计算机英文论文模板下载

Information literacy Knowing how to find data from several sources, select relevant material, analyse and organise it into a form that can be used to make decisions. Computers have become the tools people use to access and manage information. Information technologists are people who analyse and design the tools. What is a computer? Tradition definitions of computers include �6�1 A machine that accepts data and processes it into use information. �6�1 A computer is a binary, digital, electronic, stored program machine. �6�1 While a computer is commonly a digital machine, analogue machine do exist. An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), process data arithmetically and logically, produce results (output) from the processing and stores results for future use. Many computers receive and send data (communicate) across networks LAN and Wan. A computer system consists of hardware and software. What is hardware? Hardware Hardware is physical devices or components that can be physically handled – you can thou it. Input Devices Input devices convert data that humans collect into coded electrical signals that a computer can process. The central processing unit The electronic processing takes place in the CPU. The CPU consists of �6�1 A control unit that controls all of the computer’s functions and an �6�1 Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) that performs any calculation Memory Memory holds all programs and What is RAM currently open? Data (notes) Word processor Output devices Output devices convert the computer’s electronic signals back into information Secondary storage devices These devices store programs and data permanently. The programs and data are not necessarily (or likely to be) in current use. . DVD CD Communication devices These devices enable a computer to connect to another computer. List the six different type of hardware? Secondary storage(external), input, processor, output , memory, Communication. Name eight pieces of hardware USB, keyboard, monitor, screen, RAM, ROM, VDU, Modem. The system unit and peripheral devices The system unit is the computer box. Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside, or in other words, plugged into the (back of) the machine. Peripheral devices include the key board, mouse, printer, joy stick and others. Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside, or in other words, plugged into the (back of) the machine. Peripheral devices include the keyboard, mouse, printer, joy stick and others. What else does a computer have? Software Software is a computer program ,which is a detailed set of instructions that directs a computer to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information. These instructions are written in languages that computer can interpret. Software includes computer games, a word processing packing, an accounting package, amongst Definition of a computer system �6�1 A computer system is the configuration of hardware and software, functioning together, to process data into useful information, in order to achieve a purpose for a human user. What is data? �6�1 Data is raw facts, be they numbers, words, images and sounds, that can be input into a computer. . Mary a name is a piece of data What is information? �6�1 Information is processed data, that has meaning and is useful. . John is a list of names who scored an A grade on an exam John A Chai A Pam A . Commodore $23 500 Magna $21 500 Falcon $19 800 The system unit contains the �6�1 Motherboard �6�1 CPU �6�1 Memory �6�1 Other electronics It is where the computer program instructions are executed and the data is manipulatedThe Processor CPU The CPU interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the computer, the CPU contain the �6�1 Control unit and the �6�1 Arithmetic logic unit Control unit The control unit directs and coordinates the computer’s operations. For every single instruction, the control unit repeats four basic operations, �6�1 Fetching �6�1 Decoding �6�1 Executing �6�1 Storing CPU speed The CPU’s speed may be measured in MIPS The number of millions of instructions per second Arithmetic/logic unit The ALU performs all calculations, which involve �6�1 Arithmetic operations 2+3 �6�1 Comparison operations age>=17 �6�1 Logical operations pass Processing instructions A CPU may begin executing a second machine cycle before completing the first-referred to as pipelining. Current CPU’s can pipeline up to 4 instructions. Storage within the CPU Registers temporarily hold data and instructions. The computer’s clock A System clock is necessary to control the timing of all computer operations. Each tick of the clock is referred to as a clock cycle. Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes instructions. A hertz is one cycle per second and a megahertz is 1024 by1024 and a gigahertz is 1024 by 1024 by1024. Memory Memory is the temporary storage place for data and (program) instructions. Memory is measured in �6�1 Kilobytes 1024 bytes 2^10 �6�1 Megabytes 1024* 1024 bytes 2^20 �6�1 Gigabytes 1024*1024*1024 bytes 2^30 Representation of data Digital computers are built from many small electronic circuits. Each circuit, at any point of time can be turned OFF or ON. Hence these devices are called two state devices. Binary Digit 0and 1 Each off or on digital value is called a bit, short for binary digit. A 1 bit computer would be able to distinguish between two values-characters, symbols or numbers. Hardly sufficient for the characters on the keyboard Bits Characters 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32 6 64 7 128 8 256

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艾默生过程管理旗下的高准(Micro Motion)公司新近推出MVD多参数数字变送器，它以DSP数字信号处理技术的使用为特点，显示了高准公司在科里奥利质量流量测量技术上的雄厚实力。 高准 MVD多参数数字技术提供了一个模式化的结构来重新定义传感器和变送器，并使流量计工作得更灵巧。DSP数字信号处理器的核心处理器与传感器安装在一起，把来自科里奥利传感器中的模拟信号转换为数字信号，并产生一个正比于质量流量的电子信号。 1000系列和2000系列两种变送器可与核心处理器之间通过普通的4线电缆相连接，它们将输出最终测量信号、提供显示和一些其他的功能。变送器也可以一体地与核心处理器安装在一起。 一 什么是DSP数字信号处理器 DSP数字信号处理器是一个实时处理信号的微处理器。家用电脑的微处理器根据储存在存储器里的数据进行工作，这对于结算支票或玩电子游戏是合适的，但它不能处理某些现实世界里的东西，如音频信号、视频信号、医疗传感器的信号或来自于科里奥利传感器的信号。这里我们需要一个非常快的微处理器对这些信号做各种我们想要做的分析。 家用电脑需要显示器、磁盘驱动器、打印机、软件和一些连接电缆，像家用电脑里的微处理器一样，DSP数字信号处理器也需要支持的软件和硬件。在DSP的世界里，我们需要做的第一件事就是要把现实世界里的信号转换成为DSP世界里的信号，所用的装置被称为“模拟 —数字转换器”。 字串3 我们也需要一些软件去操作“数字化”信号，让我们举一个例子来看看我们用软件可做些什么。在远距离通话中，我们有时会听到自己声音的回声，这令人气恼。人的耳朵习惯于过滤掉短回声，但是长回声使通信非常困难。电话公司复制了你的声音然后在合适的时间加到它的反向以消除回声，不是回声没有发生，它只是被非常复杂的DSP数字信号处理软件过滤掉了。在科里奥利流量计里，我们使测量管在一个已知的频率下振动，因此任何在此振动频率范围之外的频率都是“噪声”，需要除掉它们以准确地确定质量流量。例如，一个50Hz或60Hz的信号很可能来源于与附近动力线的耦合。如何在实际上“过滤”这些多余的信号则需要一些更多的在那时刻所得到的背景信息，图1表明了噪声如何出现在原转换器信号上，以及被过滤后的最终信号。 既然我们已经处理了信号，就需要把它从数字世界再转换回到现实世界，完成这项任务的装置是“数字—模拟转换器”。 我们需要一些存储器来储存DSP数字信号处理程序，也需要一些控制装置去实现DSP数字信号处理器。字串1 二 DSP数字信号处理技术为科里奥利质量流量计带来的好处 和家用电脑处理数据带来的好处一样，DSP数字信号处理技术也给处理现实世界的信号带来了同样的好处：DSP数字信号处理器比传统的模拟处理器要小得多，这正是我们如何能把所有技术都封装到核心处理器中并使传感器智能化的原因；比起传统的模拟处理器，DSP数字信号处理器使用了更小的能量和更少的元件，并提高了可靠性；DSP数字信号处理器的精确度至少比类似的模拟处理器高一个数量级，这意味着即使较差的传感器信号也能得出较好的最终测量值；通过软件更新，核心处理器可适用于其他的传感器类型。对于高准产品来说，这意味着市场开拓更快；对于用户来说，这意味着更少的备用部件。 三 和DSP数字信号处理器有关的一些数学知识 自然界存在的信号一般是连续的，并可被连续变化的电压信号所表示。科里奥利流量计的信号也是连续信号，当我们通过一个模拟—数字转换器来发送信号时，事实上我们已把信号量化为离散的或数字化的样本。例如，假设我们通过一个12位的ADC以每秒1000个样本的采样率来传送转换器的电压，每毫秒我们将信号量化为212=4096个可能的级别之一。图2显示了一个已被量化后的信号。字串4 ADC运行一秒我们可采集1000个转换器电压的样本，我们称样本的数目为N。如果需要，我们可把所有的采样值加在一起，然后除以N来计算转换器电压的平均值。以一个类似的形式我们可计算信号的标准偏差，平均值代表我们想测量的实际信号，而标准偏差代表噪声信号。平均值的平方除以标准偏差的平方被称作信噪比或SNR。信噪比越高，被分析的数据的质量就越高。这些计算可用于计算被测变量的值。过滤和减小带宽(技术上叫作十倍程下降率)可用于提高信噪比和质量流量的精确度。 四 傅立叶分析 傅立叶分析是以法国数学家和物理学家 Jean Baptiste Loseph Fourier的名字命名的分析方法。 傅立叶认为任何连续的周期信号可被适当选择的正弦信号波的总和所描述。取一个连续的周期信号并把它转换为一族正弦波被定义为进行一个傅立叶变换。傅立叶变换在数学上很复杂，但我们只需大致了解即可。核心处理器取已量化的转换器信号并进行了信号的傅立叶变换，如图3所示。字串4 五 数字滤波 图3中信号的频谱，只有一个信号数据，其余的都是噪声，100Hz的信号代表了测量管的振动频率。我们也看到了在200Hz、300Hz、400Hz等频率处的信号，这些被称为二次、三次和四次谐波。我们还看到了一个来源于动力线耦合的60Hz的小信号。 这些数据在DSP的存储器里只是一个表格，我们想做的是抛弃任何实际测量中所不需要的信息，也就是要忽略掉100Hz测量管频率之外的信息，这被称为数字滤波。 注意到在图3中只有一个信号在100Hz测量管频率附近，在较老的传感器中，通常确定信号附近什么是数据和什么是噪声都是非常困难的。高准传感器在测量管工作频率附近有一个格外高的信号纯度，这就是高准质量流量计具有高精确度的一个重要原因。 六 DSP数字信号处理技术对高准质量流量计的实际意义 与使用时间常量去阻抑和稳定信号相比，使用DSP数字信号处理技术的主要好处之一是能够以一个被提高了的采样率去过滤实时信号，这使得流量计对流量的阶跃变化的响应时间快多了。使用MVD多参数数字变送器的响应时间比使用模拟信号处理的传统变送器快2~4倍，更快的响应时间会提高短批量控制的效率和精确度。在发动机测试装置里，我们能更好地测量发动机对燃料喷射的阶跃变化的响应。用一个紧凑的校验装置还能提高现场校验高准流量计的能力。图4是MVD多参数数字科里奥利变送器、压力变送器和普通科里奥利变送器对流量的阶跃变化的响应。字串8 DSP数字信号处理技术另一个颇有价值的实例是气体测量。气体测量是一个更富有挑战性的应用，因为高速气体通过流量计会引起相对较严重的噪声。通过高准Elite系列传感器，与流量信号混杂的噪声已被减至最小。现在DSP数字信号处理技术能更好地滤波，并进一步减小了质量流量计对噪声的敏感度。采用MVD多参数数字变送器测量气体的结果在重复性和精确度上都有了显著提高，效果如图5、图6所示。 七 未来 DSP数字信号处理技术提供了一个“通往处理的窗户”，今天，当浏览这个窗户时，首先集中在测量管振动频率附近的信号上。实际上，有意地抛弃了其余的信息，很可能正是隐藏在这些“无用的”数据里的信息会铺平通往新的诊断技术的道路。例如，频谱分析可能会引导我们取得在夹杂空气或团状流动流体测量上的进展，流体在测量管内壁的附着也是另一个有希望被DSP数字信号处理技术检测到的故障，频谱的变化也很可能被用于预测传感器的故障。 字串5 八 总结 今天，DSP数字信号处理技术通过给予质量流量计一个更快、更可靠、更高效、更稳定、更灵活的的解决办法，体现了它的价值。这也使得我们的传感器更灵巧。对于未来，高准公司充满了信心，DSP数字信号处理技术将在推动流量测量上显示出巨大的潜力。

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Good Moring, ladies and gentlemen, Today my topic of my speech is the advantages and the disadvantages of computers. In this information age/era, computer is very important in our everyday lives. It definitely make our lives easier in many ways. First of all, it helps us communicate with people all around the world, which means it not only save a lot of time when we have to send a message from one country to another, but also save a large of unnecessary troubles for us. Secondly, it gives many unemployed people chances to get a job. We can use computers and the Internet to sell and buy almost anything nowadays. Last but not least, many wonderful games come along with the advent of computers. And playing computer games is one of the most popular ways to entertain and to relax. So, computers are really good for our human beings in many different , every coin has two sides. Computers also bring us many troubles. It gets across much unhealthy information and causes many crimes. But if we can use computer properly, it is still an amazing invention to us. Therefore, I hope that everyone, especially the young people, like me, can really appreciate the help of computers and make the best use of them.很多的，我分次发~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~