steel论文范文

常州工程学院毕 业 设 计（论文）、题 目 板厚为6mm的0Cr18Ni9钢板采用焊条电弧焊 的焊接工艺评定（拉伸） 专 业 焊接技术及自动化 班级学号 姓 名 指导教师 2008 年 6 月 5 日摘要钢是我们现代社会中不可缺少的一种材料，它可以看作一个国家工业化水平的标志。钢的产量越高就代表这个国家的工业化水平越高。不锈钢是钢中非常重要的一种，由于不锈钢具有特殊的使用性能和力学性能，在现在的各行各业中已经被越来越多的使用。在不锈钢中奥氏体不锈钢又是其中非常重要的一种，在发达国家每年消耗的不锈钢中有70％的是不锈钢，在我过也达到了65％左右。因此开发和使用好奥氏体不锈钢对我过的工业话来说已经越来越重要了。0cr18ni9就是奥氏体不锈钢，我做的这个课题就是探讨0cr18ni9在低温贮罐制造中的性能。低温贮罐是用来储存液N液Ar液态的CO2等低温液体的容器，液态介质的特殊性能就决定了制造材料需要特殊性能，而奥氏体不锈钢0cr18ni9就具有这样的性能。低温贮罐在现在的生活、生产中使用已经越来越广泛，因此对0cr18ni9的探讨就显得越来越重要。在这篇论文中我会着重为大家阐述0cr18ni9在低温压力容器制造中的焊接性能，力学性能，使用性能和焊接工艺。在这篇论文中我会通过一个焊接性试验来探讨0gr18ni9在低温压力容器中的各项性能。我的这个试验就是规格为6×150×300mm的两块0cr18ni9扳水平对接焊接方法就是手工电弧焊。针对这个试验做出完整的焊接工艺评定，并且根据评定要求对式样做相应的无损检验和力学性能的检验，从而来判定0cr18ni9的各项性能。关键词: 焊接性能 力学性能 使用性能 焊接工艺AbstractSteel our modern society is indispensable to a material, it can be seen as a sign of the level of industrialized countries. The higher the output of steel on behalf of this country the higher the level of industrialization. Stainless steel is a very important one, because of the use of stainless steel with special performance and mechanical properties, in all walks of life in the present have been increasingly used. Austenitic stainless steel in the stainless steel is a very important one, in the developed world consumption of stainless steel annually in 70% of the stainless steel is, I have also reached about 65 percent. Thus the development and use of austenitic stainless steel good to me over the words of the industry has become increasingly is austenitic stainless steel, I do on this subject is 0 cr18ni9 in low-temperature storage tank manufacturer in the performance. Cryogenic storage tank is used to store liquid N Ar of liquid CO2 and other low-temperature liquid containers, liquid medium decision on the special properties of the material needs of a special performance, and austenitic stainless steel 0 cr18ni9 on with this performance. Cryogenic storage tank in the present life, has been used in the production of more extensive, therefore 0 cr18ni9 of it is beco Steel our modern society is indispensable to a material, it can be seen as a sign of the level of industrialized countries. The higher the output of steel on behalf of this country the higher the level of industrialization. Stainless steel is a very important one, because of the use of stainless steel with special performance and mechanical properties, in all walks of life in the present have been increasingly used. Austenitic stainless steel in the stainless steel is a very important one, in the developed world consumption of stainless steel annually in 70% of the stainless steel is, I have also reached about 65 percent. Thus the development and use of austenitic stainless steel good to me over the words of the industry has become increasingly is austenitic stainless steel, I do on this subject is 0 cr18ni9 in low-temperature storage tank manufacturer in the performance. Cryogenic storage tank is used to store liquid N Ar of liquid CO2 and other low-temperature liquid containers, liquid medium decision on the special properties of the material needs of a special performance, and austenitic stainless steel 0 cr18ni9 on with this performance. Cryogenic storage tank in the present life, has been used in the production of more extensive, therefore 0 cr18ni9 of it is becoming increasingly important. In this paper I will focus on as we set out in the cold 0 cr18ni9 pressure vessel manufacture of welding performance, mechanical properties, the use of performance and welding this paper I will pass a welding test to explore 0 gr18ni9 in low-temperature pressure vessel in the performance. This is my test specifications for the 6 × 150 × 300mm 2 0 cr18ni9 pull the butt welding method is the level of manual arc welding. For the pilot to complete the welding technology assessment and assessed in accordance with the requirements of the design accordingly mechanical properties of non-destructive testing and inspection, to determine 0 cr18ni9 the increasingly important. In this paper I will focus on as we set out in the cold 0 cr18ni9 pressure vessel manufacture of welding performance, mechanical properties, the use of performance and welding this paper I will pass a welding test to explore 0 gr18ni9 in low-temperature pressure vessel in the performance. This is my test specifications for the 6 × 150 × 300mm 2 0 cr18ni9 pull the butt welding method is the level of manual arc welding. For the pilot to complete the welding technology assessment and assessed in accordance with the requirements of the design accordingly mechanical properties of non-destructive testing and inspection, to determine 0 cr18ni9 the word:Welding performance Mechanics performance Welding craft Operational performance目 录1 绪论 ………………………………………………………………………2 课题的背景 ………………………………………………………………3 材料介绍 …………………………………………………………………4 0Cr18Ni9的焊接 ……………………………………………………………… 0Cr18Ni9焊接性分析 …………………………………………………… 0Cr18Ni9的焊接工艺 ……………………………………………………… 0Cr18Ni9的焊接工艺思路分析 ………………………………………… 0Cr18Ni9的焊接工艺应用 ……………………………………………5 结论 ……………………………………………………………………6 参考文献 ………………………………………………………………7 致谢 ……………………………………………………………………绪论机械工业是为所有的工业，农业，国防以及交通运输业提供机器和装备的工业。在实现我国四个现代化的过程中，必须贯彻党的总路线精神，不断解决自行设和制造效能高、寿命长、重量轻、体积小、容量大、成本低的机器和设备的问题。为了完成这一光荣而艰巨的任务，使机械设计与制造能力在短时间内超世界水平，除了必须解决设计与制造和使用的科学。而机械制造中的材料问题，一部分是属于金属材料本身的成分与质量问题，另一部分是属于材料的选用是否适当，在加工处理的工艺上是否发挥了材料的最大潜力的问题。因此，在提高金属材料的产量和质量的同时，还要提高和发挥材料的各种性能，充分挖掘潜力，做到既合实用又节省，只有这样才能达到多，快，好，省建设社会主义的目的。我国解放前合金钢的科学和生产几乎完全是空白点。解放后，我国机械工业的发展速度是世界上前所罕见的。在近20~30年间，不锈钢的出现和大量的使用，推动了不锈钢工业的进程。不锈钢由于具有优良的耐蚀性、耐磨性、强韧性和良好的可加工性，外观的精美性，以及无毒无害性，广泛地应用与宇航、海洋、军工、化工、能源等方面，以及日用家具、建筑装潢、交通车辆的装饰上。合金元素多、组织结构复杂且多变给不锈钢及耐蚀耐热合金焊接带来很大的困难。焊接接头的性能好坏，直接关系着设备使用的安全性。国内外对不锈钢及耐蚀耐热合金的焊接做了大量的研究工作，其焊接性、焊接材料及焊接工艺的研究几乎与母材的研究同步，促进了不锈钢及耐蚀耐热合金的发展。有关这方面的研究成果和文献资料虽然很多，但较为系统的还是寥寥无几，在实际工作中，一部分有关的焊接技术人员和焊工，对不锈钢及耐蚀耐热合金的焊接知识了解不多，有的甚至直接照搬低合金钢的工艺和方法。虽然我国在这几年在不锈钢上的努力有目共睹，但与世界先进国家相比，差距还是很大的。为了尽快弥补这一差距，需要我们现代化的科技人才而我们也需要付出更多。随着社会主义革命和现代化建设事业的迅猛发展以及人们对高品质的生活的要求，不锈钢极其相关的技术科学将得到不断地发展和完善。在世界上45 ％的钢的连接是用焊接方法来完成的，手工电弧焊又是我们生活生而中不可缺少的一部分，目前我用的越来越多的钢就奥氏体不锈钢，所以对于奥氏体不锈钢的焊接的研究已经越来越迫在眉睫。我做这篇论文就是从手工电弧焊方面来研究奥氏体不锈钢的焊接。主要从材料的力学性能化学成分，和通过焊接性的分析来讨论奥氏体不锈钢的焊接性能。最能直观表现奥氏体不锈钢焊接性能的就是焊接工艺知道书，我们通过焊接工艺指导书的编制来反应奥氏体不锈钢的焊接性能。课题背景由于奥氏体不锈钢的特殊的焊接性能，在现代社会中越来越多的地方使用到这种钢，现在奥氏体不锈钢也是我们发展研究的一个方向。未来的时间里对奥氏体不锈钢的开发研究也越来越引起专家们的注意，我们对奥氏体不锈钢焊接的了解也应该越来越重视。焊接奥氏体不锈钢的方法有很多，国内在中厚板奥氏体不锈钢的焊接中，主要采用埋弧焊（SAW）。手工电弧焊由于其操作灵活、方便，设备投资少，因而被广泛用于奥氏体不锈钢结构的生产中这也是一种典型的、传统焊接方法。在手工电弧焊中起关键作用的不锈钢焊条经过我国焊接工作者多年努力，已取得了如下进展：⑴ 品种 基本上覆盖了各种常规不锈钢钢种，如308、316、309、347、317等等，通常包括酸性、碱性两个渣系。对于超低C不锈钢焊条，如308L、316L、309L国内也能生产，所以从品种上基本可满足工业部门的使用。⑵ 质量 对于常规不锈钢焊条而言，从不锈钢焊条的发红、电弧稳定性、飞溅大小、焊缝成型、颜色、波纹细腻程度、全位置焊接适应性、焊工施焊的舒适性、焊接力学性能、抗腐蚀性等方面，国产不锈钢焊条质量参差不齐。但基本可以满足国内用户的要求。对于一些特殊品种如310MoL、347L、309L仍有许多工厂愿意使用进口焊材。这也表明我国整体不锈钢焊条的工艺质量与国外还有差距，在一些特殊品种上差距较大。不锈钢埋弧焊大多使用在不锈钢筒体的环缝和纵缝。通常是开X型坡口，先焊内焊缝，然后反面砂轮打磨（甚至气刨）。随后焊正面，现行工艺是标准中要求和认可的。存在问题有：① 对母材损伤较大，对腐蚀性能不利、影响美观。② 埋弧不锈钢焊丝品种少，质量较差，配用的260和431、350焊剂，往往使焊后缝残留有横向熔渣。焊工需要用砂轮打磨。③ 因而不锈钢埋弧焊接效率低、成本高、质量粗糙。（3）、CO2不锈钢药芯焊丝电弧焊采用CO2气保护不锈钢药芯焊丝焊接不锈钢是近二三十年的事。该方法使用常规CO2焊机或MIG焊机，采用100%CO2或80%Ar+20%O2作为保护气体，和普通结构钢实心焊丝焊接相似，即可得到美观的焊缝。在3种方法中，CO2保护不锈钢药芯焊丝有取代前两种焊接方法的趋势。这三种焊接方法的对比，见表1。不锈钢手工电弧焊、MIG实心焊丝和CO2气保护不锈钢药芯焊丝电弧焊的对比对比项目 不锈钢手工电弧焊 MIG实心焊丝 CO2不锈钢药芯焊丝效率 低 高 高成本 高 较高 低操作工艺性 好 较高 好焊缝美观 好 较高 好焊缝性能 好 好 好全位置适应性 好 一般 好焊丝品种 多 少 多对焊工技术要求 较多 高 一般从上面的数据分析手工电弧焊接将会渐渐被CO2气体保护焊接所替代，但是目前这个阶段手工电弧焊接应用还是很普遍的！奥氏体不锈钢已具备建筑、化工设备材料所要求的许多理想性能，它在金属中可以说是独一无二的，而其发展仍在继续。为使不锈钢在传统的应用中性能更好，一直在改进现有的类型，而且，为了满足高级建筑应用的严格要求，正在开发新的不锈钢。由于生产效率不断提高，质量不断改进，不锈钢已成为建筑师们选择的最具有成本效益的材料之一。上面的分析可以看出目前不锈钢的焊接性是很好的，使用也是越来越广泛的。对于这种不锈钢的焊接技术也越来越成熟起来，但在目前这个阶段我们应用最广泛的还是手工电弧焊。在这样的背景下我选择做这样的课题，既有利于了解目前0Cr18Ni9焊接，又有利于了解0Cr18Ni9焊接的发展方向。OCr18Ni的焊接性分析 对于什么是焊接性，GB/T3375-94《焊接术语》中注明：“材料在限定的施工条件下，焊接成按规定设计要求的构件，并满足预定服役要求的能力”。它包括两方面的内容：其一是焊成的构件符合设计要求；其二是满足预定的使用条件，能够安全运行。 根据讨论问题的着眼点不同，焊接性可分为：（1） 工艺焊接性（2） 使用焊接性影响焊接性的因素主要有以下几点：（1） 材料因素（2） 焊接方法（3） 构件类型（4） 使用要求 金属的焊接性与材料成分、焊接方法、构件类型、使用要求都有密切的关系，所以不应脱离这些因素而单纯的从材料本身的性能来评价焊接性。从上述分析可以看出，很难找出一项技术指标可以概括焊接性，只有通过综合多方面的因素才能分析焊接性问题。 分析金属的焊接性我们在不要求做非常准确的情况下我们可以根据碳当量、材料的化学性能、材料的物理性能来判断，如果要求需要很准确的话我们可以通过焊接性试验来判定。0cr18ni9的焊接性能我们就从这方面来判定：1、0Cr18Ni9的焊接要求 1）0Cr18Ni9属于奥氏体不锈钢，其组织为奥氏体（A)加3-5 ％铁素体（F ）。它具有良好的塑性和高温、低温性能。它在焊接热循环的作用下，主要显示出以下基本要求： ① 焊接过程中采用小的线能量输入，减小热影响区范围，加快焊缝及热影响区的冷却速度对不锈钢的焊接是有益的。 ② 用0Cr18Ni9焊接时导热系数小，存在过热区，也容易造成热影响区的晶粒长大。焊缝高温停留时间过长，在高温状态下Cr和C形成化合物，在高温区就形成了贫铬层，也会导致焊缝的枝晶倾向加剧。因此要求尽量选择线能觉输入较小的焊接方法。 ③ 由于导热系数小而线膨胀系数大，自由焊态下焊接易产生较大的变形，选用能量集中，热影响区窄的焊接方法能在一定程度上减少焊接变形。 2）0cr18ni9的含碳量很小，在加上它属于高合金钢碳当量法对它焊接性能的估算是不怎么准确的。因此我们不用碳当量对它的焊接性进行分析。 3） 0cr18ni9属于奥氏体不锈钢，这类钢有具有交高的变形能力并不可淬硬，而且它的含碳量又很底，所以总的来说焊接性还是不错的。但是由于热导率低，热膨胀系数大，局部加热时温度分布不均匀，收缩量大等都将使接头在焊接过程中产生交大的内应力。在焊接的时候应该注意这方面的问题，焊接时尽量避免或减少这种受热不均显现的发生，焊接的速度也应该适当的快点。 上面我们已经从它的化学成分和物理性能对0cr18ni9的焊接性能进行了分析，但是根据这些判断出的焊接性是不够准确的，我们需要准确的判断它的焊接性我们就必须通过焊接性试验来完成。焊接性的试验是很多的，我在这里就用斜Y型坡口焊接裂纹试验方法。板材的规格是6×150×200mm焊接方法是手工电弧焊焊材型号A132，规格¢坡口形式是斜Y型焊接参数是电流：90-120A，电压20-24V，速度15-20cm/min斜Y型坡口裂纹试验图如下：焊完的试件需要经过48H时效后再作裂纹的检测和解剖。裂纹可以分为表面裂纹、跟部裂纹、断面裂纹三种形式。首先用放大镜目测或莹光粉检查焊缝表面裂纹，然后用机械方法切开六个等长度横向试片，检查五个片面上的裂纹情况。一般用裂纹率作为评定标准。根部裂纹率=∑LR/L×100％表面裂纹率=∑Lf/L×100％端面裂纹率=∑h/5H×100％试验焊缝的总长度是80mm而我们焊接裂纹的总长度通过试验测得为试件的裂纹率小于20％因此在实际生产中如果按要求来做的话是不会产生裂纹的，此种钢的焊接性能还是可以的。综上所述0cr18ni9钢是具有良好的焊接性能的，在生产中按标准来做的话是应该可以生产出合格的产品，它的使用性能还是可以的。0Cr18Ni9的焊接工艺表Ⅰ-1焊接工艺评定指导书（任务书）编 制 指导书编号 HJ0511-29审 核 评定理由 批 准 完成日期 评 定 标 准 JB4708-2000 验收机关 母 材 厚度 , mm 尺寸,mm 接头形式简图0Cr18Ni9 6mm 6*150*300 0Cr18Ni9 6mm 6*150*300 焊 接 位 置 1G 焊接方向 右焊法 保 护 气 体 / 层间温度 / 预 热 / 机械化程度 手工焊 焊后热处理 / 后 热 处 理 / 衬垫材料/规格 / 清 根 方 法 / 层道 焊接方法 焊材型号/牌号 焊材规格 电流种类及极性 电流(A) 电压(V) 焊接速度(cm/min) 热输入（kJ/cm） 钨极直径 喷嘴直径1 SMAW A102 反接 90-110 15~18 / /2 SMAW A102 反接 100-120 20~22 18~20 / /检验项目、评定指标及试样数量检 验 项 目 检验标准 评定指标 检验项目 检验标准 评定指标 试样数量外观检查 GB150 JB4708 拉伸试验 GB/T228 JB4708 2无损检测 射线(RT) JB4730 JB4708 弯曲试验 面弯 GB/T232 JB4708 2 超声(UT) / / 背弯 JB4708 2 渗透(PT) / / 侧弯 / / 磁粉(MT) / / 冲击试验 焊缝 GB/T229 JB4708 /焊缝化学成分 / / 热影响区 JB4708 /金相 宏观 / / 腐蚀试验 / / / 微观 / / 硬度检验 / / /焊接工艺评定指导书编号：HJ0511-29名称：板厚为6mm的0Cr18Ni9钢板手工电弧焊的焊接工艺评定（拉伸） 编制： 审核： 批准： 表Ⅰ-2焊 接 工 艺 评 定 指 导 书单位名称 常州博朗低温有限公司 焊接工艺指导书编号 HJ0511-29 日期 焊接工艺评定报告编号 HJ0511-29-1 焊接方法 焊条电弧焊 机械化程度（手工、半自动、自动） 手动 焊接接头：坡口形式 带钝边的V型 衬垫（材料及规格） / 其它 / 简图：（接头形式、坡口形式与尺寸焊条、焊道布置及顺序）母材：类别号 VII 组别号 VII-1 与类别号 VII 组别号VII-1 相焊及标准号 / 钢 号 / 与标准号 / 钢 号 / 相焊厚度范围： 母材：对接焊缝 角焊缝 不限 管子直径、壁厚范围：对接焊缝 角焊缝 不限 焊缝金属厚度范围： 对接焊缝 《12 角焊缝 不限 其它： 焊接材料：焊材类别 焊条 焊材标准 GB/T983 填充金属尺寸 焊材型号 E307-16 焊材牌号 A132 其 他 / 耐蚀堆焊金属化学成分（%）C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo V Ti Nb

因为字数超过一万字了 所以中文里稍微删减了一点 反正你是写英文的对吧 只看下面英文就行了关于磁电选矿相关应用的论文根据矿石中不同矿物的物理、化学性质，把矿石破碎磨细以后，采用重选法、浮选法、磁选法、电选法等，将有用矿物与脉石矿物分开，并使各种共生的有用矿物尽可能相互分离，除去或降低有害杂质，以获得冶炼或其他工业所需原料的过程。关于磁选设备的进展，已有若别，在物料中加选矿使有用组分富集，减少冶炼或其他加工过程中的燃料、运输等的消耗，使低品位的贫矿石能得到经济利用。选矿试验所得数据，是矿床评价及建厂设计的主要依据。从脉石中有时从其他矿物中分选出金属矿物或有价值的别种矿物的机械加工方法.With regard to the application of magnetic beneficiation related papersAccording to the different mineral ores physical, chemical nature of the ore broken ground, the use of re-election law, flotation, magnetic separation method, electricity election law, will be useful minerals and gangue mineral separately, and a variety of symbiotic useful minerals as far as possible, separate, remove or reduce harmful impurities in order to obtain smelting or other industrial raw materials needed to process. With regard to the progress of magnetic separation equipment, are already a number of specialized assessmentReference 〔 'a 41, here only collected on a magnetic separation and informationComprehensive weak magnetic characteristics of the progress of low intensity magnetic separation is to useHigh-performance chin iron boron magnets to create a higher field-strength magnetic drumElection machine, drum magnetic separator and pre-selection of large chunk magnetiteStone, the development is conducive to improve the concentrate grade of weak magnetic iron boron magnets (Nd: Fel knife) is the largest energy product can beTatsu "(T A / m), about drilling alloy shirt(SmCo.) Maximum energy product ( "T A / m) ofz-fold [51, silver ferrite (,) the largest energy product( A / m) 10 times. Therefore, the use ofChin-Fe-B Magnetic Separator line easy to raise the field strength and , for example, with hinge rod iron boron permanent magnet developed 'Permos'Drum magnetic separator magnetic induction of up to ~ can be used wet-dry election or an election can also be more idealStrong magnetic separator used to remove material to a strong magnetic materialQuality 〔6 '. British Boxmag - Rapid Rail Limited with hingeBoron magnets developed 'Magnadrum' Drum SeparatorMagnetic field up to ~ , for sorting industrial mineralsAnd abrasive powder 〔 'J. As equipment such as large-scale examples, IState Institute of Ma On Shan mine CTDG1210 following the development of largeDiameter magnetic separator, he developed a greater CTDGIS16 typeDiameter of the magnetic separator [3], the use of money-Fe-B magnetic system, cylinder surface-pingBoth the magnetic field up to , for sorting large magnetiteShek. Anshan Black Design and Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Shandong Zhang家洼cooperation in the development of iron ore a price 1400mmx1600mm electromagnetic water-cooled magnetic pulley 【.〕, the average magnetic field for the cylinder , handling capacity up to 200t / h, used for pre-selectionOne of the magnetite 350mm stone, eight months from the original 667,000 tExcluding iron ore of the 75,000 t tailings, a total increaseEconomic benefits of 534,200 yuan. In order to improve the sorting equipmentThe effect of the comprehensive utilization of mineral emei Institute conventional magnetic separationTrough improve magnetic 〔a re-election machine,〕 its groove from the upper body coneCylindrical-shaped change, permanent magnetic ferrite by the lower part of Round TowerShape changed to the upper part of the overall magnetic lines scattered formation of multi-storey circular magnetic system,Field strength distribution of 12 ~ 0kA / m, and equipped with the concentration of self -Control system can be sub-constituency pulp concentration of control in 30% ~Between 35 percent, the device in the application of Shougang Qian'an Iron effectFruit is: with the improvement of processes, improved sorting tabletsDegrees, with the previous fine sieve fine grinding process compared to that in millCapacity, concentrate grade and iron recovery under the same conditions,Increased the production capacity of . This equipment has been developedFor the price 300,600,1500,1800,2500 mm SeriesProducts. In order to improve the concentrate grade, Beijing Mining and Metallurgical Research totalHospital developed a Bk a drum magnetic field more than 1021〔Kawasaki machine. It adopted a very open 7 magnetic lines and downstream type electionBox, fill in the election together with me in Central and exclusive premium coarse tailings,Feeder terminal located in the overflow weir and exclusive fine-grained tailings, so that shipped with the tubeLine of magnetic material has always been the reverse flow of cleanAchieve the purpose of concentrate grade. The aircraft in Nanfen Iron MineConcentrator industrial test results show that with the price 105Ommx21OOmm half compared to current-type magnetic separator, a high concentrate percent, sorting efficiency , while the magnetic iron backLow yield of only is worth noting that the former Soviet Union to study electrochemicalLaw regulating the process of strengthening the magnetic 'Kawasaki. Research in the laboratory doSet of refractory ores and oxide ores, the first paragraph of the low intensity magnetic separationBefore using the electrode of the role of the most promising, concentrate grade will be provided ~ 1,4%, iron recovery rate of percent raise, , Weak magnetic separation tailings in strong magnetic regulated before, ironAnd improve the recovery rate of l%, . Easy selection of ore,Polarization effect, the first and the second paragraph of the magnetic iron recoveryRates were increased by only , and ~ 2Called. It is believed that the effect is due to the different nature of the ore, magneticOf different intensity and mineral composition. Also as a result of ore oxygenSubstances fixed potential value and exchange current value and restore the cathodeResponse to the current limit of different Strong magnetic strong magnetic equipment were limited mainly toPermanent magnet and electromagnetic roller or belt strong magnetic separator. BritainRapid Ltd. BOxmag with a hinge iron boron permanent magnet systemCreating a 'Magnaroll' Roll Magnetic Separator [ '〕, including the roll diameterGong Gong 75mm and 100mm in two specifications, respectively, for the OfficeThe rationale for fine-grained and coarse-grained materials. It is expected to pass an area of the magnetic fieldOften for the ~ , and loop generated by the high gradient,Sorting performance roller magnetic induction machine is superior, the typical applicationIncluding the purification of silica sand and feldspar, improve the quality and Tao AndalusiteFine porcelain material dry iron. The former Soviet Union developed a rotating magneticField Separator roller 〔 ',,, also known as electric sorting device. TheMain loser is expected by the belt and with the following configuration and with parallelConstitute a permanent magnet roll. Magnetic roller by the permanent magnet composed of three parts, inPermanent magnet poles of the Ministry of Law and roll to the vertical axis, before and after the permanent magnetBody of law to the magnetic axis and roll into a 45 "angle, forming the same levelFace in three directions of the magnetic field, magnetic field for the roll surface . PointsElectoral principle is the use of non-magnetic conductive particles in rotating magnetic rollerRotating magnetic field generated by the driving force for transforming the role of pay and non-derivativeXinhua particle separation of aircraft being used for non-ferrous metal processing residue fromRecovery of scrap and waste aluminum, copper and other metal particles, conductor productionPurity and recovery of goods are up more than 94 percent. China's MaHill Mining Research Institute, following the development of Cs-1-type roller magnetic separatorAfter the development of a Cs-2 electromagnetic induction strong magnetic rollerMachine 〔''], the roll diameter and effective length of 380mm were smartAnd 1468mm, parallel twin-roll configuration, with a total of four sub-election,Magnetic field can be between ~ regulation, excitation, ChuanActin and were air-cooled power , 13xZkw justice Zkw. The aircraft used in Meishan Iron sorting 12 ~Chek Ling ZMM one of the indicators of iron ore is iron , the concentrate grade and recoveries and , a single-year cost-effective equipmentFor 630,000 yuan. With different roller magnetic separator. Ferromagnetism with teethBoard or the ball wet media as a result of strong magnetic separator structure is complicated,High cost, coupled with the type of large development remains is to promoteApplications and improve and perfect. SHP a strong magnetic separator 2000In Qidashan Iron Ore has been applied 〔'' ', SQC-6 -2770-type strong magnetic separator in Masteel satisfied people Gushan Iron Mine production flowCheng, Gong-1500 Shuangli Central strong magnetic separator further in Kunming SteelBy the popularization and application of 〔'5] SHP-keung, a 3200-type magnetic separatorThe improvements include 〔'']: magnetic angle from 83 "to 70., MagnetizingCoil replaced by the air-cooled, such as oil-cooling. Rather meaningful is that QueenslandSteel plate medium level of tooth ring magnetic separator and the ball vertical ring magnetic mediaMachine with the same test sample were compared [1 '〕, the results of tableThat the tooth plate flat ring of iron concentrate grade and recoveries wereAbout 4% and 8%, but the vertical ring-type magnetic properties as a result of the reverse flushingMaterial, which is not easy to plug for the screening, the following rough, rinse waterPressure and lack of strict water quality requirements, more reliable HGMS in the magnetic field of high gradient magneticStudy of the election is still occupies an important position, and made significant JinExhibition. Svoboda described a new type of high gradient magnetic separatorI''〕 plane, the aircraft using short-term water-cooled magnetic coil system, the magnetic field , input power 110kw, from South Africa University of theWitwatersrand gold and uranium tailings recovery, capacity 30t / h. FormerThe Soviet Union the new joint company克里沃罗格selection and black metalBeneficiation Research Institute developed a 600-type 3KM small magneticSorting machine 〔 'Lu'. Kai loaded aircraft using electromagnetic magnetic lines and mesh135 ~ x51 ~ punching screen for sorting media magnetic induction for the , processing capacity of up to 30Ot / h, forEnterovirus 95 to deal with a fineness of magic. N edge of the iron oxide stoneRock. Copper-rich Zambia's high gradient magnetic separator toTo the attention recently with the background magnetic field , sorting cans footInch 23mmx32mmx104mm (effective volume 42ml,Filling 5% 50 ~ 10, that is, steel wool m high horizontal magnetic field gradientMagnetic devices, to 5 ~ 38 al m ore of copper concentrate and madeExperimental research on t ',', in the feed flow rate of 7cm / s and cleaning velocity14cm / s under the conditions of separation twice before a magnetic productsChalcopyrite and bornite content from 72 to 86 percent called backThe yield was 82%; after a magnetic products, copper contentFrom 16%.Increased to 44 percent, and the recovery was 72 enterovirus. In China,HGMS who has been cross-industrial applications period, workers from China and South AfricaIndustry, universities and Ganzhou, Jiangxi Institute of cooperation in the development of nonferrous metallurgyThe SLON a 1000 vertical ring pulsating high gradient magnetic separator has beenThe development of a r500 type SLON 〔 '. ', Its diameter by sorting1ooomm to 150omm, mail handling capacity t / h to30t / h, and structural improvements, performance has increased, the firstTaiwan SLON a 1500-type magnetic separator installed in 1989 regardlessMountain iron ore, to deal with slime and strong magnetic separation tailings, such as fine-grained RefractoryMixed materials, the original estimated annual economic benefit is million yuan'''',Inter reached million yuan. Passed technical appraisal in 1990 afterThe mine has ordered a 1500-type SLON a pulsating high ladderSeparator degrees. The past two years, also iron ore and copper GongchanglingCopper applications were recorded in the five and a one SLON1500 vertical ring pulsating high gradient magnetic separator. On the pulse of high-OssetiaMagnetic principle degrees were also made to further explore 〔 "]. Zhongnan EngineeringIndustry University of Pangushan Tungsten fine mud of pulsating high gradient magnetic separator testA post-mortem studies also received a good indicator of 'Chuan: containing the fine mud at the right time under the conditions of separation, to be with WO3Volume of percent and percent recovery rate of Scheelite; and non -Pulsating high gradient magnetic separator compared to the high concentrate grade recovery rate was only percent lower. By the Central South University and aldehyde hillsMunicipal Science and Technology Development Center, developed in cooperation CL Kazunori 500mmVibration cycle high gradient magnetic separator''〔 "to fill China's highRidge soil HGMS blank. It's tank tracks and well-differentiatedDo not for 500mm and 300mm, the magnetic field up to ZT, power consumptionAbout 220kw, handling about Zt / h. Industrial tests showed thatIt's exciting and good cooling performance, can effectively remove highRidge soil micro-paramagnetic iron particles, a significant increase in high -Ridge soil and into a white porcelain, can produce better economic and the high gradient magnetic separation theory, since 1973Watson made a number of magnetic particle collector concept 〔25 'have beenEstablished a fairly complete theory of magnetic collector. Recently,Svoboda, who according to the energy point of view to explore the high gradientNew theory of magnetic collector 〔26]. In his view, the paramagnetic particles inHigh gradient magnetic field and magnetic wire trap with a collision withSome of the overall role in a London for the role of van der Waals energy, double -Layer energy, with an average energy and shear stress on the particles ZuogongAnd of and derived by medium particle collector wire radius(Limited to particle size) and particle magnetization coefficient, strong magnetic fieldDegrees, medium wire magnetization and radius, fluid velocity and densityDegrees and the viscous coefficient of the superconducting magnetic superconducting magnetic separation has been into the large-scale chemicalIndustry application period. Eriez Magnetic company, following the United States in 1986Will be re-25 leaves, a diameter of 2134mm Tank superconducting magnetic separatorJ. M. Huber Corporation for kaolin processing plant purification of high -Ling soil after less than a year, the same company also ordered aRe-250t, the diameter of 3048 blade n Magic a similar superconducting high gradientSeparator 〔Sichuan, when the aircraft is being created, he orderedThird such equipment, according to plan was the first quarter of 1990Degrees installation operation. This is the world's largest superconducting magnetic separationMachines, superconducting magnet with a Nb叭Wirewound system, liquid helium coolingTo a 269 ℃, only the beginning of each cycle supply excitationCurrent, in 60 seconds, zero magnetic field can be increased to ZT, RanAfter having been able to maintain foreign to ZT magnetic field, weeks at the end of clearanceClosed, the magnets' return 'of power is about to start when the' through to 'Half power. The cost of superconducting magnetic than ordinary high gradient magneticSlightly more elections, the second piece of equipment production costs than the firstTaiwan slightly more. Germany KHD Humboldt has韦达格Will be a superconducting Descos sold Drum Separator TurkeyIts 〔:'3, used to a weak magnetic serpentine gangue and magnesiumMineral separation, ore particle size of 100 ~ 4 magic n magic. , Containing about 510220%, FeZ034 intestines, including stem-election once was 510: And Fe: O, of magnesite concentrate rough. AircraftSpecifications for the price 120OmmxI500mm, the magnetic field up to , the handling capacity of 10 belly / h, power consumption is about h / t,Is one of the world's first for the coarse-grained superconducting magnetic separationMachine. Now expect the 'high temperature' superconductors to develop third-generation super -Magnetic sorting machine "' electric electionKelly and Spottiswood three papers with a comprehensiveReview of the theory of separation. The first review of the basis of principle,Including electrostatics; particle characteristics, namely, particle conductivity(Band theory, electron capture and other forms of electrical conductivity),The surface of semiconductor electronics in nature: particles or metal contactsThe equivalent circuit, fluid particle motion. The second assessmentDescribes the measurement of electrical particles and particle charge mechanism. XinhuaElectric field measurement, including measurement, Dutch power measurement, contact chargeCumulative volume measurement and conductivity measurement. Dutch electrical particles rationale packageIncluding corona charging, induction charging, friction charge, charge rate,Coehn law. The third review of the practice of electrostatic beneficiation,Including electrostatic concentrator theoretical analysis (stress analysis), StaticXinhua concentrator analysis of the experience, equipment parameters, sorting circuit,Three papers related to the literature 95. Xinhua election on I:. Arts andThere are some theoretical research reports. Additives have been used abroadA large amount of friction method charge at KCI and NaCIFrom. The Act the use of KCI and NaCI friction charged the differenceDo not, in the amount of materials in adding additives. So that the mobileLayer belt during transport friction charged, and then sorting machineKCI in a concentrate, KCI up to 92% concentrate grade, recoveryRate of 50%. . Shalom and others discussed the non-allUniform electric field separation of the exchange of technology for liquid and gas media articlePieces under the sorting mechanism "in Sichuan, the establishment of electric field strength, the NetherlandsElectricity and Coulomb force and the ratio of inertial force of to make a useful component enrichment, reducing smelting or other processing of fuel, transport and so on consumption, so that the poor low-grade ore will be economic use. Beneficiation test of the data is the deposit rating and the main basis for plant the gangue minerals are sometimes separated from other selected metal minerals or other valuable minerals machining methods.

随便弄弄吧 我当然就是用翻译器翻的，然后自己改改，反正老师也看不懂，没特别明显的错误就好了，还要跟老师打好关系，会让你过的