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Electronic brakeforce distribution or EBD or EBFD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based on road conditions, speed, loading, etc. Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular control.[1][2] Typically, the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a skid.[3]How ABS worksUnder heavy braking, vehicle wheels may lock-up. The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines, rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock-up. During heavy braking, preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering control. Modern ABS has four individual brake lines for each wheel, enabling different braking pressure on different road surfaces. For example, less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which on bare asphalt. If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice, during an emergency stop, ABS detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right wheels, helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle EBD worksAs per SAE technical paper #920646 - Buschmann et al. "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear wheels. The pressure of the rear wheels is approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking operation. To do so, the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking, and the components of the ABS are used. EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the vehicle. EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal force."EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and Electronic Stability Control ("ESC") to minimize yaw accelerations during turns. ESC compares steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate sensor. "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right). If the yaw sensor detects more/less yaw than the steering wheel angle should create, the car is understeering or oversteering and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back into its intended course. For example, if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake, which will help turn the car left. The sensors are so sensitive, and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver reacts. ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work effectively.
Motorvehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to otherproperties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachmenthave a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elasticcomponents (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as wellas shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of thesuspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role ofthe three. Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on atotal-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds ofshock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality offlying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibrationof a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used fortrucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independentsuspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body orsuspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixedframe or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shockHubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strongshock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better thannon-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but italso drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of suchsuspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses andpassenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when drivingthe car to improve stability. Off-road vehicles, military vehicles andmining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we canmake sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability anddriving the car attached, to play a speed of the car. for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip andcurvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of thenatural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is acertain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexiblecomponents, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. Inthe absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped withspecial shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexiblemedium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffercapacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of ahigh degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles andbuses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springsfixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connectedto the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformationplayed the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension. use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the smallrole to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper bodyframe or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most ofthe trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can onlytransfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, mustbe a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontalstabilizer, and so on. suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independentsuspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after thebridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair byhoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of theleaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with thefront end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through theear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with ashock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rearaxle and more without shock types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexiblecomponents. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also dividedinto vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of theadvantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, theDepartment of driving and driving more complicated structure of the of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on theperformance of motor vehicles. First, the use of fuel by the differentcategories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is dividedinto two major categories of diesel Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, lightweight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in asmall vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car inparticular, the use of high-speed deflagration due to the restrictionscan not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form overinto the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. Thedriver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of thegas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume ofregulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline enginefailure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions ofharmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogenoxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlledfuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which havegreatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’storque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantlyreduce the labor intensity of the and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy tooverload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by: 1)the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of thespontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermalefficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine. 2)the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for theuse of the truck. 3)is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, theintake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuelinjection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation ofquality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons andcarbon monoxide content of less than )In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failurerate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine. 5)diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycleneeds, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot laborintensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles. Second, the number of engine cylinder andarrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of workand. Increasein the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve theengine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine toreduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars andmedium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck Generalof 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-linemode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order toreduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-caruse of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simpleand cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but thestructure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scaleengine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines usedaluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinderhead bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute aclosed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, andspark plug valve, and so on. Third,the gasoline engine’sfuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supplyline into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor mainoil installations operating principle is: the work of the engine when the outside air Inthe cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in thevelocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on theinterior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into thespray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form ofevaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to openaround the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle openinggradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not onlyreduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is alsobeneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuelinjection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can notbe precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incompletecombustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringentrequirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to theexistence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also thecylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice andso on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuelinjection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuelinjection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages: matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine canaccurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burncompletely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components ofcontent, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy. supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the workof the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuelconsumption. engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditionsso that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic. 4. In the absence of pipes, a small airresistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution ofgas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection systemis the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on. electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification: 1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories. 2) by way of fuel injection, the following twocategories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet. MPI iscurrently widely used in the is currently widely used in theway. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system aregenerally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignitionsystem, computer-controlled ignition system.车辆悬架系统中的机动车辆悬架系统是一种非常重要的系统。它不仅对乘坐汽车的舒适度有影响,而且对附件的稳定性等其他性能有着显著的影响。每个悬挂的弹性元件(弹簧),是车架(起稳定作用), 以及减振器的角色(减震)组成然而,并非所有的悬架必须有三个组成部分。只要我们能发挥三个作用。汽车的维护,悬架分类:一 非独立悬架:两侧车轮安装在一根整体式车桥上,车轮连同车桥一起通过框架与车身相连。但这种悬架结构简单,可靠,制造方便,而是由两个轮冲击和振动轮互相影响。在载重汽车上被广泛应用。 但减震器的表现不佳,汽车行进中的震动越大,影响越严重,所以这种悬挂通常被用在卡车、客车和其他的普通车辆。 独立悬架:每个元件通过两侧车轮安装或悬挂在车架上,并且采用断开式车桥。安装了这种减震系统的车轮不易失重飞起,具有强大减震能力的缓冲器更是提供了舒适的乘驾感受。若一侧车轮相对于车架(或车身)的位置发生变化时,另一侧车轮不受影响。这种悬架结构复杂,且车身的平稳性和高速行驶的稳定性较好,因此在轿车和小客车上得到普遍采用。以上指标均优于非独立悬架,但是悬架的结构越复杂,驱动桥和转向系统也就越复杂。使用这种悬架的交通工有以下两种:1汽车和客车等客运车辆:可以提高乘驾舒适度,并且当高速驾驶时能提高稳定性。mining vehicles.越野车,军用车和采矿车。在路况不佳时,可以确保所有的车轮接触地面并提高稳定性,避免汽车起伏,发挥出汽车的速度。二.弹性元件类型:1 钢板弹簧:它是由若干片长方形的钢板组合成的复合板,呈弯曲形。安装在自然向上的曲线两端。此外,钢板弹簧通过减震器起到某种程度的减震、传递垂直载荷的作用。在非独立悬架和导向机构中,也使用钢板弹簧这种弹性元件和减震器这样简单的结构。2螺旋弹簧;只为多汽车独立悬架缓冲,在缺少阻尼力和质量职能的情况下,还必须具备特殊的减震器和导向装置。 3油气弹簧: 使用油液和高压气体作为弹性材料,不仅有很好的减震能力,可以吸收冲击。在同样情况下能够提供更好的调节作用,适用于重型车辆和客车。4扭杆弹簧:汽车车架与车轮用扭杆弹簧,其一端固定在车架上而另一端与车轮连接,车轮上下跳动时扭杆产生扭转变形,靠扭转弹力来吸收振动能量适合独立悬架系统。三.减震器减震筒的使用,油的使用可以切断震动造成的能里损耗。减震器上端与车底架相连,下端与车桥相连。减震器在大部分的行程可以起到压缩的双重作用四.导向机构:独立悬架的弹性元件,大多数只能传递垂直载荷,并不能传递水平载荷,必须是分离的导向机构。如上所述,在力臂和垂直和水平稳定器等。五.非独立悬架:非独立悬架位于卡车的前部和后部,像客车,汽车等一些车辆的后桥也是非独立悬架。每个轿车均由两个独立的非垂直的钢板弹簧构成。钢板弹簧固定在车桥中间,其前后端车架或车身通过耳朵悬铰链或使用滑板连接的。上面的框架用减振器的下端连接轴。车后桥一般无减震器。六 .螺旋弹簧作为弹性元件被用在多种类型的独立悬架。 扭杆弹簧torque Cup two-under.为独立悬架分成纵向和横向扭力矩杯两杆。 虽然独立悬架具有许多优点,但汽车将会通过更复杂的桥结构改进系统,驱动和驾驶。 关键词:发动机的结构发动机的性能对机动车辆的性能有着直接的影响。首先,燃料使用不同类别根据发动机的燃料,分为汽油发动机和柴油发动机。1网络汽车养护维修,汽油发动机体积小,重量轻,价格低;当最大速度运行是,启动好;运行时震动小,噪音小,适合小型和中型汽车,尤其是高速车。由于爆燃的限制,汽油机不可以有过高的压缩比,热效率,而且不如柴油经济。汽油是一种进入气缸中的主要气体管道的混合物,在压缩到接近底部的火花塞时点火。驾驶者加速踩油门时混合气体进入气缸来控制发动机的负载,这是常规。汽油发动机的燃料供给系统和点火系统是发生汽油发动机故障的比例较高的一部分。虽然汽油发动机比柴油排放更多的一氧化碳,碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物质成分,但是,现在的电控燃油喷射系统和其他废气净化装置却有了很大的改善。但与目前的电控燃油喷射系统和其他尾气净化装置,极大地改善。此外,汽油发动机的扭矩特性非常适用于汽车,可以大大降低司机的劳动强度。2柴油发动机和汽油发动机,柴油发动机的大小,重量,价格高,启动差(尤其是低温时),运行时震动和噪音大; 有黑烟,容易超负荷。柴油发动机机的特点是:1)没有爆燃的限制,但柴油需要自燃,所以柴油发动机压缩比很高。 .热效率和经济性比汽油发动机更好。2)柴油发动机适用于卡车,因为同样的功率,扭矩大,最大功率也大。3)柴油发动机汽缸内的内部是的混合物,没有进油门,小阻力的进气管。 司机.司机加快采用燃油喷射控制板,通过改变发动机负荷,作为规管的质量,因为不存在缺氧问题,碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放量低于汽油。4)由于没有点火系统,燃料供应设备故障率低。 因此,不低于汽油发动机。5)柴油发动机扭矩特性并不适用于汽车驾驶循环的需求,移动的摊位,经常使用,是适合飞行员劳动强度的增加。主要适用于中型和重型车辆。第二,发动机缸体及发动机缸体位移量相等的工作。因此,增加汽缸发动机的数量,不仅能增加容量,提高发动机输出功率,而且能够使发动机顺利运作,以减少噪音和振动。现代汽车公司已采用多缸发动机。微型车超过3缸发动机,小卡车,客车和中型以下超过4缸发动机;中型卡车,大型轿车和客车超过6缸发动机;重型卡车一般6-8缸。6缸下单列多缸模式下,8缸V型直列发动机,有些的汽车,为减少发动机的高度,将长度缩短,安装使用V6发动机,V8发动机类型。微型汽车使用3缸发动机,大多是倾斜的。 .在直列发动机结构简单,便宜。 .缺点是,发动机的高度更高,长度更长。更是一个方式。.V型发动机高度低,长度短,但其结构复杂,价格更昂贵,适用于大型发动机。.水冷式发动机缸体采用整体铸造。小型发动机采用铝合金材料,而大型发动机多采用铸铁材料。 and so on.气缸盖螺栓是用在飞机上的固定块,除了构成一个封闭的汽缸燃烧室,进入排气管,阀门和火花塞等。第三,汽油发动机的燃料供应1,燃料供应系统汽化器汽油发动机燃料进入汽化器和燃油喷射器两种主要设备工作原理:发动机工作时,外界空气被吸入空气过滤器,通过过滤器进入气缸。当空气流过管道部分由于较小的增长速度及压力的减少导致了真空。
There will always be that when you own something when you do not think it would be valuable, but also do not see the value of it, but when you lose it when it come to repentance, but that at the moment when the lateness of the hour, too late for regrets and. I now have such a similar week-long automotive engine disassembly internship is over, memories of this time, he reluctantly are true. Wanted to be back in a week ago, then put in every day practice as seven hours to 27 hours use. This is true, this internship opportunities for me are too precious a this internship, I learned about auto engines knowledge, are ever at a lesson on what can not be compared. And I once again felt the profound theoretical and practical combination of the because of the arrangement to the engine of our components are Santana 2000 engine. First of all, for the automotive engine theory of knowledge, I understand that:Santana in Germany Volkswagen Ltd. 1982 products. The company entered Shanghai in 1983, to cooperate with the development of our country has been the development of three generations - four generations of production lines, and in 95 years will be Santana 2000 Electronic Fuel injection system into the main parameters of motor vehicles including technical parameters, the basic parameters, engine and chassis parameters parameters. Structure for the JV type engine, the combustion chamber for the ball flat, so that the function of strong squeezing gas area, to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution Valve for overhead camshaft type, camshaft push rod directly. Advantages of simple structure, the inertia of small parts, the system stiffness, and improve the effective engine speed. Valve for the hydraulic rod to mention, the automatic adjustment of valve clearance. Intake system has electric heaters and temperature control the intake valve, you can ensure that a smooth start and shorten the warm-up time. Closed water cooling system uses forced basic structure of the modern automobile engine from crank linkage, valve body, transmission system, lubrication system, cooling system, ignition system, start the Department of the composition. Linkage crank engines are energy conversion and transmission of power institutions. Valve bodies are engines of ventilators, ventilation process: on time and turn off the control valve to ensure full combustion gas mixed with gas and emissions. Supply lines are guaranteed to give a total cylinder fresh combustible mixture and export emissions, and in accordance with the different engine operating conditions the supply of different quantity and concentration of combustible gas mixture.中文翻译如下:人们总说,当你拥有一样东西的时候,你会不觉得的它的珍贵,也看不到它的价值所在,但是当你失去它的时候才恍然悔悟,此刻却以为时已晚,后悔莫及。我现在就有这么一种类似的感受。为期一周的汽车发动机拆装实习结束了,回忆这段时光,竟真的是恋恋不舍。恨不得能回到一周前,然后把每天实习的7个小时当成27个小时来用。确实如此,这次实习的机会对我来说真的是太珍贵了。在这次实习中,我学习到的关于汽车发动机的知识,是在以往任何一节课上都不能所比拟的。而我也再一次深刻感受到了理论和实践结合的必要性。由于老师的安排,我们组分到的发动机是桑塔纳2000型发动机。首先,对于汽车发动机理论知识的学习,我了解到:桑塔纳轿车是德国大众汽车有限公司1982年的产品。该公司于1983年进入上海,同我国进行合作开发,目前已发展为三代-四代生产线,并于95年将桑塔纳2000电控汽油喷射系统投入市场。汽车的主要参数包括技术参数、基本参数、发动机参数和底盘 参数。 发动机结构为JV型,燃烧室为扁球形,这样可以则功能强挤气面积,减低油耗和大气污染配气机构凸轮轴为顶置式,凸轮轴直接推动连杆。优点为结构简单、零件惯性小、系统刚度大、有效提高发动机转速。气门提杆为液压式,气门间隙自动调节。进气系统有电加热器和温度控制进气阀,可以确保汽车顺利启动和缩短暖机时间。冷却系统采用闭式水冷强制循环。现代汽车发动机基本结构由曲柄连杆机构、配气机构、传动系、润滑系、冷却系、点火系、启动系组成。曲柄连杆机构是发动机进行能量转换和传递动力的机构。配气机构是发动机的换气机构,换气过程:控制气门按时关闭,保证气配时充分燃烧混合气和排放废气。供给系是保证向气缸共给新鲜可燃混合气和导出废气,并按照发动机不同工况供给不同数量和浓度的可燃混合气。这篇挺好的啊,嘻嘻
随着汽车行业技术的不断发展,汽车发动机技术也在不断的提高。下面是我为大家精心推荐的汽车发动机技术论文 范文 ,希望能对大家有所帮助。汽车发动机技术论文范文篇一:《试谈汽车发动机的可变气门技术》 摘要:汽车发动机可变气门技术是当今汽车发动机普遍配置的设备系统。该系统可以对发动机凸轮的相位或者气门的升程进行有效的调节,从而使汽车发动机的配气过程得到优化。因为汽车发动机在高转速和低转速状态下,气门的正时角对发动机的经济性以及动力有所影响,从而提高进气量以及扫气效率,如今的汽车发动机普遍应用这项技术。 关键词:汽车发动机;可变气门技术;气门正时技术;气门升程技术;配气过程 在汽车发动机的运行过程中,如果发动机在运行过程中,随着发动机气门数量的增多和发动机转速的提高,气门正时和气门升程不能随之改变,那么当汽车发动机处于转速过低、转速过高或者功率输出的状况下,就很难保证燃油的消耗问题。如果汽车发动机使用的是单个气门,在对燃油供给方进行控制时,对这个问题解决起来就会很难。但是如果换一种方式,如使用“可变性能”对其进行“综合处理”,那么这样的问题就很容易被解决。 1 气门正时技术 气门正时也就是汽车发动机在运转过程中气门打开的时间。其功能是活塞运动到一定位置时,对气门的开启和关闭时间进行控制。一般情况下,发动机进气门的活塞运动程序应当从下向上,当气门开始排气时,气门打开;当活塞到达气门的上止点时,一个排气运动周期完成,气门关闭。这个过程中,因为运动的空气存在惯性,因此需要一定的时间进行反应。进行排气的过程中,为了让更多的空气进入气缸,更多的废气排出气缸,就要在活塞到达之前打开,并且在活塞运动到下止点之下关闭;发动机的排气门运用同样的原理,排气门应该在活塞开始向下运动之前打开,在活塞运动到下止点之后再关闭。在活塞运动的过程中,排气门和进气门可能会在一定的时间范围内同时打开,这叫做气门叠加,在气门叠加现象产生时,曲轴会产生一定角度的转动,这个角度是气门叠加角,图1是汽车发动机气门配气相关结构图。 发动机的转速处于不同状态时,对于气门叠加角的要求也有所不同,在发动机低转速时,其气门叠加角就越小,发送机转速高,所产生的气门叠加角就会越大。如汽车发动机没有运用气门正时技术,这两个要求就很难同时得到满足,传统的汽车发动机工作原理主要是:当汽车发动机处于低速转动状态时,其中凸轮的转速也非常慢,因此气门的进气速度也随之减慢,当气门打开时,需要的时间较长,但是气门的开度很小。如果汽车行驶的速度达到120km/h时,发动机的转速一般为3000~4000rpm,有可能会达到更高水平,此时汽车发动机气门的开启和关闭速度加快,气缸空气进入的速度开始加快,在这一运动过程中,虽然其进气量很大,但是发动机气门的开启时间非常短,这会在一定程度上降低氧气含量,导致燃油燃烧所需氧气不足,从而使燃油燃烧不够充分。因此可以在这样的发动机上引入可变气门技术,这一技术可以有效解决以上提到的问题,从而大大改善发动机的燃油效率。在运行过程中,对凸轮进行改造,并且对相关的传感信号进行充分收集,汽车发动机如果处于转速非常低的情况下,这时发动机中正时技术就可以对其进行很好的控制;当汽车发动机处于高速运转状态时,可以对气门的开度进行较为科学的调整。 2 气门升程技术 气门升程技术指的是对气门开启的开度大小进行控制的技术。当发动机在运行过程中,气门行程较远的情况下,所进气截面的面积就会随之增大,因此对进气产生的阻力会降低,从而使得气缸的进气更加通畅,这样的运行状态比较适合汽车在高速行驶的状态下。如果在汽车行驶速度较慢的情况下,就会导致进气时达不到要求的负压,从而导致汽车处于低速形式的状态下时,产生运转无力或者不够平稳的现象。如果气门很小,汽车发动机在慢速运转过程中,所需的负压会得到满足,保证氧气的充足和燃油的充分燃烧。然而当汽车处于高速行驶的状况下时,空气的流速就会加快,气阻也会增大,这些情况的出现就会导致气门在进气和排气的过程不够畅通。在汽车发动机中运用可变气门技术,就可以对这两方面的问题进行权衡。气门正时技术只能够对汽车发送机中气门开启的时间进行控制,对于气门开启的开度无法控制。因此要在汽车发动机中运用可变气门的升程技术,这样才能进一步提高汽燃油的燃耗效率,提高汽车经济性能。 3 典型的可变气门升程技术控制为主的发动机技术 本田汽车中的“VTEC”系统应用 “VTEC”可以同时对发动机气门开度和气门开启时间进行控制的系统,对“VTEC”进行控制的系统主要是“ECU”,它通过发动机中各个传感器,其中包括气缸进气压力传感器、发动机转速传感器、车辆行驶速度传感器、水温传感器等,根据其产生的信号,进行相应指令的发送,同时可以控制凸轮在特定的范围内运转,以此对气门的开闭时间和开闭开度进行合理控制。一般的汽车发动机中,每个汽缸只配备一个凸轮对其进行驱动,但是本田汽车中VTEC系统发动机内含有两个凸轮对其进行驱动,即中低速、高度运转两个组合,通过对电子系统的运用,使其自行进行操纵,从而达成自动转换目标。本田汽车发动机中利用的VTEC系统,可以同时对发动机的低速运转和高速运转中气门的开闭进行时间和开度的控制,这样就能同时达成汽车的动力性和经济性。 本田“VTEC”与其他汽车发动机不同的地方主要是凸轮和摇臂的数目和控制 方法 。其是世界上第一个能够对气门的开闭时间以及升程两个性能同时控制的气门控制系统。其系统通过计算机对气门的正时和升程进行控制,可以在很大程度上提高汽车燃油效率,本田公司几乎在所有车档中均运用了“VTEC”系统。 丰田汽车VVT-i智能可变气门系统 VVT-i系统是丰田汽车中发动机可变气门系统,当前这项技术已经在丰田汽车中普遍使用。VVT-i系统可以对发动机气门运动进行连续的正时调节,但是对气门的开度大小不能控制。这项技术的工作原理主要是:当汽车的运行速度由低到高运行时,“ECU”就会向凸轮控制下小涡轮内挤压机油,从而使小涡轮进行运转,其运转是相对凸轮进行的,这样就使得凸轮在60。范围内前后旋转,这样就会对气门的开启和闭合时间有所控制,从而实现气门的连续这时目标。这项技术的最大特点是,可以根据汽车发动机所处状态对凸轮进行合理控制,对凸轮轴的转角进行合理的调整,从而优化配气时机,保证对燃油的配气达到最佳状态,以此来帮助燃油充分燃烧,并且提高汽车扭矩,提升汽车的各项性能。 4 结语 在汽车发动机可变气门技术中,升程系统主要控制气门的开度,而正时系统是控制气门开闭的时间。它们均决定了发动机进气量的大小,同属于汽车发送机可变气门控制系统。如今可变气门技术发展得越来越快,这项技术在汽车发动机中的使用可以说是汽车领域发展的一个里程碑,可以看出未来的汽车技术将向着越来越先进的方向发展。 参考文献 [1] 邓明阳,孙旭.发动机全可变气门升程技术现状的分析与展望[J].南通航运职业技术学院学报,2011,(3). [2] 郭建,苏铁熊,王军.发动机可变配气机构的研究进展[J].内燃机与配件,2011,(12). [3] 徐涛,詹樟松,吴学松,等.可变气门升程技术现状及发展趋势[J].内燃机,2013,(6). [4] 张超.宝马第三代连续可变气门升程技术浅析[J].价值工程,2015,(3). 汽车发动机技术论文范文篇二:《浅谈汽车发动机节能技术》 摘 要:本文通过对发动机的节能原理进行分析,提出了一些节约发动机燃油消耗的 措施 ,对中国汽车节能提出了发展方向。 关键词:节能;原理;措施;发展 一、发动机节能的原理 1 提高充气效率 (1)减小进气系统的流动损失。①减小进气门处的流动损失。可通过增大进气门的直径,选择合适的排气门直径;增加气门的数目,采用小气门;改善进气门处流体动力学性能,减小气门处流动损失;采用S(活塞形成)/D(缸径)值较小的发动机等措施可以减小进气门处的流动损失。②减小整个进气管道的流动阻力。进气道应该有足够的流通截面积、表面光滑、拐弯小、多段通道连接要对中;进气管应该有足够的流通截面积、表面光洁,避免急转弯和流通截面的突然变化;空气滤清器的阻力应随结构和使用时间的延长而不同。(2)减少对新鲜充气量的加热。凡是能降低活塞、气门等热区零件的温度和减小接触面积的措施都是有利于减小对新鲜充气量的加热。(3)减小排气系统的阻力。减少排气系统中排气门座、排气道、排气管、排气消声器的阻力,对降低排气压力、减小排气损失均有利。(4)合理选择配气相位。配气相位是否合理主要根据以下几个方面来判断。①充气效率高,保证发动机的动力性能,主要由进气门迟闭角决定。②必要的燃烧室扫气,以保证降低高温零件的热负荷,使发动机运行可靠,主要由进气门迟闭角决定。③合理的排气温度,主要由排气提前角决定。④较小的换气损失、以保证发动机的经济性,主要由进排气门重叠角决定。 2 减小机械损失可从几个方面着手 (1)降低活塞、活塞环、连杆等往复运动机件的摩擦和质量。(2)降低滑动部件的滑动速度。(3)减少润滑油的搅拌阻力。(4)改良润滑油,使其低粘度化。(5)合理选择摩擦零件的材料。 二、发动机节能的措施 1 发动机稀燃技术 也叫发动机稀薄燃烧技术,指采用发动机的实际空燃比远大于理论空燃比的情况下进行的具有良好动力性、经济性和排放行的燃烧技术。 实现的技术途径:(1)实现稀燃混合气。实现稀燃混合气的措施有:使汽油充分雾化;采用结构紧凑的燃烧室;加快燃烧速度;提高点火能量;采用分层燃烧技术。(2)采用分层燃烧系统。主要有气道喷射稀燃系统和直接喷射稀燃系统。 2 发动机的增压技术 对进入气缸的空气提前进行压缩,使单位时间进入燃烧室的新鲜空气量增多,增加发动机的充气效率,提高发动机的功率。 3 燃油掺水节油技术 发动机采用掺水形成的乳化燃油,可以减少排气中的氮氧化合物等有毒成分、降低烟度减少污染,还能有效降低油耗,节约能源。 4 发动机可变气缸排量技术 发动机在中低负荷情况下,使部分气缸停止工作,增加工作气缸的负荷率,使其工作点落入低燃油消耗率和低排放工作区域内,从而改善车辆的经济性和排放性能;当发动机需要大功率时,则让全部气缸工作,体现发动机的动力性。 5 发动机可变配气正时技术 根据发动机转速和负荷的变化,适时调整配气相位和气门升程。 6 可变进气歧管技术 ECU根据发动机转速和负荷的变化而改变进气道的长度,在高转速时使进气通道变短,减少进气流动损失,提高发动机的高速功率。在低转速和低负荷及起动情况使进气通道变长,管内空气流动的动能增加,导致进气流速加快,充气效率提高,在同样的燃烧条件下会获得更大的输出功率,增加转矩。 可变进气歧管技术主要包括可变进气歧管长度和可变进气共振技术.。 7 可变压缩比技术 采用可变压缩比技术对于自然吸气发动机,在部分负荷情况下压缩比可以设计高一些;对于增压发动机在增压压力比较低的低负荷情况下,适当降低压缩比,使压缩比随发动机负荷的变化连续调节,这样可以避免爆燃,又提高了在高压缩比情况下中低负荷的工作效率,增加了动力性能,提高了济性,保证了发动机工作效率的最大化。 改变发动机压缩比的方法有改变燃烧室的容积和改变活塞行程。 8 汽油机燃油喷射与点火系统的电子控制技术 在汽油机电控燃油喷射系统中,电控单元主要根据进气量确定基本的喷油量,再根据其他传感器信号对喷油量进行修正,使发动机在各种工况下均能获得最佳浓度的混合气,从而提高发动机的动力性、经济性和排放性;汽油机电控点火系统(ESA)根据相关传感器信号,判断发动机的运行工况和运行条件,选择最佳的点火提前角点燃可燃混合气,从而改变发动机的燃烧过程,实现发动机动力性、经济性和排放性的提高。 9 柴油机燃油喷射系统的电子控制技术 在柴油机电控燃油喷射系统中,ECU主要根据发动机转速和负荷信号来确定基本供油量和供油正时,再根据其他传感器信号进行修正。 10 电子节气门技术 汽车电子节气门技术(ETC)淘汰了传统加速踏板采用拉索或杠杆机构,与发动机节气门之间进行直接的机械连接,通过增加相应的传感器和电控单元,实现精确控制节气门的开度。该技术可以实现发动机转矩和空燃比的精确控制,有助于提高汽车行驶的动力性、平稳性、经济性以及降低排放污染。 11 陶瓷发动机 为了减小发动机能量损失中占绝大部分的冷却损失和排气损失,一般采用取消或部分取消冷却系统的方法,并使用陶瓷等耐高温、耐磨损、耐腐蚀、重量轻和强度高等特点的隔热材料或其他方法减少燃烧室内热量的散失,使发动机在更高的工质温度下工作;利用排气能量。 12 EccoBoost 发动机技术 一种兼具涡轮增压技术和燃油直喷两种技术于一体的发动机技术,发动机能获得更高的动力性和经济性。 结语 根据中国的能源政策和汽车工业发展情况来看,国家首先应该大力发展柴油机技术,主要是研究电控柴油机;其次大力发展电动汽车,优先发展混合动力汽车,加大电池续航能力的研究;再次大力研发推广代用燃料车。发动机油耗的高低直接反应了我国发动机设计与制造水平,汽车发动机节能技术的推广应用,将大力推动我国汽车工业的发展。 参考文献 [1]许文靖.现代汽车节能技术探析[J],科技创新导报,2009(24). 汽车发动机技术论文范文篇三:《浅谈汽车发动机维修技术》 【摘 要】: 作为汽车的心脏部位,发动机在汽车的正常运行和操作中其中至关重要的作用。因此,平时需要加强对发动机的维修和保养。而针对汽车发电机的维修,其需要比较全面的技术知识和实践操作能力。因此,汽车发动机的维修可以说是一个需要技巧和技术的硬活。本文从汽车发动机检查以及汽车发动机的诊断和维修两个方面出发,具体阐述其相关的维修技术,希望对学习汽车发动机维修的人员有所帮助。 【关键词】: 汽车;发动机;维修;技术 1 传统的发动机维修工艺 发动机的内部零部件的检查: 由于汽车发动机内部的曲轴和活塞往往是比较容易出故障的地方,如汽车突然无法启动等,很可能是因为汽车发动机内部活塞不能运作造成的。因此当汽车发动机出现故障需要维修的情况下,可以先对其曲轴和活塞进行检查,其具体步骤如下: 曲轴的检查 对于曲轴容易出现的故障,主要有轴颈处容易磨损,容易出现扭曲变形或者疲劳裂纹,因此需要进行重点检查。1)裂纹的检查:对于曲轴裂纹的检查,其相应的检查方法有超声波探伤检查,浸油敲击法检查,磁力探伤检测仪进行检查和X光探伤检查。在用浸油敲击法对曲轴进行检查时,需要先将曲轴在煤油中浸泡一段时间, 然后再将曲轴从煤油中取出来,擦干净后在曲轴上撒一些白粉,再对曲轴的不同部位进行轻敲,如有出现了比较明显的油迹,这说明曲轴的这个部位有裂纹。对于磁力探伤仪检查,其磁力线会穿透曲轴被检查的部分,如果在该部分有裂纹的话,那么这个地方的磁力线就会出现偏散,然后将磁力粉撒在该部位,从会显示出裂纹的具体大小和具体位置;2)弯曲变形的检查:针对曲轴弯曲变形的检查,可以先将整个曲轴的两个顶端用V型版块支承住,如图1所示,然后用在主轴中间用百分表的触头抵着。当曲轴转动一周后,在指针上对出角度的最小值和最大值,并且计算两者之差,这个差值就是曲轴弯曲变形的差值了,如果其值大于, 那么曲轴弯曲的比较严重了,为了确保发动机的正常运行,需要及时更换曲轴。 活塞连杆组的检查。 对应活塞部位的检查,主要是检查其活塞销座的尺寸和裙部直径等是否发生了变化,或者是否在使用过程中发生了堵塞等。其主要的检查方法一般有两种,第一种检查方法是用千分尺进行测量,通过测量裙部直径的大小和活塞汽缸磨损部位值的大小,将这两个测得的数据相减,然后和配缸间隙值进行比较,如果差值大于, 则说明活塞磨损比较严重,不能够再使用啦。另一种方法是塞尺进行测量,通过测量配缸间隙来判断其汽车发动机内部活塞是否可以正常使用。首先将塞尺放入安装气环的环槽内,然后以35N的拉力轻轻转动塞尺,当感到轻微的阻力时停止转动,这样就可以用塞尺测量活塞裙部和活塞侧隙差值的大小,当活塞受到磨损越多时,其相应的差值也越大,当该值超过时,这该活塞不能再使用啦,需要为汽车发动机配备新的活塞。 2 汽车发电机的诊断和维修 发动机失速故障 发动机如果出现了失速故障,其一般表现为发动机转速一会低一会高的情况,而这种情况就是常见的发动机失速故障了。出现这种故障的原因主要是因为点火控制系统出现故障,或燃油喷盘系统出现问题,又或者是整个发动机的进气系统出现了问题等。例如,出现了燃油喷盘系统的故障,很有可能是系统线路接触不稳,油管变形或者燃油滤清器灰层太多等。针对不同的原因,可以采取不同的措施进行维修。 其相关的故障排除和维修的方法如下:1)如果是喷油系统出现问题,检查是否是线路接触不良,如果是,则可以调整线路或更换导线的方法进行维修,如果是 机油滤清器盖等太多灰层了,则可以采用清洁滤清器盖的方法进行修复;2)如果是进气管出现了问题,则仔细检查是否有各软管或者其相接的地方出现了漏气,也可以检查PVC阀管子等是否通气正常,如果不是,则可以考虑修复或替换相应的管子;3)针对点火控制系统出现的问题,则需要检查各缸火花塞是否正常工作了。例如,火花塞积累的灰层太多,引起发动机转速不正常,则可以通过彻底清洁火花塞来进行维修。 发动机怠速不良故障 发动机怠速不良故障的现象主要是发动机怠速不稳,停车易熄火。在故障诊断方面,可以先检测发动机燃油压力。将燃油压力表连接到油压检测孔上,起动发动机,油压表指示正常,压力为265kPa,拨掉油压调节器真空管,油压上升到340kPa。上述结果均在标准范围内,说明燃油管路系统无故障。然后再检查气缸压力。预热发动机,温度到85℃,打开节气门,用缸压表测量各缸压力,当压力值均为l1OOkPa左右,各缸压差小干300kPa时,上述情况表明发动机气缸密封性出现了问题。 针对该故障的维修,其方法如下:清洗怠速电动机、节气门体。将怠速电动机、节气门体拆下,彻底清洗各空气通道,并用压缩空气吹净。用万用表测量一下怠速电动机电阻值,电阻为20Ω,在18~24Ω正常范围内。测量节气门位置传感器,输出阻值呈线性变化,且在正常范围内。若发现进气总管内沉积有异物,用缠有麻布的铁线将其清理干净。为彻底根除故障,还可以对喷油器进行清洗、检测。 自诊断系统可能出现以下几种情况:汽车运行时故障明显,传感器有故障而自诊断系统没有监测到。一是电控汽车控制电脑(ECU)对传感器信号进行检测时,只能接受其设定范围之内的传感器非正常信号,从而判断传感器的好与坏,记录或不记录故障代码。一旦解读故障代码故障后,只要对相应的传感器、导线连接器、导线进行检查,找到并排除短路、断路的故障即可。但是,若因某种原因致使传感器灵敏度下降、反应迟钝、输出特性偏移等,则自诊断系统就测不出来了。这时就应该依据发动机的故障征兆进行分析判断,继而传感器单体进行针对性检测,以便找到并排除传感器故障。二是由于发动机工况故障现象相似,ECU监测失误,自诊断系统可能显示错误的故障代码。例如,对于装有三元催化转化器的电控汽车,一旦使用过含铅汽油,这类故障特性有时较为明显。在汽车进行检修时,经常会发现故障代码显示的是“水温传感器断路或短路”故障,而发动机故障症状却是:无论发动机在冷车状态下或者热车状态下都不好起动,并且拌有怠速不稳和回火现象,发动机的转速绐终提不高。显然这些故障与水温传感器的关系并不十分密切,在对水温传感器进行单体测量后并未发现任何故障。 但是,当从汽车上拆下三元催化转换器并剖开后发现,三元催化转换器内部严重堵塞,因此可以断定发动机故障是由此而引起。因此当自诊断系统出现故障代码以后,还应该与发动机的实际故障症状进行分析比较,以得到正确合理的判断,不应该将故障代码当作排除故障的唯一依据。三是电控汽车使用维修不当也可能引发错误的故障代码。在对电控汽车实施维修时,由于维修人员系统输出错误的故障办法。例如,在发动机运转过程中,随意或者无意把传感器插接头拔下,每拔下一次传感器插接头,自诊断系统就会记录一次故障代码。另外,若在上一次汽车维修时,由于操作不当而未能完全清除掉旧的故障代码,那么电脑也同样将原来的旧故障代码保存其内,因此在对电控汽车维修时也要加以注意,不应造成不必要的人为故障代码。 利用常规的检查方法如“五油、三液、一媒,的检查不可忽视,即对透平油、机油、自动变速器油、转向助力油、齿轮油、制动液、冷却液,刮水清洗液以及冷媒的检查。绝大部分高级轿车上仪表灯全部用英文显示,如wash fluid灯亮,应检查清洗液和储存器内液面,添加后即可消除该警报灯亮。一辆奥迪轿车ABS灯点亮,似乎是一个大的故障,车主急忙赶往奥迪A6维修中心检修,经检查发现就是制动液容器内的液体低于警戒线,补充完制动液后故障排徐,解决起来很简单。 通过车用零件液体的品质,来判断故障。一辆广州本田车雅阁7230轿车的自动变速器油液变紫,而且有少量的混蚀物,此时行车中动力不足,起速过慢。因此,根据油液的颜色可断定故障的原因是自动变速器的故障而不是发动机动力不足,拆油底壳,检查证明判断是正确的。 检查线路也一样重要。一辆雪铁龙轿车左前轮不升也不降,而其他三轮传动正常。检查发现该车左前空气弹簧减振器排气阀线斯开,接通线路后左前轮活动恢复正常。应该仔细看而不是走马观花的浏览,这样才能达到事半功倍的效果。 通过对油液的“闻”可知油液的品质及该系统基本的工作情况,通过对发动机的排放气体的闻,可以感觉发动机的工作情况,从而为故障判断提供指导。如一辆桑塔纳2000GSi轿车,急加速抖动严重。通过对排放气体气味的分析,认为是高压线有时断火,更换后,故障排除“闻”在维修中比其他手段用得相对较少,但并不是说它不重要,运用恰当在故障判断上可以让我们少走许多弯路。 虽然汽车发展机电一体化越来越多,汽车维修更多是靠专用的故障诊断仪器,但一些特殊故障仍然需要 经验 丰富的维修技术人员靠传统维修手段来判断故障,未来的汽车维修人员不仅仅需有外语基础,电脑常识等高科技知识,同时也应具备丰富的传统维修技术。 3 结论 从上面的分析可以看出,本文只是简单的介绍了汽车发动机比较常见的故障以及出现故障的原因和解决的方法。其实,整个汽车发动机的维修覆盖面比较广,其相应的维修技术也比较全面复杂,要熟练的掌握汽车发动机的维修技巧和相关技术,还需要学习和实践很多知识,比如电控燃油系统的检查和维修等,本文就不在此一一赘述。 参考文献: [1]朱鹦文,魏浩,章秦.探究汽车发电机维修和检测技术[J].汽车和科技,2004(1):235-248. [2]__斌,罗洛.关于汽车发电机维修技术的几点思考[J].汽车和科技,2007(2):129-137. [3]卢海.汽车发动机的维护与 修理 [J].川化,2003,(04). [4]林宝丰.汽车发动机的维护及故障排除[J].公路与汽运,2004,(05). [5]孟杰.汽车发动机的维护与保养.长春汽车工业高等专科学校,2011,6. 猜你喜欢: 1. 汽车发动机技术论文 2. 汽车的先进技术论文 3. 汽车电子技术论文范文 4. 汽车柴油机新技术论文 5. 浅谈汽车技术管理论文
Full mechanization of rice production technologyAbstract The Application of plasma from the seeds and simple plastic tray nursery, paddy rotary mechanized and mechanized planting site preparation, field management, mechanical harvesting, the introduction of the full mechanization of rice production technologies that increase production of rice provided for reference. Keywords: Rice; full mechanization; production technology Rice is one of China's major food crops. To stabilize and increase rice production capacity, promote rice yield, income and efficiency of the section, should vigorously promote the use of full mechanization of rice production technology. A plasma seed treatment technology Plasma seed treatment technology, is the national "863" scientific research, for domestic initiative, an original innovation, reached the international advanced level in the same area. DL-2-based plasma seed processor, using high-pressure arc plasma and the combination of alternating electromagnetic field , the formation of the universe in the plasma environment inside the machine, vertical seed flow through the free fall machine, receiving light radiation, electromagnetic radiation and the combined effect of ozone, the vitality of seeds is activated, the virus is killed, ion exchange capacity increased, the enzyme conversion speed, soluble sugar and soluble protein increases, increase seed germination potential, germination rate, seedling ahead 1 ~ 3 d, increase drought resistance of crops, disease resistance. rhizobia increased the effective promotion of the late crop growth. Plant stout, growth strong increase effective tillering, promote early, improve quality, can increase the yield of 8 to 12%. Rice seeds with DL-2-based plasma seed processor treatment, current intensity should be A, continuous processing 2. Processing within 5 ~ 12 d after sowing. Plasma can not do the descendants of the seed crop seeds. Treatment Sowing the seeds can not be repeated more than treatment, can not handle the seeds have germinated. 2 simple plastic tray seedling technology Chuangtu prepared The best selection of mountain peat, followed by paddy field soil and dry soil; with soil quantity: the number of breeding decisions based on the amount of use of land, generally each plate Chuangtu 4 kg; paddy soil and upland soil should be added to amount to do Chuangtu peat, soil and peat were mixed with a 4:1 ratio [1]. Chuangtu preparation Added nutritive soil, according to the proportion of requests are mixed, each plate Chuangtu nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in bed all ~ g. of acid, pH value of to is appropriate. Chuangtu with water disinfection, with Nixon 1 500 times the enemy poured per plate kg, the number of enemy Eriksson must not exceed g. per plate promote the use of "mother agent of rice seedling nutrition soil", follow the instructions to mix well. mechanized planting 2SB-500 automatic with a planter, or 2BD-840 push-type seeder mechanized planting, ensure the bud seed / m2; subsoil thickness is ~ cm, Futuhoudu is ~ cm. Seedling Management Leaf emergence to , should ensure that the day temperature 28 , can not exceed 30 , the night is not lower than 5 , 1 ~ 2 d 1 permeable water; to leaves, the daytime temperature should be guaranteed shed 22 , anti-high temperature leggy; to leaves, the day the greenhouse temperature 20 , the night of not less than 10 , day and night ventilation can be hardened; to leaves, the 2 times a day pouring water. respectively , leaves and planting early, combined with water to recover pure N lg per plate after washing. reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download 3 mechanical rotary technology of paddy field Paddy paddy rotary machine can be turned off to complete, machine rake, reducing mechanical operating costs, reduce operational links, labor, save time, fuel, and water saving bulb fields can be saving 30% to 50%. Its rotary operation pulverizer capacity, the surface smooth. mulching rice tight, high efficiency, low fuel consumption, a rotary plow to achieve normal operating times and the harrowing effects of the pulverizer, topsoil breathable, good water permeability, is conducive to root Development [2]. the technical requirements: First, Rotary paddy fields, generally in the local planting before (May) 20 d or so, pour fields until after the planting can be formed; Second, farming, the tail wheel tube extension Source tube length can not exceed 100 mm, while the operation should be standing hand rails frame, so coulter or too off the ground over the ridge groove, so as not to bend the inner tube; third operation, without rendering the rotary knife wound weed too much, otherwise it will consume Power and increase tractor parts wear; Fourth, removing weeds, the need to turn down the throttle, the clutch, brake handle on the "off" position, the variable speed operation of the handle and the rotary blade the handle on the neutral position, and then clear the weeds 4 mechanized planting site preparation techniques Plots to Baping, rake thin, water depth 2 ~ 4 cm, the general precipitation 1 ~ 2 d, depending on the soil may be. Rake the soil to fine, leveling, mud rotten, no debris, depth of 2 ~ 4 cm, rake take some time after the deposition, usually 1 ~ 2 d; planting a row spacing of 30 cm, spacing according to species debugging. inserted 2 to 4 / hole, 5 to 7 post-plug / hole. planting depth of 2 ~ 3 cm for the should not be too deep, so as not to affect the tiller. 5 mechanization of field management Eastern red card throwing machine can be a machine, can throwing, but also fertilizer and spraying, to prevent disease, insects, weeds and other effects [4]. 6 mechanized harvest technology of rice Mechanization of rice paddy harvest is to achieve an important element of full mechanization. Harvested by combine harvester, a complete harvesting, threshing, cleaning and other processes. Compared with the manual harvesting, mechanized harvesting of rice. Can improve productivity, reduce harvest losses to save costs, reduce labor intensity and improve production conditions of farmers. 7 References [1] Yang, Wang Chunsheng, Su Hoon Lee, et al. Alpine region mechanized cultivation of rice seeding rate on rice in different disk seedling quality and yield [J]. RICE, 2006 (5) :27-29. [2] Xia item. On the mechanization of rice cultivation techniques [J]. Agricultural Equipment & Technology, 2006,32 (4): 14. [3] Wang Zhongyou, Xu Lianxi. Friendship Farm Mechanization of Rice Cultivation Experience [J]. Modernization of agriculture, 2001 (1) :37-39. [4] Zhong-ping, cabbage, Chen Chuan, et al. City of Rice Development serve organization of [J]. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2007,35 (7) :2104-2105. 水稻机械抛秧栽培技术摘要主要论述了水稻机械抛秧栽培技术,包括整地、育苗、抛秧密度与时间、抛秧前准备、抛秧机操作、抛秧后田间管理等内容,对推广和普及水稻机械抛秧技术、解决当前水稻旱育苗人工插秧工效低、成本高等问题具有一定的指导作用。 关键词水稻;机械抛秧;整地;育苗;抛秧机操作;抛后管理 水稻机械抛秧是实现水稻秧苗移栽的主要方法之一,具有生产成本低、效率高、灵活简单、适应范围广和分蘖早、返青快、低节位分蘖、根系发达、生长旺盛、通风透光好、有效成穗数多、产量高、经济效益显著等特点。另外,小型风力水稻抛秧机可一机多用,既能抛秧又能喷洒农药,可作为一个理想的植保机械使用,机械利用率高。为了使广大农民更好地掌握水稻机械抛秧技术,现将笔者多年来的实践经验及理论探讨加以总结,以期为该技术的更好发展奠定基础。 1整地 采用机械旋耕或机械翻耙的方法进行整地,要求耙透、磨细、整平,并深埋秸草(秆),做到田平、泥活、泥细,呈瓜皮水状态,田表面成泥浆状[1]。同一地块要达到高低不过寸,寸水不露泥,地表干净无杂物。将耕整好的秧田沉淀10~48 h,一般砂壤田沉淀10~24 h,黑黏土沉淀30~48 h。如果不经过沉淀,秧苗抛入田里后,秧苗会随活泥被吸入泥里,影响秧苗生长和低位分蘖。沉淀要始终保持田面有水,抛秧是以寸水为宜,过深容易漂秧,过浅或无水,不利于秧苗定植,之后始终保持寸水,切勿晒干田。 2育苗 水稻机械抛秧必须使用钵盘育苗,钵盘以434孔为最佳。配制好营养土,除加入保证秧苗生长的氮、磷、钾肥外,还要添加适量的矮壮素;育苗土配置要有一定黏度,最好加入20%左右黄土,以防止抛秧时秧苗土团散落[2]。播种后秧盘表面覆土要刮净,避免连根。抛秧前一天苗床浇水即增加土坨重量,又不会使秧苗过湿,有利抛秧,拔苗时将连根苗分开[3],拔下秧苗后装入丝带,每带装盘数做到心中有数,以便按大田面积抛秧。要求秧苗高度8~15 cm,一般为3叶1心,秧龄在20~25 d较为适宜。秧苗土钵含水率应为40%~60%,手指挤压不散碎为宜。秧苗根部带泥,泥要有一定的黏性,形成泥坨,便于抛出和秧苗着泥直立。秧苗质量要达到叶色深绿、健壮、长势均匀,白根缠绕,无病害、并且有弹性[4]。 3抛秧密度与时间 水稻靠有效分蘖增产,不能过多增加穴数,栽植过密容易造成通风透光不好,影响分蘖率,茎秆细软,遇风容易倒伏,造成减产。机械抛秧时要注意将定量秧苗抛撒均匀,稻田畦埂周边可适当加密。以434孔钵体盘为例,按水田行株距9 cm×4 cm计算,应抛入550盘/hm2为宜;按水田行株距9 cm×6 cm计算,应抛入400盘/hm2为宜。根据作物品种和各地实际情况确定。适时抛秧是抛秧成败的关键,不同土壤耕地后沉淀时间不同,过软过硬,都不利抛秧,一般是耙后沉淀10~24 h即可抛秧。简易确定抛秧时间就是将秧苗举过头顶,松手落下秧苗,秧苗土坨入土2/3部分为最佳时间。抛秧宁早勿晚,根据各地土壤条件灵活掌握。 4抛秧前准备 背负式气流水稻抛秧机的抛秧原理是利用发动机高速旋转时产生的强大风力气流,经通风管连接在储秧盘的圆弧形抛秧槽上,靠强劲风动气流将秧苗抛出,然后按抛物线飞行,当秧苗飞到最高点时,往下作自由落体运动。由于秧苗根部带有泥坨较重,秧苗着泥后,自由定植直立。抛秧前先检查发动机与储秧盘的连接支承架、通风管是否连接可靠,按规定比例将汽油和机油进行均匀混合,比例为20∶1;然后加入油箱,在加油时必须保持加油用具干净卫生,并远离火源。严禁操作人员打火吸烟,以防止火灾发生。启动发动机待运转正常后,进行试抛,根据实际需要调整好储秧盘抛射仰角度。大风天不能抛,原则上在三级风即应停止抛秧;下雨天不能抛秧;水层过深不能抛,应立即排水,到寸水不漏泥方可抛秧;沉淀时间过长,地板结不能抛秧;秧苗过高不抛秧。一般秧苗控制在10 cm最佳,超过12 cm时应将苗尖切除一部分,然后再抛秧。 5抛秧机操作 抛秧机作业时,一般采用梭形行走法。在无风的天气,应根据田块形状决定行走方向;如遇有风天气,应尽量顺风向平行作业,以便提高抛秧的均匀度。启动发动机时,先将风门打开1/2,待启动后再全部打开。严禁猛轰油门,以防造成拉缸事故。在开始抛秧作业前,尽量将储秧盘装足,然后根据田块大小调整好抛射距离和高度,加大油门,两手相互配合连续不断地将秧苗输送到储秧盘的圆弧形抛秧槽内。在一般情况下将储秧盘仰角调整为45°左右较为适宜。近距离抛秧或田块较小时,可采用减小油门的方法进行抛秧作业。操作手也可适当加大或减少喂入量来调整秧苗稀密程度。随时注意观察秧苗飞行方向和着落点,尽量达到稀密均匀,合乎农艺高产技术要求。有风天,应顺风抛秧,逆风补秧;利用油门控制先抛远处,然后再抛近处;少拨快送,就是每次拨苗要少,拨动速度要快,这样会使抛秧更加均匀;抛秧时要求第1遍抛秧稍稀,然后再补抛1次,这样会更均匀。 6抛秧后田间管理 抛秧后倾斜苗无需扶正,人工扶秧反而会影响秧苗扎根,尤其是抛秧后2~3 d,人工扶秧苗则会加重损伤秧苗,造成新生根折断。抛秧后始终保持田面寸水即可,7~10 d为扎根立苗期,要特别注意田间水层管理,以瓜皮水为宜;如遇降雨,田面水层过深要及时排放[5]。扎根立苗后喷施封地农药,其他田间管理按常规进行即可。 7参考文献 [1] 王振洪,张丽辉.水稻软盘育秧及抛秧技术[J].中国农村小康科技,2008(5):28-29. [2] 周丽芳,毛盛河,王小明,等.水稻免耕抛秧技术[J].内蒙古农业科技,2007(6):115-117. [3] 乔长虹,王彬.水稻机械抛秧技术[J].农机使用与维修,2008(5):89. [4] 栾静,张雪保,杨平,等.郑州沿黄稻区水稻盘育抛秧栽培技术[J].河南农业科学,2006(7):30-31. [5] 吴勇贤.有机水稻栽培技术[J].北方水稻,2010(1):41-43.
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