校园足球文化可持续发展策略论文
【摘要】 在学校中进行足球文化的构建,对学生的体质素质和综合能力都有积极的影响。同时,构建校园足球文化不仅可以达到国家阳光体育号召的要求,还可以有效的将学生参加足球运动的激情激发出来,推动校园足球运动的可持续发展。本文分析了在校园足球运动可持续发展中,足球文化能够起到的作用,旨在为校园足球运动的发展进步提供理论参考。
【关键词】 足球文化;校园足球运动;可持续发展;策略
在校园足球运动的过程中,足球知识的学习以及和足球比赛当中所形成的各个层面的财富总和就是校园足球文化。在校园中构建和发展校园足球文化,可以促进学生对足球运动有更深层的了解,同时在最大程度上感受让学生感受足球的趣味,从而使学生有更多的兴趣投入到足球运动当中,同时也有效的培养了学生的体育精神,进而使学校的足球运动发展更加快速、稳定,对我国足球运动社会化的发展产生积极的影响。
一、校园足球文化发展的现状
校园足球文化主要是由足球知识、足球课程、足球竞技以及足球氛围组成的。但是由于我国教育体制以及教育观念的限制和阻碍,校园足球课程得不到重视,教学内容也比较单一,考核制度及内容不规范;足球竞技也得不到有质量有规律的开展。从而导致学生在足球学习的过程中无法将自己的主体与潜能充分的发挥出来,无法真正感受足球的乐趣,体会足球运动的魅力。1.没有有效的使用足球运动基础设施。从目前足球运动发展的情况来看,校园足球运动在很大的程度上受校园足球文化的影响与制约。特别是最近几年我国足球运动在世界比赛中的连连失利也对校园足球运动的发展产生严重的影响。在城市中,各类学校都拥有足球场地,但是真正利用足球场地开展足球竞赛的学校却很少,从而就可以知道学校的足球课程教学质量,严重的阻碍了足球文化的发展。2.校园没有良好的足球文化发展环境。在校园教学课程安排中,最基础课程包括足球课程,但是与其他专业学科的文化课程相比,足球课程明显处于弱势。这样就会导致足球运动活动开展的平台有限;其次,学生的大部分的课余时间都被专业文化课占用,这样就致使学生对足球的认识和了解没有更深的层次,进而对足球运动的参与兴趣就更少。
二、校园足球文化构建的重要性
1.使学生对足球知识更加了解,激发更多的参与热情。在学校中构建足球文化,有利于提高学生的身体素质和综合能力。在校园各项运动中,足球运动是学生较为热爱的运动之一,加强对校园足球运动的开展力度,不仅可以激发学生对足球运动的参与热情,还可以有效额锻炼学生的身体素质,并且在操场上自由奔跑的过程中释放自己的情绪,感受足球给身心所带来的极大的乐趣。学校可以通过增加足球比赛的次数,来实现校园足球文化的构建,同时还可以以足球为核心内容的各种演讲比赛或者文艺活动等,有效的将校园足球文化传播形式以及文化活动丰富起来,使更多的同学对足球知识和足球运动有更深层次的.了解和认识。2.将校园足球文化的氛围更好的营造出来。学生是不仅是学校的主体也是校园文化的主体,有效的构建校园足球文化可以激发更多学生参与足球运动的热情和积极性,在参加足球运动的过程中,一方面可以将学生的体质素质进行有效的提高,另一方面还可以将校园足球文化氛围更好的营造出来,对国家提倡的阳光体育的号召进行积极地响应,更好的促进学校足球运动的发展。3.大量培养足球人才,促进足球运动的可持续发展。目前,我国主要是从体校足球专业或者是足球专业队或者当中进行对足球储备人员的选拔,但是这种选拔模式存在一定的局限性。在校园中构建足球文化,可以加强更多学生对足球运动和足球知识的了解和认识,从而促进更多的学生积极主动的参加足球运动活动,使校园足球运动得到更多的发展,同时有效的解除半封闭式或全封闭式足球训练给学生所带来的较大的压力,让更多的学生在课余时间参加足球运动,全身心的体会足球的乐趣,使学生在学习当中所产生的精神压力可以有效的缓解,同时也可以扩大国家对足球运动储备人员的选拔范围,使我国竞技类的足球运动形成良性循环,有效促进我国足球运动长期稳定的发展。
三、校园足球可持续发展的策略
1.在校园中树立足球文化理念,有序的开展足球运动。在足球文化发展的过程中,要将相关规章制度进行完善并落实,给校园足球运动的开展提高有效的保障。首先,学校对构建足球文化的力度要不断加大,让学生的成长和发展与足球运动结合起来,在校园文化构建的过程中让足球文化成为一个重要的组成部分。学校可以结合学生的实际情况不断完善各项规定,使每一位学生都能对足球有更好的了解,并对足球运动产生喜爱。其次,学校要加大对足球场地的建设力度,给学生提供更好的场地进行足球运动,对更多学生在足球运动中的身体安全进行有效的保障,丰富校园文化活动。同时在这浓厚的足球文化氛围当中,可以促使更多的学生热爱足球,参与都足球运动当中。此外,学校要加大与其他学校联合组织并开展各种足球比赛活动的力度,在足球比赛的过程中,一方面对本校学生的足球技能水平进行有效的检验,另一方面还能对其他学校优秀的足球运动技能进行有效的学习,促进本校学生足球运动技能的学校,使其技能水平进一步提高。在足球比赛的过程中,可以有效的培养学生团结协作的意志品质,展现校园足球文化的价值,使学校足球运动得到更有效、更长久、更稳定的发展。2.积极组织校园足球文化活动的开展,使学生的足球综合技能水平得到有效提高。学校要对国家提出的阳光体育运动的号召积极响应,并将本校的特点和学生的实际情况与足球文化活动结合起来,对校园足球运动的思想要坚持正确的传输,并加强对学生足球知识的指导,促进每一位学生对足球知识以及足球运动有更多的认识,从而度足球产生浓厚的兴趣并且积极的投身于足球运动活动当中,将校园足球文化的氛围营造的更加浓厚,对于学生足球技能水平的提高有极大的影响。例如,学校对足球文化活动可以定期举行,举行活动的形式可以是足球竞技类的比赛,也可以是文艺类的活动。在足球文艺类活动开展的过程中,可以举办科普足球知识的活动也可以举办足球知识抢答的活动。在宣传足球知识的过程中可以借助多种信息技术手段,如校园广播、多媒体等等。同时,在体育教学的过程中,教师可以加大对足球知识的讲解力度,从而促进学生深层次、全面的了解认识足球知识,并对足球运动产生浓厚的参与兴趣,感受足球给身心所带来的极大的乐趣。除此之外,还可以将专业的足球教练聘请到学校,更加专业的指导学生的足球运动技巧,进一步将学生的足球运动技巧进行有效的提高并使其足球技能水平更加专业化。教练可以更多的挖掘对足球有强烈的兴趣和球商较好的学生,然后着重培养这些学生,使校园足球文化得到更好的构建,让校园各个角落都充满足球的气息,将更多学生的足球兴趣以及足球运动参与兴趣激发出来,使学校足球运动得到更有效、更长久、更稳定的发展。3.加强对足球外显文化的重视,营造良好的校园足球文化氛围。外显文化在学校文化建设当中的作用是十分重要的,它影响着学生思想文化的形成。因此,构建校园足球文化的时候,要注重对足球外显文化的设计,使学生对足球运动以及足球知识有更多的了解,对足球运动产生更多的兴趣以及参与热情,对足球运动活动可以积极主动的参与到其中。例如,体育教师可以组织学生以班级为单位开展和参加足球运动比赛,在残疾比赛的时候各班都要想一个新颖的口号,从而加强足球运动活动的开展氛围。其次,在构建校园足球文化的时候,可以将相关的国内外的足球名将的海报张贴在公示栏,如李韦峰、C罗纳尔多等等,然后在旁边贴上相关的足球知识,从而使校园中的每一个角落都充满足球文化的气息,有效的促进校园足球运动以及社会化足球运动的可持续发展。综上所述,校园足球文化对我国足球事业的发展具有积极的影响,因此学校要根据自身的特点以及实际情况,首先要做到的就是树立正确的足球观念,这样才能保障足球运动的顺利开展,促使足球文化在校园中充分展现,最终实现学生足球技能的提高。在校园足球文化构建的过程中要加强外显文化的设计的力度,有效的营造学校的足球氛围,使我国社会化足球运动以及校园足球运动得到可持续发展。
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半夜一点,在随身小纸片上写下这些文字,只因为我爱足球。爱足球不需要任何理由。尽管我分不清前锋与中位,叫不出每一支球队的名字。 足球就两个字——热血。日韩交锋,总能让人兴奋不已。在这特殊的战场上,我看到了一群视足球比生命还重要的人类。他们激情飞扬。有多少话语都化做呐喊,足球此刻便没有了国界,因为,足球就是生命!看那些队员在场上拼杀,会止不住激动落泪,只有足球,才能给人如此强烈的生命的震撼! 爱足球,不需要任何理由。尽管我是女生,尽管我分不清南美与欧洲的球风。 阿根廷,智利,巴西……哪一个不是足球王国?上到老人,下到幼童,足球都是他们的伙伴。 我爱巴乔,他是足球的英雄;我爱罗纳尔多,爱他对足球的投入甚至那可爱的龅牙;我爱欧文,爱他的敬业球德;我爱小贝,爱他的英俊潇洒更爱他球场上的叱诧风云。 爱足球,不需要任何理由。尽管中国足球一次次令球迷失望。 我相信,足球迟早会代替乒乓球成为我们的国球。我始终坚信,迟早有一天,足球也会成为全民运动带领我们向前走。 我相信,没有人能拒绝足球的热力激扬,那阳光下草地青葱,当足球有了灵魂,这便是生命,这便是足球! 足球这最具魅力的运动将绽放在神州! 我看中国足球: 外行看热闹,我就说说“热闹“话。看球不能没反思,于是我们小组的几个同志得出以下结论: 1.话说“一个国家的男足水平代表一个国家的素质“,恩,中国男足责任重大,加把劲。而中国教育厅责任更加重大,“素质“如何,全民的才是真正的。 2.中国球迷欠组织性与纪律性,且容易“叛国“。球迷们且慢发火,这球赛不说,球迷在赛时没有足够坚定的意志,离终场还有一段时间就开始痛哭……我们应向邻邦韩国学习,不到比赛终结,球迷都是一副坚定的表情喊“必胜“。作为中国人,我们有责任相信我们的球队,不论胜败都应给他们有利的支持! 由此所反映出的社会意识问题便是——民众原则性不够强,太易妥协。中国加入WTO,WTO也在侵蚀中国,倘若我们原则性不够强,中国在经贸领域的活力与持久力就会大打折扣。比如东北一牙签厂私自将每吨牙签降价100美元这件事所造成的严重后果便是“私利当前,原则靠边“的典型例子。以此为戒,民众原则性有待加强。 3.球员踢球不能很好进入状态。 这确实是个很严重的问题。 球场上没有足够热情与拼命的劲头,技术又如何?气势便差人一截。一日我那小妹问“为什么他们都没别人猛啊?“作为中国队绝对拥护者,我我无言以对。是啊,为什么,我们没有别人拼命的劲头?中国足球太需要生命燃烧的激情!精神上先输,兵家大忌。 而民众的生活状态也与此相似——生活态度不够硬朗,挣扎在颓废与平庸的边缘。人可以平凡但不可以平庸,没有热情的生命会象没有热情的足球一样平淡无味。我们需要热爱,需要激情。 4.普通民众无法充分认识到足球的重要性,国家对足球的重视程度有待提高。 足球可以带动我国出口贸易额的增长,你信吗?中国足球强大了,中国会差到哪里去?足球是我国体育项目中的弱项,尽管有乒乓球,排球,跳水,花样溜冰等为我们争光,但它们的号召力远不及足球。我是说,在世界范围内的号召力。 中国足球在未来几年中可谓商机无限。 看在足球对全世界号召力如此大的份上,国家就给足球更充分的重视吧。怎么说它都会拉动几个经济增长点吧…… 不看僧面看佛面对不?
有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide scale. It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere). Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West Indies. The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home nations. Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official language. English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK population. However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous languages. In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish Gaelic. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall respectively. Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign Language. The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the isles. The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th century. Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern Ireland. Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated elites. After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the isles. English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy today. Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and drama. From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the world. The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745). After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from Scotland. The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary production. In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord Byron. The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the trench. The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British literature. The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and Scots. The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant writers. It remains today the dominant English literary form. Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and . Rowling. Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T. S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan Thomas. Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in England. The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in Scotland. The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920. The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and Buddhism. While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American citizens. A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3]. The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their parents. [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative cuisine. The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg". Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner table. Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire Hotpot. On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war years. Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an end. With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th century. During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients (. pasta) increasingly being offered by the supermarkets. The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and Spain. Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian diets. As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British emerged. This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national cuisine. The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national consciousness. In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the world. Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5]. With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks positive. [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland. Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and sixteen. Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of education. Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying schools. Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better known. Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school uniforms. This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational establishments. Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious beliefs. [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World War. Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools). Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive schools. Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education Authorities. Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic universities. These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British universities. Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in Scotland. Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class). [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the world. The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier League. The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in 1872. The match ended goalless. Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities. A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and curling. National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national costume. Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o'shanter. In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national costumes. Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English costume. Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family name. This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much later. Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an ancestor. Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became commonplace. Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural base. 英国式足球(Wall game)的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in England. The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or football. Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface underneath. The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter). The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the wall. Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the wall. A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the wall. The winner is the last person left tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight meters. Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is hit. The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit it. Failure to do so results in them being out. Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the ball. If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are out. The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits them. If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start again. Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would suggest. The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the wall. Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the wall. This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main game. 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the ball. '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the roof.
剖析足球全球化对世界足球运动的影响Analysis on the Impact of Globalization on Football叶佳春摘 要:全球化是近年来流行的一个概念,在政治、经济和文化领域的影响深远,特别是经济的全球化带动了其他各领域全球化的发展.本文从足球与社会、经济、管理体制等方面的相互影响以及足球的全球化趋势角度出发,着重分析和论述了足球全球化对世界足球运动所带来的机遇和挑战,并提出了认清全球化发展的趋势,处理好各种矛盾,科学地应对各种挑战,使足球运动更好地完善发展的观点.关键词:足球 ; 全球化 ; 世界足球运动分类号:G843 文献标识码:A文章编号:1004-4590(2005)03-0073-03作者单位:叶佳春(嘉应学院,体育系,梅州,514015)全球化是近年来流行的一个概念,在政治、经济和文化领域的影响深远,特别是经济的全球化带动了其他各领域全球化的发展。经济全球化是一个历史过程:一方面在世界范围内各国、各地区的经济相互交织、相互影响、相互融合成统一整体,即形成“全球统一市场”;另一方面在世界范围内建立了规范经济行为的全球规则,并以此为基础建立了经济运行的全球机制。足球运动的产业化就是一个很好的范例,从第一支职业足球俱乐部成立至今,足球运动已经成为一个数十亿美元的产业,足球与经济的联系也越来越紧密。经济全球化的不断发展,势必会更深入地影响到足球运动的未来,如何使足球的发展进入经济一体化的轨道,是一个值得研究的课题。2 足球全球化是足球运动发展的必然趋势所谓足球全球化,是指足球活动突破国家和地区的界限和局限,逐渐融为一体的漫长发展进程,也可以被称为全球足球一体化。这包括足球人才的全球化、职业俱乐部的全球化以及足球技战术的全球化等。由于收费电视的出现,波斯曼法规的产生和足球商业收入的不断增长,有力的推动了这项体育运动的发展,投资商和股市的参与,使这项运动走向一种新的发展轨道。 足球人才的全球化足球人才包括优秀的球员、教练员、经纪人等,其中起主导作用的是球员。球员作为一支球队的主体,现已不仅作为赢得比赛胜利的条件,而且已逐渐成为俱乐部经营的重要砝码。为了吸引球迷的目光和增加电视转播的收益,各俱乐部在引进球员上大费心思。如:96/97赛季英超花在购买球员的资金达1亿英镑,2001年法国球员齐达内转会费达到了新的纪录6440万美元。到2003年仅切尔西一家俱乐部就在购买球员上花费将近1亿英镑。球员所体现的不仅仅是在足球场上的价值,他们的商业价值也越来越受到各俱乐部的重视。在球员转会人数上,自从1995年波斯曼法实施以来,球员转会更加自由。1990~1996年英格兰有1350名球员转会,据巴西足球协会的最新统计数字表明,2001年巴西向国外输出职业足球运动员733名,创造了历史最高纪录。比2000年的前历史最高纪录增加了个百分点。2000年巴西共有701名足球运动员效力于国外俱乐部队。随着足球全球化的发展,亚洲球员也逐步走向世界,日本球员已涉及21个国家的职业足球联赛,加盟球队超过50支,加盟一线队的人数超过54人。中国从1978年至2003年也有16人转会欧洲俱乐部。在欧洲,德国外援球员占总数的,英格兰外援球员占总数的。这些数据表明,足球全球化的发展促进了各国优秀球员的广泛交流。而适时更换球员对于一个职业足球俱乐部生存和发展来说非常重要,只有通过不断的人员流动,优化组合,才能组建最理想,最强大的阵容,据意大利足协不完全统计,在意大利,球员的转会率每三年一个周期为75%-80%。在另一方面,俱乐部明星球员越多,与一个俱乐部竞赛成绩不成正比,但与俱乐部经济效益成正比的现象也随之产生。这是全球化带给世界足坛的鲜活特色。除了球员的全球化,教练员的交流也日益频繁。依靠外力提高本国水平,这已经是包括足球在内的体育领域的一大通行做法。足球落后的国家如此,强大的英格兰队也照方抓药,埃里克森是现代足球发源地英格兰的首任外籍主教练;日韩世界杯上,表现甚佳的塞内加尔队的主教练是法国人;中日韩三国都聘请了国际足坛知名的主教练。日本足球在他们的职业联赛开始之初就大量引进国外高水平的教练和球员,他们的本土球员也在尽量送出去,甚至不惜自己掏钱,正是这种自觉意识,10年间日本足球有了重大突破。希丁克的例子应该是最生动的,在他带领下,一群从未获得过世界杯赛一场胜利的韩国球员变成了战斗力极强而且纪律严明的勇士,这可以被看作是亚洲足球聘请外籍教练后球队产生巨变的最成功例子。我们有理由相信,优秀的外籍球员和教练员能够促进世界足球运动的全面发展,特别是对于足球不发达的国家。作为球员和教练员交流的中介者,足球经纪人这项职业也正在蓬勃发展起来。随着足球的职业化、商业化的进程,足球产业的规模日益庞大,经纪人逐渐成为职业足球一个必不可少的环节,在一个有着正常人才流动体系的联赛里,经纪人几乎成为这个体系赖以运转的保证和润滑剂。随着足球赛事超越地域,扩展到全球,人才在全世界范围内流动,各种足球产业,尤其球员买卖交易双方日益分隔,交易的成功日益需要大量信息的介入,跨国界从事球员交易和商业比赛组织的足球经纪人就越来越受到欢迎。这些经纪人不仅做中介服务,有时还与本国各体育协会合作参与并组织大奖赛或国际邀请赛。如:著名的IMG国际管理公司,除了为世界优秀运动员充当经纪人外,还组织各类体育比赛,为推动足球运动的发展起到了积极作用。足球经纪人对足球产业和足球市场的建立起着至关重要的作用,他对于保障球员和俱乐部的利益,保证足球赛事的顺利进行和更好的满足市场的需要都起着重要作用。到2001年,国际足联颁发营业执照的足球经纪人共有288人,分布在35个国家。其中欧洲最多,英国47人,德国35人,法国32人,意大利20人,荷兰11人。另外巴西5人,美国4人,亚洲的韩国有4人,日本有2人。足球的全球化需要更多的国际经纪人,而这些经纪公司和经纪人也促进了各国足球的交流,为世界足球的发展起到积极作用。 足球文化的交融随着世界经济的发展和信息时代的到来,足球文化也随之相互交融,取长补短。欧洲文化容纳了南美文化的激情和创造性,造就了英格兰的新形象,其打法不再是呆板与单调的“力量”型足球,大打技术足球的变革使之充满了生机。南美文化也在逐步吸纳欧洲文化的理性和纪律。以阿根廷为代表,在保持原有技术特色的同时,讲究足球规律,遵守整体纪律,以更加务实的精神来改变着南美足球的形象。他们既拥有杰出的个人技巧,还加速了整体战术,既保持个人的即兴发挥,又遵守足球规律和纪律。同时电视媒体对足球运动的推广起了至关重要的作用,它将不同的足球风格展现在观众面前,促进了各国之间的学习和了解。最典型的莫过于以“桑巴舞”概括巴西的足球风格,可见“足球机器”式的呆板,在球场上缺乏创意也常常让人失望。当今世界足球大融合的大背景同样是文化的大融合,欧式、拉美式足球大碰撞,各国球星走南闯北,跨洲越洋,也形成了一种前所未有的势在必行的融洽走势,随着波斯曼法的出台,代表足球最高水平的欧洲足坛,开始吸收各大洲的优秀球员。土耳其队明显就是一个欧亚的“混血儿”,他们的主力阵容中有一大半效力于国外的顶尖俱乐部,他们的足球也彻底地融入了欧洲。当球员和球队跳出本土本国窠臼,当留洋踢球和借鸡生蛋逐渐成为不可阻挡的潮流时,不断融合足球文化的世界杯就会上演全球化的“好戏”。韩国队在荷兰人希丁克的调教下已经有了荷兰队的影子。有着“法国二队”称号的塞内加尔队,绝大多数队员效力于法国联赛,无形之间取得了惊人的进步。即使是超级强大的巴西队也不能免俗,首发11个人中也有9个人在欧洲效力。世界杯正是展现足球风格全球化的最佳舞台。 足球经营管理国际化各国足球联赛是足球运动发展的基础,足球俱乐部是联赛的主体,经营管理是俱乐部运作的主要环节。如果经营管理得当,全球化将为这项运动在足球设施曾经寥寥无几,足球天才被埋没的国家提供更多的发展机会。足球产业化是未来足球发展的必经之路,现在足球产业已经成为世界上最有前途的产业之一,在意大利、英国、法国、西班牙,这一产业已经成为资本市场的重要成员。英格兰在这方面走到了最前面,目前在证券交易所上市的英国足球俱乐部已达15家,其中曼彻斯特联队不仅比赛成绩优异,而且是经营最成功的俱乐部,其年收入达亿英镑。先进的经营和管理是足球俱乐部发展壮大的基础。在欧洲,俱乐部不仅依靠赞助,他们的商品销售和门票销售也占了收入总额的大部分,但进入股票市场是俱乐部进一步成功的唯一途径。如尤文图斯是意大利第一个走向股份制的公司,为了使俱乐部走向市场化,俱乐部的管理者进行了3年的策划,在管理上学习英格兰的成功经验,终于完成了这次变革。对于足球不发达国家来说,要学的不仅是足球的技术和战术,而且还要学对足球运动发展同样重要的足球经营和管理。3 足球全球化是把双刃剑足球全球化为足球落后国家提供了更开放的交流和学习机会,他们可以更轻松地吸纳先进技战术和高水平的教练等。它也给足球运动的发展带来新的机遇,为世界足球产业的迅速发展提供广阔的空间。但是,我们也看到随着ISL公司的破产,连锁反应出现了———除对拉动足球经济起火车头作用的世界杯电视转播权销售工作陷入困境外,欧洲各俱乐部的财政黑洞也随之显现。足球全球化尚处在一个发展时期,我们必须清醒地认识到它对世界足球产生的积极意义和不良影响,才能真正的抓住机会适应全球化的发展。 金融资本对足球俱乐部的垄断在欧洲足坛,由于越来越多的足球俱乐部尝试实行股份制,一些金融投资者和机构正在全欧洲范围内大规模的购买俱乐部的股票。欧足联已经对金融投资机构过多的渗透足球产业表示关注。英国国家投资公司正在致力于控制多家足球俱乐部,它是欧洲的第一个足球经营联合体,目前他已控制了4个国家的4家足球俱乐部的股份。这家公司的目标是建立一个以盈利为目的的“足球俱乐部家族”。显然,这家公司认为俱乐部只是一种盈利的工具。他们的做法或许能提高俱乐部之间交流与合作,但当他们在同一赛场上竞技时,是否能真正体现足球运动的意义就不得而知了。我们不能否认投资商的介入能给俱乐部带来巨大的经济效益和发展的潜力,但这种发展要建立在有利于足球运动的基础上,俱乐部不能成为这些公司盈利的牺牲品。 全球化发展的不均衡性以及区域化倾向尽管足球全球化在世界范围内广泛发展,但由于历史和文化的差异,它的发展仍有很大的不均衡性和区域化倾向。英格兰俱乐部球员的国际化趋势与不受约束的全球化进程并不吻合。因为,英格兰的足球俱乐部更偏重于吸纳不列颠三岛、北欧和英联邦国家的球员,因为这些国家在文化取向、天气、语言以及足球风格上都与英格兰颇为相近。在欧洲大陆和南美,也许是因为大洋两岸传统的殖民关系,西班牙和葡萄牙长期以来一直是南美球员出国踢球的首选目的地;而顶级的非洲球员则纷纷效力于欧洲各大联赛,特别是在法国、比利时、荷兰和西班牙等;而巴西和阿根廷,则继续吸收一些来自乌拉圭等周边小国的足球精英。这种区域性的倾向减少了各国足球间的交流,一定程度上限制了足球运动的发展。因此,必须加大区域间的合作,使各国优秀球员能在更大的范围内交流。 “马太效应”“马太效应”是经济学界经常提及的,它的原创者是美国著名科学家罗伯特•默顿。自从足球进入商业化时代以来,大量资金的投入将这项运动的发展推向一个新的时代。在足球经济的带动下,足球全球化的发展出现了不平衡性,依据经济发展的观点,资金只涌到能够赚钱的地方。世界上本来足球环境欠佳的国家和地区乏人问津,都有逐渐被边缘化的危险。甚至在一个国家里面,足球运动开展较好的、经济发达地区越来越“繁荣”,而对于那些经济落后的地区,足球运动就越来越难以生存。欧洲联赛已成为世界最高水平联赛的代名词,本国联赛甚至本国球员都有被边缘化的趋势。随着资金投入的不平衡,这种差距越来越大,形成了所谓的“马太效应”。例如,从1999-2000赛季的飞跃以来,法甲俱乐部的整体经济状况一直比较稳定。在整体经济状况基本维持原状的情况下,各俱乐部之间的贫富差距却拉大了,上赛季最富俱乐部和最穷俱乐部的预算之比约为5:1,一年后这个数字却变成了将近9:1。并且越穷的俱乐部越无法得到大公司的赞助,在英格兰,现在超级联赛俱乐部的平均规模比甲级联赛俱乐部的规模要大5倍。太多俱乐部希望通过扩张来加入令人赢得暴利的超级联赛,通过高价购买球员,支出俱乐部难以承受的工资,使得俱乐部之间的差距越来越大,这种情况会导致足球的不健康发展。到欧洲特别是欧洲五大联赛去踢球,已成为所有非欧洲球员共同的梦想,将手下队员送到欧洲赛场已成为各国足球管理者的共识。4 结论足球全球化既是机遇也是挑战。足球的全球化发展和其他领域的全球化进程一样,它既是世界足球运动发展的一个新阶段,同时也是个充满危机的新时代。对于足球落后的国家和地区来说,足球全球化是他们快速成长的机遇,国外的高水平联赛为他们提供了更开放的交流平台,使他们的水平有机会在这个环境中得到成长,同时,借鉴国外足球的管理经验和联赛的运行机制,可以迅速提高足球运动管理水平,从而帮助本国足球运动健康发展。此外,通过教练员和球员的交流有助于加快足球优秀人才的培养等。但是,足球全球化的挑战同样严峻,譬如如何使这种全球化成为真正的“全球化”,而不是足球欧洲化,避免“马太效应”的出现,实现全世界足球运动的共同发展就是一个非常现实的问题。当今世界足球与经济的联系越来越紧密,它们之间的矛盾也越来越突出,面对足球全球化的挑战,我们必须认清发展趋势,吸收各国先进的经验,处理好各种矛盾,抓住机遇,科学地应对各种挑战,使足球运动更好的发展。参考文献:〔1〕 庞中英.全球化、反全球化与中国〔M〕.上海人民出版社,2002.〔2〕 候海波译.欧洲———世界足球的华尔街〔J〕.足球理论与实践,2001,(6).〔3〕 宝玉.职业足球的产生与发展〔J〕.足球世界,1987,(10):4-5.〔4〕 魏协森.国外职业足球信息综述〔J〕.中国体育科技,1989,(12):35-38.〔5〕 刘子众.新世纪我国足球经纪人发展面临的困惑与改革对策研究〔J〕.沈阳体育学院学报,2001,(3):90.〔6〕 陆明辉,钟庆春.试论中西民族传统文化对足球运动的影响〔J〕.洛阳师范学院学报,2002,(2):90.〔7〕 刘志云.传统文化对足球运动发展影响初探〔J〕.西安体育学院学报,1999,(3):25.〔8〕 魏忠,陈杰.足球文化与民族融合〔J〕.世界民族,2002,(5):74
百度知道十分钟内有问必答立即下载介绍一下关于足球的一些普通常识~我有更好答案如最佳答案内容有误,请提交正确答案...提交邀请更新 最佳答案什么是足球足球是足球运动或足球比赛的简称。当然它也指足球比赛中的用球。足球运动是一项古老的体育活动,源远流长。最早起源于中国古代的一种球类游戏“蹴鞠”,后来经过阿拉伯人传到欧洲,发展成现代足球。不少国家将足球定为“国球”。足球运动是以脚支配球为主,但也可以使用头、胸部等部位触球。两个队在同一场地内进行攻守的体育运动项目。一场精彩的足球比赛,吸引着成千上万的观众,它已成为电视节目中的重要内容,有关足球消息的报道,占据着世界上各种报刊的篇幅,当今足球运动已成为人们生活中不可缺少的组成部分。据不完全统计,现在世界上经常参加比赛的球队约80万支,登记注册的运动员约4000万人,其中职业运动员约10万人。足球运动对抗性强,运动员在比赛中采用规则所允许的各种动作包括奔跑、急停、转身、倒地、跳跃、冲撞等,同对手进行激烈的争夺。比赛时间长、观众多、竞赛场地大,是其他任何运动项目无法企及的。传统足球是20块6边形和12块5边形一共32块皮组成 。足球比赛分为11人制、7人制和5人制。年龄段有u15,u17,u19 国奥组和成年组及青年组等。足球起源现代足球是英国人一百多年前发明的,最早的足球是谁发明的?很多人都认为是中国的蹴鞠.但蹴鞠却不是最早的,出土于美国西南部的一种石球有6000年历史。它与如今土著美洲人玩的两种游戏很相似:一种是用脚弓将球挑起,然后看谁扔的远;另一种是用脚弓将球踢远,然后追球跑,最远的距离可达30公里。
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