox也表示“诡计多端”之义，如：Don't trust that 's a sly old fox。(不要相信那个人，他是只狡猾的老狐狸。)由此可见“狐狸”与fox在英汉两种文化里是象征“狡猾”和“欺”的动物。很多不同文化中引起不同民族的相似的联想。比如，在英汉两种文化中，豺狼凶残贪婪，汉语说“狼心狗肺，狼子野心”，英语也有类似用法greedy as a wolf；兔子的迅捷，汉语说“静如处子，动如脱兔”，英语有as rapid as a hare；汉语和英语都用“母鸡”(hen)喻妻子，汉语说“母鸡司晨家不兴”，英语中的hen-pecked(被母鸡啄的)即指“妻管严”。这些联想表明不同的民族社会之间存在许多共同点或相符点点(correspondence)，这些相符点反映在不同体系的语言之中。第二种有部分相同，部分出现歧义。由于不同民族文化背景的差异，不同动物名称可以表达相同的文化内涵。汉语里常用“虎”来比喻“勇猛威武”，如“龙腾虎跃”、“虎踞龙盘”、“九牛二虎之力”、“狐假虎威”、“如虎添翼”，汉语中的“虎威”在英语里却不用tiger(虎),而用lion狮)来表示。在西方，狮子是力量和好战勇猛的象征，如bold as a lion(如狮子般勇猛)，majestic as a lion(如狮子般威风凛凛)。中国的俗语“老虎屁股摸不得”，对应的英语则说Don't beard the lion(不要挑逗狮子)。英国人还以lion为自己国家的象征，勇武大胆的英王查理一世被喻为lion-hearted(狮心)，史称“狮心查理王”。另外，lion还引申作“危险”、“险地”，如place one's head in the lion's mouth(置身于虎口)。可见，由于生活经验和风俗习惯不同，英汉语言中设喻的喻体也不同，汉英不同动物名称表达相同的文化意义，还体现在如下表达法中，如表示不敢做声的“曦若寒蝉”与as mute as fish(沉默如鱼)，表示焦急不安的“像热锅上的蚂蚁”与like a cat on hot bricks(如热砖上的猫)或like a hen on a hot girdle(像热锅上的鸡)。还有“牛饮”与drink like a fish(如鱼饮水)，“落汤鸡”与wet as a drowned rat(湿如落水鼠)，a rat in a hole与“瓮中之鳖”，goose flesh与“鸡皮疙瘩”，“过牛马不如的生活”与lead a dog's life(过狗般的生活)，“滑得像泥鳅”与，lippery as an eel(滑得像鳝鱼)，诸如此类，不一而足。第三种完全不对应，例子就多了。英语的cricket与汉语的"蟋蟀"同指一种鸣叫的小昆虫,却有着迥然不同的文化内涵.在中国文化中,"蟋蟀"常给人以优伤凄凉,孤独寂寞的联想.早在《诗经》中,蟋蟀的叫声就被作为农夫岁末困顿生活的映衬,如《幽风 七月》.此后,蟋蟀几乎无一例外地以其凄苦,悲凉的形象出现在文学作品中.如"独申旦而不寐兮,哀蟋蟀之宵征"(宋玉 《九》),"蚤唱如波咽,更深似水寒"(杜牧 《寝夜》),"但闻四壁虫声卿卿,如助余之叹息"(欧阳修 《秋声赋》),"恼碎芳心近砌下.啾啾卿卿寒蛋闹"〔王和卿 《百字知秋令》〕,"昨夜寒蛋不住鸣,惊回梦,已三更.……欲将心事付瑶筝,知音少,弦断有谁听 "(岳飞 《小重山》).而在英语中,自从莎士比亚在《亨利四世》中用过as merry as crickets以后,英美人就一直沿用着as merry as cricket这一明喻成语,cricket成了欢乐,愉快的象征,如C. Kingley在Two Years Ago中写到:"1 have not had all the luck I expected, but... am as merry as a cricket. 可见,同样的蟋蟀在不同的文化中所产生的联想反映了使用不同语言的人们对自然界的独特认识和态度以及独特的审美观念。再如，中国古代"龙"是有鳞有须能兴云降雨的神异动物,封建社会"龙"是帝王和高贵的象征."龙"在中国文化中占有显赫地位,它不仅象征皇权,威严与神力,还象征吉祥,财富,前途和权力,象征一种蒸蒸日上的精神.中国人对"龙"的偏爱可追溯到原始部落的图腾时代,在整个社会的历史长河中,"龙"已经超越了"图腾"和"法力"的实体词汇意义,成为整个中华民族的象征。凡与"龙"有关的词语无一不是褒义词,如:龙凤呈祥,望子成龙,乘龙快婿,龙马精神.而dragon在西方的象征意义与中国有关龙的传说截然不同，西方中世纪dragon是守候在地狱之门的有翼能喷火的巨大怪物,象征魔鬼与邪恶.在基督教里,龙被看做是一种不祥的动物，dragon一词基本含贬义,喻指"凶暴的人".如:We were real行frightened of the maths teacher. She was a real dragon.(我们的确害怕数学老师,她真是一个凶狠的脾气很坏的老太婆.)"龙"与dragon虽指示意义相同,但二者所蕴涵的民族文化信息则是对立的,相反的,所以"望子成龙"宜意译为expect one's son tobecome an outstanding personage；而中国人称自己为"龙的传人",势必会使西方人误解以至有损形象,因此,有人主张把中国的"龙"译成long而不是dragon,这大概也不无道理.同一个动物词在不同语言中的文化内涵的褒贬能折射出不同的民族性格,民族心态及其价值观念.再比如汉语“狗”一词的概念意义是:一种嗅觉和听觉都很灵敏的家畜,与dog两词的直指意义基本相同,但一涉及到与民族文化和民族心理特征有关的文化意义,这两个词就不能一一对应了.英语国家中,狗被视作人们的忠诚朋友,所以英语习语中,常以狗的形象比喻人的行为,此时dog不指狗,更不含贬义,而是代人的普通用语.如:a lucky dog(幸运儿),Loveme, love my dog.(爱屋及乌),Every dog has itsday.(凡人皆有得意时), a bad name andhang him.欲加之罪,何患无词).但汉语中与狗有关的成语则多为贬义,如:狗急跳墙,狗屁不通,狗尾续貂,狗仗人势,狗血喷头,狼心狗肺,鸡鸣狗盗,狐朋狗党.第四种情况是语义空缺。文化不是等效的，由于东西方文化传统迥然不同,有些动物词在一种语言文化里具有丰富的内涵和外延,且能引起美好的联想,而在另一种语言文化里却平淡无奇,毫无文化意义,两种语言的转换很难做到完全对等,这就是文化的个性和差异。文化差异造成了动物词语义空缺现象的出现，所谓空缺是指原语所载文化信息在译语中无“对等语”。一方面,指称意义(conceptual meaning)相同的动物形象,在原语和译语中的语用意义(pragmatic implica-tion)可能相去甚远,甚至完全相悖;另一方面,有些动物形象在原语中含有丰富的语用意义,而在译语中却没有,因而在译语中不能产生等值的意象联想.汉英动物词汇里的这种情况显著地表现在crane与"鹤"这一组词上."鹤"一词的实体词汇意义是"鸟类的一属",英语叫crane,"鹤"与crane均有"鸟的一种,,的实体词汇意义,但英语中的.rane只有因其颈长而具"伸长脖子"的引申义,几乎没有什么文化意义,如:Jane craned her head to look forher husband in the crowd.(简探头四望在人群中寻找她丈夫.)汉语里的"鹤"相对于英语的crane,却有独特的文化内涵.鹤在汉文化里占有很重要的地位:①对中国人而言,它首先是长寿的象征,如"鹤发童颜""松鹤延年""龟鹤齐龄".《淮南子 说林训》日:"鹤寿千岁,以极其游."古人以鹤为长寿仙禽,后人便常用"鹤"为祝寿之辞.②由于鹤在鸟类中给人亭亭玉立的感观印象,所以"鹤立鸡群"常用来形容仪表和才能出众的人.③"鹤"暗含"归隐"意,如"闲云野鹤"表示自由自在,不受红尘俗事所烦.再如刘禹锡荣秋词》:"晴空一鹤排云去,便引诗情到碧霄",喻"身处逆境,直飞云霄,冲天而去".④鹤在中国古代就是稀少的珍贵动物,物以稀为贵,因此还可以喻美好的东西.如"焚琴煮鹤"是杀风景之一,把琴当做燃料烧了去煮白鹤,喻"随意糟踢美好的事物".⑤"鹤驾""鹤驭"中的"鹤"为仙人车驾,"鹤驾何时去,游人自不逢","鹤驭已从烟际下",又因仙人乘鹤升天,故此两语又为死的讳称,如“鹤驾不来尘世隔,芙蓉城阂月茫茫”。以上我参照了民俗学家仲富兰先生的有关文章以及网上的资料，综合而成，将英汉动物象征意义对比关系进行了比较，但愿你能满意。谢谢！

作家不是活的，就是死的。选活的，将来活的中了诺贝尔，一人得道；选死的，没多少人读。不如出奇兵，用最新的技术，比如discourse analysis等网上公开的资源，做出来的都是别人没做过的，有发展前途。而且，马上该行，除非知道在中国英语专业的出路在哪里！进步。

我觉得选作品要好一些，最好选那些文学名著，因为每部作品作者都在写一个方面的问题（当然是比较深刻的），建议你先读作品，在写出作者想要说明的问题，并加上自己的看法。莎士比亚的作品很经典

我有，需要的话+Q吧，QQ号好像是1+2+1+7+9+5+8+9+6 希望采纳，好多免费的哟 毕业设计论文网 （免费的毕业设计、毕业论文）

A Comparative Study of Animal Words between English and Chinese[Abstract] In the history of developing process of human beings, some animals always keep relation with human and deeply influence human survival and development to some extent. This close relation repose human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals, so there are lots of animal words in different languages. Words can reflect differences of culture and words are influenced by history, customs, values, and religion. Animal words are given special cultural connotations in different languages. There are many words of animals, such as dogs, birds, sheep, dragons, etc, used in metaphors in the human languages. These animal metaphors have explained the origins of different cultures. Research on comparisons of animal metaphors between Chinese and foreign language provides an answer to the explanations of cultural generalities. Cognitive interpretations of cultural differences or coincidence in different animal metaphors have been reflected from different language levels. Therefore, a reasonable explanation can only be found from the point of view of cognitive science. There are a lot of animal words in both English and Chinese. Their modes of thinking and background are different and they result in the implied meanings of animal words are possibly different. As we known, language is a culture carrier. Culture loaded words play an important role in paper focuses on the similarities and differences of animal words in both Chinese and English. Different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking result in the different connotation of animal words. To be aware of the different cultures and ways of thinking in the two countries will help us understand the usage of the animal words better, thus understand the language itself much better.[Key Words] Animal words; cultural connotation; similarities and differences 英汉动物词的对比研究 【摘 要】在人类历史发展的漫长进程中, 有些动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存、发展有着深刻的影响。这种关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感, 人们也常常借动物来寄托和表达人的感情, 所以在英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。同时语言中的词汇反映了文化发展的差异, 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内涵众所周知, 在不同语言和不同文化背景下, 每个词除了具有字面意义外, 还有丰富的文化内涵, 即该词所隐含的附带的联想义、比喻义、象征义及带有感情色彩的褒义和贬义等。许多同一动物在不同语言中其语词有着不同的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词的文化内涵之异同会有助于语言学习。动物词在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的意义也就会出现差异。通过对动物词文化意义的揭示和研究,不仅可以避免交际中的语用失误,而且对于不同文化的比较与导入有一定的理论和实践意义.语言是文化的载体, 不同民族的语言使世界上的文化呈现出千姿百态。文化差异赋予同一动物词语不同的内涵, 词汇反映了特定的社会文化, 不同的社会背景和文化差异造成了词汇在文化内涵上的差异。通过比较, 人们可以更清楚地感受到英汉文化在动物词语上留下的历史文化差异。本文从同一个动物词代表相同的意义；同一个动物词代表不同的意义； 不同的动物词代表相同的意义； 英汉特有的动物词涵义这四个方面来讨论英汉动物词汇涵义的相同点和不同点。【关键词】动物词；文化内涵； 异同 1. IntroductionIn the history of developing process, human beings keep close relation with animals. They live together on the same earth, and they have great impact on each other. This close relation reposes human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals and results in the emergence and enrichment of animal words in different languages. However, different people from different countries have different ways of thinking and social backgrounds. Therefore, the implied meaning of the words that have the same denotations may be totally different. They are given special cultural connotations for the different social backgrounds and national conventions. And as it is well-known, both English and Chinese have a sea of animal words, which are endowed abundant cultural connotations. So, this paper tries to discuss the cultural connotations of animal words both in English and Chinese from the following aspects: the words refer to the same animal with the same connotations; the words refer to the same animal but with different connotations; the words refer to different animals with the same connotation; the words refer to the same animal but only has connotation in English or Chinese. With comparison, the English learners can better understand the usage of the animal words. 2. The worth for the comparison of animal words between English and Chinese“Cultural connotation refers to the general meaning including connotative meaning and cultural meaning carried in different cultural circumstance. It includes the meaning added and the amplified meaning under special social and cultural background, and also includes the emotions and attitudes of some particular cultural colony.”[1] As we have mentioned above, different social backgrounds render diverse cultural connotations to different languages. Therefore, even if animal words of different languages have the same conceptual meanings, their connotative meanings are not totally the same. As we all know, English has become one of the most open languages around the world. Since it was born, it has never stopped its self-development and meanwhile assimilated other’s cultural essence from different countries. As the result, it can be sure that the animal words in English language have rich cultural implications. And Chinese, as one of the oldest languages in the world, has evolved over 5000 years. The animal words in Chinese have their own specific cultural connotations as well. Fore these reasons, it is worthwhile to make a good comparison of animal words between English and Chinese both for the English language learners and Chinese language learners. It can help them get a better comprehension of the intercultural communication as well. 3. The similarities and differences of animal words between English and . Similar words or similar . The words refer to the same animal with the same connotation It is sure that people around the world live in similar surroundings, so they will have similar thinking on some aspects. When they learn some animal words from their basic cognition to the world, these animal words are endowed with the same cultural connotation. For example, regardless of English or Chinese culture, the animal, fox is the symbol of crafty. Phrases: old fox; play the foxSentences: (1) She is as cunning as a fox, you’ve got to watch her. [2] (2) I could not help reflecting on the strange by which the old fox had saved himself. (3) Are you sure you can trust that man------he is such a sly old fox. [3] Fox also means sly crafty and doubtful in Chinese, for example: (1) 狐假虎威: the ass in the lion’s skin;(fig) bully people by flaunting one'spowerful connections.(2) 狐狸尾巴: fox's tail-cloven hoof; something that gives away the evil intention of somebody like a fox tail(3) 狐朋狗友: a pack of rogues; a gang of scoundrels(4) 狐狸精: fox spirit symbolizing a seductive woman(5) 狐疑: doubt; suspicion [4]In Chinese, “old fox” means someone who is very crafty. For example：(1) 他是一只老狐狸，不要轻易相信他说的话。(He is an old fox, whose words cannot be believed.)(