汽车四轮定位毕业论文摘要英文

Wheel AlignmentThe purpose of proper wheel alignment is to provide maximum safety, ease of handling, stability, and directional control of the vehicle. This requires that each of the steering angles (steering geometry) be adjusted to the specifications recommended by the vehicles require different settings. Follow the specific shop manual for each vehicle. The wheels must also be in proper dynamic and static balance to achieve these geometry refers to the angels formed by the steering and suspension parts in relationship to the frame and body of the vehicle. These angles include camber, caster, steering axis inclination, toe in (toe out), and toe out on turn (turning radius). Ideally, the vehicle center line, geometric center line, and the thrust line would all be identical and the car would form a perfect 90о rectangle. Because of factory tolerances and the unitized construction common to today’s cars, this is rarely, if ever, the all vehicles it is important to remember that the rear axle dictates the position of the front wheels. On frame-type vehicles, two-wheel alignments are taken from the frame and the rear axle is assumed to be in correct alignment. On unitized vehicles with four wheel independent suspension, there is no frame to work with, so we can no longer assume that rear wheels are in correct alignment; therefore, four-wheel alignment is necessary to give proper steering and and wheelbaseFor proper tracking, all four wheels must be parallel to the frame. This requires that the wheelbase to equal on both sides of the vehicle. The four wheels should be positioned to form a is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel at the top. Inward tilt is negative camber and outward tilt is positive camber. The tilt of the wheel (camber) is measured in degrees and is adjustable on many is the forward or backward tilt of the spindle or steering the knuckle at the top when viewed from the side. Forward tilt is negative caster and backward tilt is positive caster. Caster is measured in the number of degrees that it is forward or backward from true vertical and is adjustable on many Axis inclinationSteering axis inclination is the inward tilt of the steering knuckle at the top. Steering axis inclination is measure in degrees and is not adjustable. If incorrect, suspension parts are at fault and must be (Toe Out)Toe-in occurs when the front wheels are slightly closer together at the front wheels are slightly closer together at the front than at the rear. Toe-in is measured in inches, millimeters, or degrees. A limited amount of toe-in or toe-out is needed to allow for the fact that the wheels spread apart or come together slightly at the front when driving down the road, depending on vehicle design. This provides a zero running toe and no tire toe-in or toe-out is the most frequent cause of rapid tire-tread wearing. Toe setting is the last adjustment to be made when performing a wheel alignment. On most front-wheel-drive vehicles, toe-out setting is required to provide a zero running toe. This is because the driving front wheels are trying to go around the steering axis inclination pivot point with a negative scrub radius. Rear wheels are designed with zero to slight toe-in, depending on the vehicle. This provides straight running as driving forces tend to push back the rear spindles. Correct toe is important for increasing tire on TurnsToe-out on turns is the different turning radius of the two front wheels. When the car is in a turn, the inner wheel is turned more than the outer wheel, resulting in toe-out on turns. This is caused by the steering arms being bent inward where they connect to the steering linkage. It is needed to prevent tire scuffing (dragging sideways) during a turn. Since the inner wheel follows a smaller circle than the outer wheel when in a turn, toe-out on turns is necessary. Toe-out on turns is not adjustable and is corrected by replacing steering Point SteeringAlthough not technically an alignment angle, this causes more customer complaints than any other condition. Customers generally know little about alignment and to them, when the steering wheel is not centered, the car is not aligned Alignment ProcedureCustomer and vehicle safety depend on the technician’ ability to follow proper procedures and specifications. To achieve this, the following factors should be included.本文来自: 中国汽车工程师之家哥们，我尽力了，找的我眼睛都花了，这篇绝对有用！！

Society into the information network era, the requirements of the vehicle no longer be satisfied with a means of transport, but also want to live and work car is an extension of the scope, in the car like in their own office and home work and life. At the same time, the growing automotive electronics and also the rapid development of automotive technology was considered in the development process of a revolution of automotive electronics is a measure of the degree is seen as an important level of Hyundai Motor signs. With computer technology, communication technology, the rapid development of integrated circuit technology in order to figure represented Fieldbus field instrument, equipment, a large number of applications, red tape has been the scene of a single simple connection of fieldbus networks in place of, the quality of signal transmission also greatly improved, cars have begun to enter the Internet Age. In the last decade, the users of motor vehicles for the comfort, safety and environmental requirements such as performance improved. In order to meet these ever-increasing demand for computer-controlled vehicle electrical and electronic equipment increased dramatically, making vehicles (especially cars) the design of the layout of electrical circuits has become increasingly difficult. In addition, a variety of automotive electrical and electronic connector of the ensuing surge in the number of motor vehicles traveling on the course because of the failure point connector automotive electrical and electronic equipment on the issue of failure to perform its functions more and more prominent. To address these problems, many new models (especially the high-end models) the beginning of the development of the wider use of computer network technology. In this paper, computer network technology in the automotive application of the basic principles of network technology on the inside and outside the vehicle, the introduction of the internal network, introduced the characteristics of automotive and automotive standards for the internal network, focuses on the control of the main local area network CAN characteristics and their applications. Vehicle performance in accordance with the role of the impact of division of motor vehicle electronic products can be summarized as two types: one is the automotive electronic control devices, including the engine, chassis and body electronic control. One is car-car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, Internet equipment.

AbstractSociety into the information network era, the requirements of the vehicle no longer be satisfied with a means of transport, but also want to live and work car is an extension of the scope, in the car like in their own office and home work and life. At the same time, the growing automotive electronics and also the rapid development of automotive technology was considered in the development process of a revolution of automotive electronics is a measure of the degree is seen as an important level of Hyundai Motor signs. With computer technology, communication technology, the rapid development of integrated circuit technology in order to figure represented Fieldbus field instrument, equipment, a large number of applications, red tape has been the scene of a single simple connection of fieldbus networks in place of, the quality of signal transmission also greatly improved, cars have begun to enter the Internet the last decade, the users of motor vehicles for the comfort, safety and environmental requirements such as performance improved. In order to meet these ever-increasing demand for computer-controlled vehicle electrical and electronic equipment increased dramatically, making vehicles (especially cars) the design of the layout of electrical circuits has become increasingly difficult. In addition, a variety of automotive electrical and electronic connector of the ensuing surge in the number of motor vehicles traveling on the course because of the failure point connector automotive electrical and electronic equipment on the issue of failure to perform its functions more and more prominent. To address these problems, many new models (especially the high-end models) the beginning of the development of the wider use of computer network technology. In this paper, computer network technology in the automotive application of the basic principles of network technology on the inside and outside the vehicle, the introduction of the internal network, introduced the characteristics of automotive and automotive standards for the internal network, focuses on the control of the main local area network CAN characteristics and their performance in accordance with the role of the impact of division of motor vehicle electronic products can be summarized as two types: one is the automotive electronic control devices, including the engine, chassis and body electronic control. One is car-car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, Internet : automotive, computer networks, local area network control, network standards

英文摘要格式如下：

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。

4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。

论文摘要应包含以下内容：

（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。

（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。

（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。

（4）结论或结果的意义。

以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要

以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要

你的汽车检测与维修技术论文准备往什么方向写，选题老师审核通过了没，有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向？ 老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好？写论文之前，一定要写个大纲，这样老师，好确定了框架，避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况！！学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意，否则很可能发回来重新改，你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我，希望你能够顺利毕业，迈向新的人生。 一、论文摘要的定义 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等．而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前。 论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。 二、论文摘要的分类 根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要 (1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文. (2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文. (3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分. 三、论文摘要的写法 目前，我国期刊上发表的论文，多采用报道性摘要。即包括论文的目的、方法、结果和结论等四部分内容。而毕业论文的摘要的写法多是采用指示性摘要的写法，即概括文章的主题和主要内容。在指示性摘要的写作过程中，作者首先应该对论文的写作背景做简单介绍，然后应该对文章的主要内容进行简单的介绍，主要是对文章的提纲做简要的介绍，最后要对文章的研究意义进行介绍。 四、论文摘要写作的注意事项 (1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。 (2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》，摘要的开头就不要再写：“为了……，对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。 (3)结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。 (4)用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方法标明一次文献的性质和文献主题，不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。 (5)要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。 (6)除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。 (7)不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。 (8))缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于摘要的编写。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出现引文，无独立性与自明性；繁简失当。摘要应该这样写：第一句话，论文的背景及其引出的问题第二句话，采用哪些手段、方法来研究你的课题第三句话，通过研究得出哪些结论与建议 绪论是论文的开头部分。主要讲清研究的动机、写作的理由、目的和意义、提出问题、明确中心论点等。（问题是什么？ 为什么重要？ 别人做了什么工作？ 自己方法的主要思想是什么？ 文章的其他部分是怎样组织的？)论文的前言也叫引言，是正文前面一段短文。前言是论文的开场白，目的是向读者说明本研究的来龙去脉，吸引读者对本篇论文产生兴趣，对正文起到提纲掣领和引导阅读兴趣的作用。在写前言之前首先应明确几个基本问题:你想通过本文说明什么问题?有哪些新的发现，是否有学术价值?一般读者读了前言以后，可清楚地知道作者为什么选择该题目进行研究。为此，在写前言以前，要尽可能多地了解相关的内容，收集前人和别人已有工作的主要资料，说明本研究设想的合理性。1、 引言应含概的内容引言作为论文的开头，以简短的篇幅介绍论文的写作背景和目的，缘起和提出研究要求的现实情况,以及相关领域内前人所做的工作和研究的概况，说明本研究与前工作的关系，目前的研究热点、存在的问题及作者的工作意义，引出本文的主题给读者以引导。引言也可点明本文的理论依据、实验基础和研究方法，简单阐述其研究内容；三言两语预示本研究的结果、意义和前景，但不必展开讨论。前言在内容上应包括:为什么要进行这项研究?立题的理论或实践依据是什么?拟创新点?理论与(或)实践意义是什么?首先要适当介绍历史背景和理论根据，前人或他人对本题的研究进展和取得的成果及在学术上是否存在不同的学术观点。明确地告诉读者你为什么要进行这项研究，语句要简洁、开门见山。如果研究的项目是别人从未开展过的，这时创新性是显而易见的，要说明研究的创新点。但大部分情况下，研究的项目是前人开展过的，这时一定要说明此研究与被研究的不同之处和本质上的区别，而不是单纯的重复前人的工作。2、 前言的写作方法(1)、开门见山，不绕圈子。避免大篇幅地讲述历史渊源和立题研究过程。(2)、言简意赅，突出重点。不应过多叙述同行熟知的及教科书中的常识性内容，确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时，只需以参考引文的形式标出即可。在引言中提示本文的工作和观点时，意思应明确，语言应简练。(3)、回顾历史要有重点，内容要紧扣文章标题，围绕标题介绍背景，用几句话概括即可;在提示所用的方法时，不要求写出方法、结果，不要展开讨论;虽可适当引用过去的文献内容，但不要长篇罗列，不能把前言写成该研究的历史发展;不要把前言写成文献小综述，更不要去重复说明那些教科书上已有，或本领域研究人员所共知的常识性内容。(4)、尊重科学，实事求是。在前言中，评价论文的价值要恰如其分、实事求是，用词要科学，对本文的创新性最好不要使用“本研究国内首创、首次报道”、“填补了国内空白”、“有很高的学术价值”、“本研究内容国内未见报道”或“本研究处于国内外领先水平”等不适当的自我评语。（5）、前言的内容不应与摘要雷同，注意不用客套话，如“才疏学浅”、“水平有限”、“恳请指正”、“抛砖引玉”之类的语言;前言最好不分段论述，不要插图、列表，不进行公式的推导与证明。（6）、前言的篇幅一般不要太长，太长可致读者乏味，太短则不易交待清楚，一篇3 000一5 000字的论文，引言字数一般掌握在200一250字为宜 一篇学位论文的引言，大致包含如下几个部分：1、问题的提出；2、选题背景及意义；3、文献综述；4、研究方法；5、论文结构安排。问题的提出：讲清所研究的问题“是什么”。选题背景及意义：讲清为什么选择这个题目来研究，即阐述该研究对学科发展的贡献、对国计民生的理论与现实意义等。文献综述：对本研究主题范围内的文献进行详尽的综合述评，“述”的同时一定要有“评”，指出现有研究成果的不足，讲出自己的改进思路。研究方法：讲清论文所使用的科学研究方法。论文结构安排：介绍本论文的写作结构安排。论文摘要是对论文的简短陈述，摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来，是论文的精华所在，因此，写好摘要很重要。摘要的的分类论文摘要一般位于论文正文之前，起总结概述作用。根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。 论文摘要怎么写摘要是论文的概述性语言，虽说篇幅不大，可却是一篇论文的精华之处。一般由具体研究的对象、方法、结果、结论四要素组成。对象：是论文研究调查的所具体的主题范围，体现出论文的论述内容、要解决的主要问题等。方法：是论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的各种途径，例如：原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺等，是完成研究对象的必要手段。结果：是作者运用研究方法对研究对象进行实验、研究所得到的结果、效果、数据，被确定的关系等，是进行科研所得的成果。结论：是作者对结果的分析、研究等，是结果的总结，体现研究结果的可靠性、实用性、创新性，体现论文研究的价值与学术水平，是决定论文价值的体现。撰写步骤摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文，书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。用重要的事实开头，突出论文新的信息，即新立题、新方法、结论与结果的创新性等。这些信息要能完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题，语句要精炼。摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的，尽量列出他们的名字，将这些零散信息，组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子，再进一步组成通畅的短文，通读此短文，反复修改，达到摘要的要求。 写作技巧技巧—：上网查阅一些或阅读一些论文摘要的写作资料，仔细研究一下别人的写作步骤、 方法和技巧。技巧二：多向指导教师和同学请教，并根据提供的意见和建议及时修改，以期达到更高水 平。技巧三：叙述要完整，要有逻辑性，短文结构要合理，在简短的篇幅下尽量是语言优美。技巧四：从小从专，即是指软文撰稿者在进行选则和提炼摘要时，要从专业出发，从小处入手进行突破，切记全而不专，大而空洞。注意事项: 不以数字开头，中英文必须对应英文摘要略有不同，望大家注意。摘要以主题概念不遗漏为原则，中文摘要字数为200-300字，英文摘要为100-150words 用第三人称，不得简单重复题名中已有的信息这样会使摘要显得冗长。语言要规范，除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。