沃尔沃车标历史:In June 1915, "Volvo" name first appeared in a ball on the SFK, and formally at the Royal Swedish Patent and Trademark Registration Board registered as trade marks. Since that date, SKF companies produce go each group of automotive side of ball and roller bearings, are marked with a new Volvo Latin, "Volvere" is the verb "roll" (rolling) and infinitives, for example, a pistol with a runner is called "revolver". In the use of first person singular form, the verb "volvere" becomes "volvo", "I roll" is "I go forward" means. Therefore, Volvo means "rolling forward." At present the Chinese name of unification as "Volvo", in the past have also had the "rich" in Chinese cars marked by a graph composed of three parts: the first part of the circles represent the Roman god of war Mars, which is the ancient chemical symbol for iron - an arrow inside the circle, the arrow pointing diagonally upwards to the upper right corner. In Western civilization, this can be regarded as the oldest and most common of a trademark, which originated in the Roman Empire, is Mars, the Roman god of war and men masculine symbol of the concept of three different qualities, thus also embodies Mars and then to use to make the majority of weapons between the initial source of iron. Because of this, the flag has long been the world including Switzerland, as a symbol of the steel industry. The reason why the car on the use of the brand logo on behalf of iron is to allow people to recall the glorious tradition of the Swedish iron and steel industry, as well as a strong steely second part is diagonal, set in the radiator from the upper left to lower right in favor of a diagonal ribbons. This band was originally out of technical considerations, is used to sign fixed to the grille on Mars, then it has gradually evolved into a decorative sign and become the most obvious sign of Volvo third part is a registered trademark of Volvo company, is the font used for writing the ancient Egyptian word 1927 was successfully manufactured the first cars on display on the integrity of all of the company logo. This car marked the beginning since the first one has been in use since Volvo cars, Volvo's car as a clear sign of unusual. In addition, Volvo the center of the steering wheel can be seen the iron symbol.够吗? 不够我再发,我已经打给你的邮箱了! 给我分吧!
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Cars in America(美国的汽车)Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United States. The car made the UnitedStatesanationon helped to make the United States what it is are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家,它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔,而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了,不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车,那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。Car PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长,同时,每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国,每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作:造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车,美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性,并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前,这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染,我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如,在美国,需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭,就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比,空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活,同时,它也带来了新的问题。
第2章主减速器的结构设计过程 设计方案的确定 主减速比的计算主减速比对于主减速器的结构形式、轮廓尺寸、质量大小以及当变速器处于最高单位时汽车的动力性和燃料经济性都有直接影响。 的选择应在汽车总体设计时和传动系统的总传动比一起由则和那个车动力计算来确定。可利用在不同的功率平衡图来计算对汽车动力性的影响。通过优化设计,对发动机与传动系参数作最佳匹配的方法来选择 值,可是汽车获得最佳的动力性和燃料经济性。 为了得到足够的功率儿使得最高车速稍微有所下降,一般选的比最小值大10%~25%,即按照下是选择:i =()=() 2400/(80 1 1 )=式中:r ——车轮的滚动半径 i ——变速器最高档传动比(为直接档) i ——分动器或动力器的最高档传动比 i ——轮边减速器的传动比 主减速器结构方案的确定(1)双曲面齿轮具有一系列的优点,因此比螺旋齿轮应用更加广泛。本次设计也采用双曲面齿轮。 (2)主减速器主动锥齿轮的支撑形式及其安装方式的选择,本次设计用:主动锥齿轮:悬臂式支撑(圆锥滚子轴承) 从动锥齿轮:跨置式支撑(圆锥滚子轴承) (3)从动锥齿轮的支撑方式和安装方式的选择 从动锥齿轮的两端支撑多采用圆锥滚子轴承,安装时应使它们的圆锥滚子大端相向朝内,而小端相向外。为了防止从动锥齿轮在轴向载荷作用下的偏移,圆锥滚子轴承应用两端的调整螺母调整。主减速器从动锥齿轮采用无辐式结构并采用细牙螺钉以精度较高的紧配固定在差速器壳的凸缘上。(4)主减速器的轴承预紧及齿轮啮合调整 支撑主减速器的圆锥滚子轴承需要预紧以消除安装的原始间隙、磨合期间该间隙的增大及增加支撑刚度。分析可知,当轴向力于弹簧变形呈线性关系时,预紧使轴向位移减小至原来的1/2。预紧力虽然可以增大支撑刚度,改善齿轮的啮合和轴承工作条件,但当预紧力超过某一个理想值时,轴承寿命会急剧下降。主减速器轴承的预紧值可以取为发动机最大转矩时换算做得轴向力的30%。主动锥齿轮轴承预紧度的调整采用波形套筒,从动齿轮轴承预紧度的调整采用调整螺母。(5)主减速器的减速形式 主减速器的减速形式分为单级减速、双级减速、单级贯通、双级贯通、主减速及其轮边减速等。减速形式的选择与汽车的类别及使用条件有关,有时也与制造厂的产品系列及其制造条件有关,但是它主要取决于由动力性、经济性等整车性能所要求得主减速比的大小及其驱动桥下的离地间隙、驱动桥的数目及其布置形式等。通常主减速比不大于的各种中小汽车上。 主减速器的基本参数选择与设计计算 主减速器齿轮载荷的计算通常是将发动机最大转矩配以传动系最低档位传动比时和驱动车轮打滑两种情况作用下主减速器从动齿轮上的转矩(T ,T )较小者,作为载货汽车计算中用以验算主减速器从动齿轮最大应力的计算载荷。即式中:T ——发动机最大转矩1070N*M i ——由发动机所计算的主减速器从动齿轮之间的传动系最低档传动比根据同类型的车型的变速器传动比选择i =式中: ——上述传动部分的效率,取 = k ——超载系数,取k = n——驱动桥数目2 G ——汽车满载时驱动桥给水平地面的最大负荷,N;但是后桥来说还应该考虑到汽车加速时负荷增大值,但是可以取 ,i ——分别为由所计算的主减速器从动齿轮到驱动轮之间的传动效率和减速比,分别是和由式(2—1),式(2—2)求得的计算载荷,是最大转矩而不是正常持续转矩,不能用它作为疲劳损坏依据。对于公路车辆来说,使用条件较非公路车辆稳定,其正常持续转矩是根据所谓平均牵引力的值来确定的,即是主减速器的平均计算转矩为式中:G ——汽车满载总重32000 G ——所牵引的挂车满载总重,N,仅用于牵引车取G =0 f ——道路滚动阻力系数,货车通常取, f ——汽车正常使用时的平均爬坡能力系数。货车通常取,可以取f = f ——汽车性能系数当 主减速器齿轮参数的选择z (1)齿数的选择 对于单级主减速器,i 6时,z 的最小值可以取为5,但是为了啮合平稳及提高疲劳强度,z 最好大于5.当i 较小时,z 可以取7~12,但是这时常常会因为主动齿轮、从动齿轮的尺寸太大而不能保证所要求桥下离地间隙为了磨合均匀,主动齿轮、从动齿轮的齿数之间应避免有公约数;为了得到理想的齿面重叠系数,其齿数之和对于载货汽车应不少于40.多以取为z 17 ,z2为38.(2)节圆直径的选择 根据从动锥齿轮大的计算转矩(见式2—2,式2—3)并取两者中较小的一个为计算依据,按照经验公示选出: 式中:K ——直径系数,取K =13~16 T ——计算转矩,N*M,取T =T =*M计算得,d =,考虑到此车是重型载重卡车,其经常工作在超载的情况下,初取d =286mm。 (3)齿轮断面模数的选择 d 选定后,可以按式m= 算出从动齿轮大端模数,m=5,并用下式校核 (4)齿面宽的选择 汽车主减速器螺旋锥齿轮齿面宽度推荐为:F= =,考虑其超载情况,可初取F=60mm。(5)双齿面齿轮的偏移距E 轿车、轻型客车和轻型载货汽车主减速器的E值,不应超过从动齿轮节锥距A 的40%(接近于从动齿轮节圆直径d 的20%);传动比则E也越大,大传动比的双曲面齿轮传动,偏移距E可达到从动齿轮节圆直径d 的20%-30%。当E大于d 的20%时,应检查是否发生根切。(6)双曲面齿轮的偏移方向 由从动齿轮的锥顶向其齿面看去并使主动齿轮右侧,这时如果主动齿轮在从动齿轮下方时为下偏移。下偏移时主动齿轮的旋转方向为左旋,从动齿轮为右旋。(7)螺旋锥齿轮与双曲面齿轮的螺旋方向 对着齿面看去,如果齿轮的弯曲方向从其小端到大端为顺时针走向时则称为右旋齿,反时针时则成为左旋齿。主从动齿轮螺旋方向是不同的。螺旋锥齿轮与双曲面齿轮在传动时所产生的轴向力,其方向决定于齿轮的螺旋方向和旋转方向。判断齿轮的旋转方向是顺时针还是逆时针时,要向齿轮背面看去。所以主动齿轮螺旋方向是左旋,旋转方向是顺时针。(8)螺旋角的选择 双曲面齿轮传动,由于有了偏移距而使主从动齿轮的名义螺旋角不等,且主动齿轮的大,而从动齿轮的小。螺旋角应满足足够大以使m =.。因越大就越平稳噪声就越低。螺旋角过大时会引起轴向力也越大因此有一个适当的范围。 “格里森”制推荐用下式,近似的预选为主动齿轮螺旋角的名义值式中: ——主动齿轮名义(中点)螺旋角的预选值 预选 后尚需要用刀号来加以校正。首先要求出近似刀号近似刀号=式中 , ——主、从动齿轮的齿根角,以“分”表示。 按照近似刀号选取与其最接近的标准刀号(计有:然后按照选定的标准刀号反着算螺旋角 :式中 标准刀号为3 最后选用的 与 之差不得超过5. (9)齿轮法向压力角的选择 格里森规定载货汽车和重型汽车则应该分别选用20 和22 30 的发向压力角,对于双曲面齿轮,由于其主动齿轮轮齿的法相压力角不等,因此应按照平均压力角考虑,载货汽车选用22 30 的平均压力角。(10)铣刀盘名义直径2r 的选择 按照从动齿轮节圆直径d 选取刀盘名义直径r =。 主减速器双曲面齿轮的几何尺寸计算与强度计算有附录1计算(1) 主减速器圆弧齿双曲面齿轮的几何尺寸计算 双重收缩齿的优点在于能够提高小齿轮粗切工序。双重收缩齿的齿轮参数,其大、小齿轮根锥角的选定是考虑到用一把使用上最大的刀顶距地粗切刀,切出沿着齿面宽的方向正确的吃后收缩来。当打齿轮直径大于刀盘半径时采用这种方法是最好的。圆弧齿双面齿轮的这一计算方法适用于轴交角为90 的所有传动比,但是应该使z 6 , z + z 40。此计算方法限制用于格里森刀盘切齿。对于大齿轮直径超过650mm或小齿轮轴线偏移距E大于100mm时候,必须另行考虑。由附录双曲面齿轮计算用表第65项求的的齿轮线曲率半径 r 与第7项选定的刀盘半径r 的1%。否则需要重新计算20项至65项。如果r
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