中法饮食文化差异论文题目

从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文

饮食是一个广泛的称呼与概念，包含吃、喝相关的文化及做为。 饮食是现代的一种文化，而中华美食则誉满天下。中国饭好吃，外国人爱吃也是不争的事实。下面是我为你带来的从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文 ，欢迎阅读。

摘 要： 本文通过阐述中西餐饮文化差异，分析中西餐饮文化在在哲学体系、价值观念、思维方式等方面的差异，从而促进中西方文化的融合，让更多的人通过饮食了解饮食背后的文化。

关键词： 中西文化 饮食文化 差异比较

提到饮食文化，人们总是会不约而同地首先想到“吃”，不错，饮食的确是人类生存和发展的第一需要，是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而加上了“文化”二字以后，饮食就不仅仅是“吃”这么简单了，它包括饮食文化的整体，是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。

一、中西餐饮文化差异

中西方饮食文化最显而易见的不同就是使用的饮食器具。西方人以刀叉为食器，并且规定显明，不同规格的刀叉所使用的方式及场合不同，而且是不可以混用的。

中国人的餐桌上却不如西方人那么复杂，虽然是简简单单的一双筷子，但它在饮食文化中担任着十分重要的角色：筷子可以是我们的烹饪的工具，也是每家每户的搅拌器，打个鸡蛋，冲个饮料，无疑都需要筷子的帮忙。与西方如此严谨的规范相比，中国的筷子的确随意得多。

受科学导向的影响，西方烹饪的全过程必须严格按照科学规范行事，每道菜肴每次烹饪的过程、方法几乎完全一致，并且其所用的调料会精确到克，烹饪时间会精确到秒。

西方人对食物的选材极具规范，他们多以荤食为主，烹饪时往往以一整块肉或是一整只的禽类为主要食物，并且不吃内脏，认为内脏是弃料；对于蔬菜的选择上也比较单一，而且在饮食中以蔬菜为装点辅助之用，所以在西方人的饮食中蔬菜多为装饰工具。

相较于西方人而言，中国人在食物的选择与烹饪方式上就要随意得多。在中国厨师的手上也能变成一道味美的佳肴，这样的菜例比比皆是，如爆炒猪腰、糟猪肚、韭菜炒猪肝，等等。说到烹饪方式，更是层出不穷。不同于西方人的“精确到克”、“精确到秒”，中国人历来都是“随心所欲”，强调凭经验对结果进行把握。中国人喜素食，蔬菜的种类远多过于西方，这样，食材的相互搭配就变化多端，就以炒猪肝为例，可以是大葱炒猪肝，也可以是青椒炒猪肝，更可以是韭菜炒猪肝，每一道菜都各有风味。

西方人的饮食文化中注重食物的营养价值，因此，他们提倡吃生食，他们认为高温烹调会破坏了食物本身的营养，唯有生食才能最大限度地保存食物的天然属性和原汁原味，那么他们所追求的营养价值也可以被很好地保留。

中国饮食文化更重食物的味道，“美味”是中国饮食文化的第一要义，因此，中国人会借助一切技术手段、烹饪方式、调味方法使自己的食物变得鲜美无比，在中国，炒、煮、炖、烩、烧、烤、蒸、煎、炸、焖、熘等都是十分常见的熟食性烹调技术。

二、差异背后的文化根源

（一）哲学体系：形而上学与适度原则

西方哲学体系以形而上学为主要特点，也就是用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界，认为一切事物都是孤立的，永远不变的；如果说有变化的话，那么只是数量的增减和场所的变更，这种增减或变更的原因不在事物内部而在于事物外部。反映到饮食文化就是所闻即所见，无论是菜单还是对食物的装点、摆盘，都是以一种最直接的方式呈现给人看，追求真实性，没有华丽的点缀，只体现食物的本源属性，这点与西方人的处事原则不谋而合，这样的哲学背景下就促成了西方人视“营养价值”为饮食的第一要义的观念，不在乎饮食的艺术性、创造性，目标性明确，即食物就是用来补充人对于营养需求的工具。

与西方人不同，中国传统哲学思想中最显著的特点之一是模糊、不可捉摸。它不像西方的形而上学那样追求事物的客观性、真实性，强调所闻即所见，而是凡是讲求分寸、讲求整体配合、讲求一个“度”。反映在饮食文化上的就是中国人将“美味”作为饮食的第一要义。在烹饪上，中国人讲究整体融合，没有西方人的精确，讲究的是凭经验将一道菜的各个部分相协调进而形成一道美味的佳肴。其中的经验又是模糊的，同一道菜，同一个师傅，每次做可能也会做出不同的味道，凭借经验对菜肴进行整体的把握，追求烹饪技术的随意性与艺术性，这便是中国人的传统哲学观念――模糊而完美。

（二）价值观：个人主义与集体主义

西方人推崇个人主义价值观念，个人目标高于对群体的忠诚。也就是说每一个只需要对自己负责即可，不需要服从其他任何一个集体，可以根据自己的喜好、需要选择自己喜欢的群体，但这样的选择并不是永久的，可以随时因为自己需求的改变而重新进行选择。如改变祈祷的教堂，更换雇主，等等。反映在饮食文化中最显著的就是西方人实行分餐制。

与之相对的，中国人崇尚集体主义价值观。在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，不喜欢争强好胜，社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人，正所谓“行高于众，人必非之”。在饮食文化中，这样的集体主义观念的确是受到了中国传统思想的影响，中国人的宴席多喜用圆桌，从形式上体现了团结、礼貌、共享的氛围。美味佳肴摆在桌子的中心，既是欣赏品尝的对象，又是交流感情的媒介。在这样的宴会气氛下，饮食已经不是宴会的主要目的，情感的交流才是宴会的中心。与西方人直截了当的交际方式不同，中国人的饮食目的依仗于一大群人的情感触碰、交流和共鸣。

（三）思维方式：个性与整体

西方人注重个性的发展，强调在集体中个性的最大限度发挥。他们追求差异性，凡事求异，认为每一个人都是独一无二的，强调天下万物都是独立的个体，彼此间没有联系，认为个性与个体的独立自主是人类社会发展的动力之一，因此对事物的看法与考虑往往从个性出发，西方人将独特的个性发展放置于一切行为活动的大前提之下。这无疑体现在了他们的饮食文化中，泾渭分明的摆盘和装点，虽同在一个盘子中，确是个性突出的各自为政，没有任何调和，肉即是肉，菜即是菜，土豆即是土豆，个性鲜明，味道明确，不会相互影响、相互混合。在烹饪上，同一个盘子中的不同食材也是被分开进行加工的，不会将它们放在一起烹煮，处处彰显西方人对于个体与个性的尊重和重视。   中国人注重整体的.发展，强调圆满、整合的思维方式和思想观念。不喜欢过于鲜明的个性张扬，反映在烹饪上更显见，无论是什么样的食材全部倒入锅中，再配以各种佐料进行烹调，即使原本个性鲜明，味道独特的食材在这样的磨合之下不会再显得如此锋芒。因此，中国菜尝起来滋味丰富，层次感强烈。再回过头看每一道菜，红不是那样鲜艳的红，绿也不是那样扎眼的绿，而是一种经过调和以后产生的和合之美。

（四）生活方式与生活节奏

在西方，流水线上的重复作业，实行计件工资制，生活节奏急促，人们有意无意地受到机械的两分法影响，将游戏与工作分得很清楚，即工作时工作，游戏时游戏，这样的生活方式十分单调、刻板，机械的工作生活模式逐步影响到了西方人对饮食的需求，导致饮食本身的单一性和简单性。

中国人则不然，中国人的随意性在这里体现无遗，不喜欢单纯的、机械的工作生活模式，推崇一种经验性的工作方式或者喜欢在工作中加入自己喜欢的元素或方法，就像中国的饮食烹饪一样，存在不稳定性，这样的不稳定性既指工作模式、工作方法的不稳定，又指工作结果的不稳定。就好像一道菜如果想要让它尝起来不那么咸，南方人可能会选择放糖冲淡咸味，如南方人的糖醋风味，就是用糖的甜与醋的酸中和酱油的咸味；而北方人则可能会把这道菜加水烹制食材，让食材变淡的同时改变了菜的性质，可能从一道炒菜变成了一道靓汤，因为生活经验、生活环境的不同而不同。这样并不稳定的经验性的改变方式，使原来单纯的一道菜变成了现在的三道菜而非两道菜，其中创造性与艺术性油然而生。

三、当前的餐饮文化发展与中西文化之间的融合

然而如今的中西方餐饮文化已不再像以前那样泾渭分明了，中餐中也融入了西式元素，西餐中处处彰显中国风，这是一种新型的饮食文化模式，中西合璧的饮食文化队伍将会越来越壮大，人们也可以通过了解饮食文化了解这个世界。

参考文献 ：

[1]郭鲁芳，金慧君.中、西方餐饮文化差异所带来的思索[A].商业经济文荟，2005（5）：13-15.

[2]刘岩松.中西方饮食在文化理念上的差异性[J].经济研究导刊，2010（36）：258-259.

[3]赵奇志.中西饮食文化的差异[J].食品工程，（4）：14-15.

[4]冯勇，何欢欢.从饮食文化角度浅析中西思维方式的差异[J].消费导刊，：234

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

这个好多啊。比如：中国人饮食习俗的特点、中国八大菜系的区别、“川菜”历史演变及形成、中国人饮食方式聚食制的利弊……等等 题目可大可小。上面是大题目，小题目到每种烹饪方式的异同点，甚至每道菜肴的制作工艺、营养特征，色香味形都可以去写。