双语美文最新研究报告论文

本科毕业论文开题报告 论文题目the Application and Innovationof Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状 1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲） 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic Definition of Gothic the Origin of Gothic Novels Historical Folklore in Germantic Drama in the the Bible and Legends in Christianity Development of the Novel Challenge of Romanticism to Sublime and Beautiful 2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage Theme Good and Evil Revenge Characters Description Villain-hero Delicate Young Girl Atmosphere, Environment and Plot Terror Mystery Supernatural ’s Gothic Innovation Combination of romanticism and Realism Change of the Background Use of Symbolism Stream of Consciousness Illusion and Subconsciousness . Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料； 可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。 三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排 （1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。 （2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。 （3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。 （4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。 （5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿 （6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。 （7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。 （8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。 2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条） [1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 20. [2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press. [3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83. [4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6. [5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页. [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11—12页. [7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期. [8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库.

没有人喜欢孤独的感觉。大家有感觉孤独过吗?接下来，我给大家准备了人为什么会感到孤独双语美文,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。

人为什么会感到孤独双语美文

Nobody likes feeling lonely, and some recent research suggests that the ache of isolation isn't only a psychological problem; unwanted solitude impacts physical health, too. Loneliness increases a person's risk of mortality by 26 percent, an effect comparable to the health risks posed by obesity, according to a study published this spring.

没有人喜欢孤独的感觉。最近某调查显示，孤独造成的痛苦不仅是心理问题，不是出自本意所需的孤独还会影响到身体健康。根据一项今年春季发布的研究，孤独会使一个人的死亡风险提高26%，这与过度肥胖造成的健康风险程度相当。

And because of this new evidence of the serious ramifications of loneliness, some researchers are investigating what it is, exactly, that makes lonely people stay lonely. In particular, could some behavior be at the root of their isolation?

由于新发现了这一孤独导致的严重后果，一些研究人员正在着手研究具体是什么东西使人处于孤独之中，特别是，会不会有某些行为是孤独的根源。

In a paper recently published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Franklin & Marshall College professor Megan L. Knowles led four experiments that demonstrated lonely people's tendency to choke when under social pressure. In one, Knowles and her team tested the social skills of 86 undergraduates, showing them 24 faces on a computer screen and asking them to name the basic human emotion each face was displaying: anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. She told some of the students that she was testing their social skills, and that people who failed at this task tended to have difficulty forming and maintaining friendships. But she framed the test differently for the rest of them, describing it as a this-is-all-theoretical kind of exercise.

在最近于《个性与社会心理学通报》发表的一篇论文中，富兰克林与马歇尔学院的教授梅根.L.诺尔斯指导了4个实验，这些实验显示出，孤独的人在社交压力之下有不能正常运用社交技巧的倾向。在其中一个实验中，诺尔斯和她的团队对86名大学生的社交技巧进行了测试。她在电脑屏幕上给他们展示了24张人脸图像，并让他们说出每一张脸表达的基本情绪：愤怒、恐惧、快乐或是悲伤。她告诉其中的一些学生，说她测试的是他们的社交技巧，而没有通过测试的人很可能在友谊的建立和维系上有困难。但是她对另外的学生却有不同的说法，她说这完全是个理论性质的练习。

Before they started any of that, though, all the students completed surveys that measured how lonely they were. In the end, the lonelier students did worse than the non-lonely students on the emotion-reading task — but only when they were told they were being tested on their social skills. When the lonely were told they were just taking a general knowledge test, they performed better than the non-lonely. Previous research echoes these new results: Past studies have suggested, for example, that the lonelier people are better at accurately reading facial expressions and decoding tone of voice. As the theory goes, lonely people may be paying closer attention to emotional cues precisely because of their ache to belong somewhere and form interpersonal connections, which results in technically superior social skills.

在所有的测试之前，所有的学生都完成了一份衡量他们孤独程度的调查。结果，孤独的学生在情感辨别测试上比不孤独的学生做得要差，但这种情况只有在告诉他们这是个社交技巧测试时才会出现。当孤独的人被告知他们只是在做常识测试时，他们比不孤独的人表现得更好。更早以前的研究也得出过相似的结果：比如过去有研究表明，孤独的人更善于准确识别面部表情，解读说话者语气中蕴含的信息。这个理论认为，孤独的人可能会更细致地关注情感暗示，因为他们渴望得到归属感、建立起人与人之间的联系。确切意义上来讲，这使得他们拥有了更优秀的社交技巧。

But like a baseball pitcher with a mean case of the yips or a nervous test-taker sitting down for an exam, being hyperfocused on not screwing up can lead to over-thinking and second-guessing, which, of course, can end up causing the very screwup the person was so bent on avoiding. It's largely a matter of reducing that performance anxiety, in other words, and Knowles and her colleagues did manage to find one way to do this for their lonely study participants, though, admittedly, it is maybe not exactly applicable outside of a lab. The researchers gave their volunteers an energy-drink-like beverage and told them that any jitters they felt were owing to the caffeine they’d just consumed. (In actuality, the beverage contained no caffeine, but no matter — the study participants believed that it did.) They then did the emotion-reading test, just like in the first experiment. Compared to scores from that first experiment, there was no discernible difference in scores for the non-lonely, but the researchers did see improvement among the lonely participants — even when the task had been framed as a social-skills test.

不过，就像因过度紧张而无法正常发挥的 排球 发球手或是在考场中紧张的考生一样，总想着不把事情弄糟会使你对事态的进展顾虑重重，如此一来，结果必然还是会搞砸，尽管你已经努力避免把事情弄糟了。换句话说，问题大概还是在于降低对自我表现的焦虑，诺尔斯和她的同事也确实找到了 方法 帮助参与他们研究的孤独者，虽然不可否认的是，这可能不适用于实验室外的情况。研究人员让志愿者喝下一种看上去像能量饮料的液体，并跟他们说他们的紧张感都是他们刚刚吸收的咖啡因引起的。(实际上那些饮料里不含咖啡因，不过没关系，志愿者相信里面有。)然后他们做了情感识别测试，就像第一个实验那样。与第一个实验的分数比起来，不孤独的人的得分没有明显的变化，但研究者却发现孤独的志愿者得分提高了，甚至在告诉他们这是个社交技能测试后也是如此。

It may be difficult to trick yourself into believing your nerves are from caffeine and not the fact that you really, really, really want to make a good impression in some social setting, but there are other ways to change your own thinking about anxiety. One of my recent favorites is from Harvard Business School's Alison Wood Brooks, who found that when she had people reframe their nerves as excitement, they subsequently performed better on some mildly terrifying task, like singing in public. At the very least, this current research presents a fairly new way to think about lonely people. It's not that they need to brush up on the basics of social skills — that they've likely already got down. Instead, lonely people may need to focus more on getting out of their own heads, so they can actually use the skills they've got to form friendships and begin to find a way out of their isolation.

要欺自己去相信紧张感是咖啡因的作用而不是真的、真的、真的想在社交场合中留下好印象，这或许很难，但是我们有其他方法来改变我们对焦虑的看法。哈佛商学院的艾莉森·伍德·布鲁克斯的研究是我最近的最爱之一，她让人们把紧张重新界定为兴奋，之后他们在完成一些稍微有些吓人的任务时表现得更好了，比方说在公共场合 唱歌 。不管怎样，当前的这项研究给我们展现了一个看待孤独者的新方式。他们并不需要提高基本的社交技巧，他们大都已经掌握了。他们需要的是努力不让自己胡思乱想，这样他们就可以真正地用上自己已经拥有的社交技巧去建立友谊、走出孤独。 相关 文章 ：

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