给排水论文英文参考文献

MECHANICAL PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT STADIUM 1.给排水设计 饮用水和污水 Design Water and sewage water .设计基础 - 甲方提供的设计任务书和市政管网综合图 - 建筑专业提供的条件图 - 国家现行的设计规范及有关规定设计简章 .Design bases Design Brief and Municipal integrated network drawing offered by the client. Condition drawings from architectural discipline. Current national design codes and related stipulations 2. 给水系统 通过一根DN200的进水管将水引入.水表安装在进水管上,离红线1米处.供水管在红线内连成环路管网,并接到供应楼的消防水池和给排水水池.由环路管网向必需的室外消火栓和绿化带的喷淋器供水. 2. Water supply system For water supply of this project, DN200 water intake pipes are led in. Water meters are installed on the intake pipes m away from the red line. The water supply pipes are connected into loop networks in the red line and then led to the fire pool and sanitary water pool in the supply buildings respectively. Necessary number of outdoor hydrants and sprinklers for green area will be provided on the loop networks. 设计范围 包括红线内的饮用水,污水,雨水,建筑消防. Design scope Design scope of this project includes water, sewage water, rainwater, fire-protection in the building, and water and sewage water within the red line. 给排水水池与消防水池分开,容量为100m3 .体操馆供水管埋地敷设. Sanitary water pool is separated from fire water pool, volume of sanitary water pool is 100m3. Water supply pipes for the stadium will be laid in the earth. 3.用水量标准 - 体育馆: 15升/顾客·日 K= - 宾馆: 150升/人·日 K= - 餐厅: 50升/顾客·日 K= - 工作人员: 25升/人·日 K= - 地面冲洗用水: 3升/m2日 - 冷却塔补水量:按用水量的2%计 - 未预见水量: 按日用水量20%计 - 消防用水: 消火栓:室内40升/秒,室外30升/秒,火灾延续时间为3小时; 自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间为1小时 卷帘水幕用水升/秒·米,火灾延续时间为3小时; Water consumption standard - Stadium: 15L/visitor·day K= - Hotel: 150L/visitor·day K= - Restaurant: 50L/customer·day K= - Staff 25L/person·day K= - Floor cleaning: 3L/m2·day Make-up water for cooling tower: 2% of the actual cold water consumption. Unforeseen water consumption: 20% of the daily water consumption. Water for fire protection Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration time is 3h; Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration time is 1h; Drencher for rolling shutter: ·m, fire duration time is 3h; 在适当的位置设置饮用水机,在主进口为残障人设置两个饮用水机.为此饮用水系统安装循环泵.机房 设在地下室的水除了机房.当饮用水机不被使用时,应排空,以免水质腐败. 在客房和餐厅内设置电热水器,同时亦为热水供应设置循环泵. 在更衣间旁设置电热水器,为淋浴和洗盥供应热水. 为楼板清洁安装一定数量的水龙头. Some suitable places are supplied with portable water drinking units, two drinking units for disable people are provided at main entrances, for this portable water system, circulating pumps are adopted, the equipment room is located in water treatment center in the basement. When there is no use, portable water will be drained completely to avoid deterioration. Electric water heaters are installed in guest rooms and restaurant, also hot water circulating pumps will be provided for supplying hot water. Electric water heaters are installed near the changing and clothing rooms for supplying hot water for shower and washing. Certain number of water taps are installed for floor-cleaning. 4.用水量 最大日用水量:日 最大时用水量:220m3/时 Water consumption demand Maximum daily water consumption: Maximum hourly water consumption: 220m3/hour 却循环系统 冷却水循环系统采用机械循环系统.总冷却水用量为460m3/h.在供应楼顶设置三台超低噪音冷却塔(230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h).进水温度37Co,出水温度32Co .补充水量 9,6 m3/h.补充水由市政供水网直接提供. Cooling water circulation system There are cooling water circulation system in this project, cooling water for the refrigerators adopts mechanical circulation system. Total water consumption of cooling towers is 460m3/h. On roof of the supply building there are 3 ultra-low noise cooling towers (230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h), inlet temperature of 37Co, outlet temperature of 32Co, with make-up water of 9,6 m3/h. Make-up water of the cooling towers will be supplied directly by the municipal network. 在消防泵房内有消火栓泵(一个运行,一个备用),喷淋泵(一个运行,一个备用),卷帘雨淋泵(一个运行,一个备用).用于地下车库的泡沫喷淋设备,如报警阀,泡沫压缩罐,化学药剂泵安装在消防设备中心. 消防水箱和消防稳压装置分别安装在车库的四面墙. In the fire water pump room, there are hydrant pumps (one operation, one standby), sprinkler pumps (one operation, one standby) and rolling shutter drencher pumps (one operation, one standby). Fire equipment, which are used for the foam sprinkler system in underground garage, such as fire alarm valves, foam concentrated tank and chemical dosing pump, etc. are provided in fire equipment centers. Four fire water tanks and fire protection stabilized pressure devices are respectively located at four sides next to the garages. 消防用水 消火栓:室内按40升/秒,室外按30升/秒,火灾延续时间按3个小时计 自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间按1小时计 卷帘水幕用水量 升/秒·米,火灾延续时间按3个小时计 消火栓:室内,室外用水量皆为756m3; 自动喷洒用水量为 m3; 卷帘水幕用水量为 270m3; 一次火灾用水量为; Water for fire protection Water consumption standard for fire protection Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration is 3h Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration is 1h Drencher for rolling shutter: ·m, fire duration is 3h Water consumption for fire protection Hydrant: indoor and outdoor water consumptions are 756m3 respectively Sprinkler: m3 Drencher for rolling shutter: 270m3 Water consumption for one fire: m3 消火栓的布置 在整个建筑物内沿墙,沿柱,沿走廊,风塔上及楼梯附近设有必要数量的室内消火栓,消火栓间距小于30米.消火栓管网水平,竖向皆成环状布置,消火栓箱内配有DN65消火栓一支,25米衬胶水龙带一条,φ19毫米喷咀水枪一支,并配消防卷盘(DN25消火栓一支,30米胶管,φ9毫米喷咀水枪一支)且设有可直接启动消火栓泵的按钮;在室内消火栓箱下设有磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器箱.室内消火栓系统在室外设有三组水泵接合器. Hydrant arrangement Necessary number of hydrants are installed indoors along the wall, columns, corridors, and staircases, at intervals of less than 30m. Hydrant networks are connected as a loop both horizontally and vertically. Inside each hydrant box, a DN65 hydrant, a 25m long rubber lined hose, a water nozzle of φ19mm, hose reel (a DN25 hydrant, a 30m long rubber lined hose and a water nozzle ofφ9mm), and a direct starting button for the hydrant pump are provided. Under each indoor hydrant box, a portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguisher box is installed. There are three sets of pump adopters being installed outdoors for the indoor hydrant system. 消防系统 防水泵房及消防水池 供水管DN200在红线内连成环路管网,管网上安装 一定数量的消火栓.两根DN200供水管分别引入供应楼内两个消防泵房内的消防水池.消防水池总容量不应小于4000m3, 每个为. Fire protection system Water pump room and water pool for fire protection The lead-in pipes (DN200) are connected as a loop inside the red line, on the loop, certain number of hydrants are water supply pipes (DN200) are led into the fire water pools at each fire water pump room in supplybuilding. In consideration of the importance of the project, the volume of the fire water pools should be not less than 4000m3, each is . 自动喷淋系统 自动喷淋系统安装在全建筑范围,除了室外和高于10 米的房间.喷淋泵安装在地下的消防泵房内.报警阀设置在地下的消防泵房内和中间的消防设备中心内,水流显示器设在每个防火分区内. Sprinkler system Sprinkler systems will be provided inside the whole building except outside areas and roomshigher than 10m, with sprinkler pumps installed in the underground fire water pump rooms. Alarming valves installed in underground fire water pump rooms and four fire equipment centers in the middle, water flow indicators are installed by fire compartments. 除了安装一个封闭喷淋系统,将为地下车库设置一个泡沫喷淋系统.餐厅内安装93oC启动的自动喷淋头,但在其它房间,仅安装93oC启动的普通和快速反应自动喷淋头.三组泵接合器安装在室外. Besides an enclosed sprinkler system, a foam sprinkler system composed of a proportioning mixer and a foam concentrated tank is provided for the underground garage. Sprinkler actuated at 93oC are provided in the restaurants, but in other rooms, only ordinary sprinklers and fast response sprinklers actuated at 68oC are provided. Three sets of pump adaptors for this system will be installed outdoors. 排水系统 为排水系统设置污水主立管和特别垂直排气管.排气管与污水管在每层连接,污水排出体操馆.餐厅的污水首先在油脂分离池中处理,然后排入室外排水网.给排水污水将被在化粪池收集和处理,然后排入市政排水管网.化粪池在输送区旁.最大天排水量为870m3/天. 9. Drainage system Main vertical sewage pipes and special vertical vent pipes are provided for the drainage system. The vent pipes are connected with sewage pipe at each floor; sewage water is drained out of stadium. Sewage water in the restaurants and garage are treated in the grease and oil separation tank, and then discharged into the outdoor drainage networks. Sanitary sewage water is collected and treated in the septic tank, then drained into the municipal drainage. The septic tanks are located besides the deliverycircle. Maximum daily drainage amount is 870m3/day. 卷帘水幕系统 地下车库设置有卷帘水幕系统.水幕泵安装在消防水泵房内,采用开式雨淋头,电动或手动控制.十组泵接合器安装在室外 Drencher system for rolling shutters Rolling shutter protected by drenchers are provided for the underground garage, the drencher pumps are installed in the fire water pump rooms, open drencher heads are selected, and are controlled both by electrically and manually. Ten pump adapters will be installed outdoors for this system. 地下室内污水设有污水坑,废水设有废水坑,生活污水,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外排水管网,潜污泵的启停皆由磁性浮球控制器的控制. 地下汽车库废水设有废水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外,经隔油池处理后排入室外雨水管网. There are cesspits for sewage water and wastewater pits for wastewater in the basement, the sewage and wastewater is sucked up and drained to the outdoor drainage networks by submerged sewage pumps. Operation of the pumps is controlled by the magnetic floating ball controllers. Wastewater pits are provided for the underground garage, wastewater is sucked up and drained to outdoor oil separation tank by submerged sewage pumps, after treated, wastewater is drained to the outdoors rainwater networks. 在柴油发电机房,变配电房和通讯设备机房设低压二氧化碳气体灭火系统. Low pressure CO2 extinguisher systems are provided in diesel generator rooms, transformer substations and telecommunication equipment rooms. 在本建筑内按"建筑灭火器配置设计规范"在每个消火栓箱下设手提式灭火器箱,箱内设有必要数量的磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器. According to the Code for Design of Extinguisher Disposition in Buildings, portable fire extinguisher box, in which there are necessary number of portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguishers, will be installed under every hydrant box. 在每个消防电梯井底旁设有消防排水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外. Fire water drain pit is provided at side of bottom of each fire elevator well, waste water will be sucked up and drained out by the pumps. 雨水系统 雨水排水屋顶采用压力流排水. 雨水设计重现期按P=10年计算,降雨历时为5分钟,暴雨强度公式按Q=(1+)/(t+)计算. 沿柱在屋面设置雨水沟.雨水通过雨水沟收集,然后进入雨水头和下排管,然后到室外雨水观察井. 10. Rainwater system Pressurized drainage system is adopted for roof rainwater drainage system. Here, return period P=10 years, rainfall duration is 5 minutes, stormwater amount is calculated by the following formula: Q=(1+)/(t+) Rainwater gutters are provided on roof along columns, skylight. Rainwater is collected in the gutter, then to rainwater heads and downpipes, and to the outdoors rainwater inspection wells. 11.管材 - 生活给水管,冷却塔补水管采用铜管,氩弧焊接. - 直饮水管采用不锈管. - 消火栓管,冷却循环管,水幕管,水泵吸水管采用焊接钢管,焊接. - 自动喷洒水管,雨淋水管采用热镀锌钢管,丝扣连接或卡压连接. -二氧化碳管采用无缝钢管焊接. - 地下车库泡沫喷淋水管采用不锈钢管,卡压连接. Pipe material Copper pipes connected by argon arc welding are adopted for the sanitary water pipes, make-up water pipes for cooling towers. Stainless stell pipes are adopted for portable water pipes. Welded steel pipes connected by welding are selected for hydrant pipes, cooling circulating pipes, drencher pipes, pump suction pipes. Hot-galvanized steel pipes connected by threads or compression-seizing are selected for sprinkler and deluge sprinler pipes. Seamless steel pipes connected by welding are selected for CO2 pipes. Stainless steel pipes connected by pressed clamp is selected for the pipes of foam sprinklers in the underground garage. 当雨水两超出雨水沟设计量时,雨水可沿屋檐自由排放.雨水被收集,然后排入市政集水池. When the amount of rainwater is more than the design value of the gutters, water is discharged naturally along the eaves. Rainwater is collected, and then drained to the municipal catch basins. 围绕体育馆的循环池将用于喷洒运动场和作为室外绿化带的储水池. 此池将作为一个循环过滤设施,可容水约 m . 喷洒压力设备和其它必须的过滤设备安装在供应楼里. The circular senic pool surround stadium will be used for spraying sportsfield and as reservoir for outdoor greening. The pool will be used as a circular filtering facility and will be adopted with a water volume of about m . The spray water pressurizing equipment as well as further necessary filtering equipment will be adopted in the supply building. 制冷 Cooling 冷源: 空调冷负荷(估算): 本工程建筑面积共平方米,包括观众区,休息室,更衣室,小会议室,餐厅,办公室和其它附属房.空调设计日峰值冷负荷为,设计日总冷负荷为3 kW. Refrigerating source Cooling load of air conditioning system Total floor area for this building is 50,000sqm, which includes spectator areas, lounges, Clothing and changing rooms small meeting rooms, restaurant, office and other auxiliary rooms. Designed dayly peak cooling load is 2,4MW, designed total dayly cooling load is 3kW. 每台1200kW制冷机配一台 流量为206m3/h离心泵.各配一台备用泵 一次泵采用压差旁路控制. 通过埋地敷管,向游泳体操馆供应冷冻水. A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 103m3/h is provided for each 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller. Pressure difference branch control is adopted for primary pump Via earth laid pipes from supply building to gymnasium chilled water supply will be deliverded. 冷源的选择: 根据建筑的实际情况,3台制冷机将安装在供应楼内的冷冻机房.设计容量为4800kW. 为了实现能量的效率化使用,设计方案为,1台制冷机的出力为总设计容量的50%.而另2 台.每台出力为总设计容量的25%. 冷冻水系统的主要设备包括3台电动制冷机,一级冷冻泵,二级冷冻泵,自动控制阀等等.冷冻水的供/回水温度为-7/ 12°C. Selection of refrigerating source According to the real condition of the building, 3 chillers are located in the refrigerating plant rooms in the supply building, designed capacity is 2400kW. For actuing in an energy efficient way one chiller about 50% of total capacity ( kW) and two chillers with 25% of total (600 kW each)capacity each are adopted. Main equipment of chilled water system includes 3 electrical chiller, primary cool water pump, secondary chilled water pump and automatic controlled valve, etc. supply/return temperature of the chiller is-7/ 12°C. 二次泵系统:根据使用功能,各制冷机房又分成不同的循环支路. 二次泵采用变频调速控制.根据负荷侧供回水管的压差,控制水泵的转速. 二次泵循环支路的管道采用异程式. Secondary pump system: Each refrigerating plant room is subdivided into different circulation branch loops according to use functions. Variable-frequency speed-regulating control is adopted for secondary pumps. The rotating speed of a water pump is controlled according to the pressure difference between water supply and return pipes. Direct return system is adopted for the pipes of circulating branch of secondary pumps 空调冷冻水系统 由于本工程占地面积大,功能复杂,有连续使用,也有间歇使用,为了达到运行灵活,节能的目的,空调冷冻水系统采用两管制二次泵系统. Chilled water system Due to the large occupied area of this project, the complicated functions and the combination of continuous utilization and intermittent utilization, in order to accomplish the purpose of flexible operation and energy saving, the chilled water system is of two-pipe secondary pump system. 管材: 水管采用焊接钢管及无缝钢管. 本工程的风管除土建风道外,均采用镀锌铁皮咬口制作.每节风管之间用法兰连接. Pipe and duct materials The water pipes adopt welded steel pipes and seamless steel pipes. Air ducts for this project are made of galvanized sheet steel by seaming except ducts by civil construction. Air ducts are connected together by flanges. 一次泵系统: 供应楼冷冻机房 2400kW制冷机配一台离心泵, 流量为412m3/h.配一台备用泵. Primary pump system: Chiller room supply building A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 412m3/h is provided for 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller. 保温材料: 空调供,回水管,冷凝水管采用酚醛管壳保温. 空调送,回风管以及处理后的新风管采用外贴铝箔的离心玻璃棉板保温. - 管道穿防火墙的空隙处采用岩棉材料等非燃材料填充. Thermal materials phenolic pipes are adopted for thermal insulation of water supply and return pipes for air conditioning, as well as air-conditioning condensate pipes. Aluminum foil faced glass fiber boards are adopted for thermal insulation of air-conditioning air supply and return ducts as well as fresh air ducts after chillers. Non-flammable material will be selected to fill the interspace in the fire protection wall where the ducts go through. 消声与隔振: 冷水机组,水泵等设备采用减振台座,弹簧减振器或橡胶减振垫减振降噪. 在空调机组,新风机组,通风机的进出口采用涂胶帆布软管连接. - 水泵进出水管上采用可曲挠橡胶接头,使设备振动与配管隔离. Noise reduction and vibration isolation Shock absorption bases, spring shock absorbers on rubber shock absorption pads are adopted for equipment, such as water chiller units, pumps, etc to reduce vibration and lower noise. Flexible rubber-coated canvas hoses are adopted far connections of inlets and outlets of air-conditioning units, fresh air handling units and ventilators. Flexible rubber couplings are adopted for the water intake and delivery pipes of the pumps to isolate equipment vibration from their pipes. 空调和通风系统 Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems 方案设计范围 Scope of schematic design 空调设计 Air Conditioning Design 在体育馆内,一些区域设置空调系统.这些区域划分为: 西侧地下二层的贵宾休息室 东侧地下二层酒店门廊 地下一层的输送区,技术机房,运动员更衣间,医务服务,热身区,裁判区,健身中心,酒店大堂,会议室,厨房,特许区和贵宾大堂混合区. 首层的酒店大堂,酒店区,贵宾门廊,急救 In the stadium, in some ranges air conditioning systems are used. These ranges subdivide themselves as follows: VIP – Lobby in West of levelel -2 Hotel lobby in the east of level –2 Delivary Circle, technical Plantrooms, Changingrooms for the athletes, Medical Service and warm up area, Judges Area, Fitness Center, Hotel Lobby, Conferenz, Kitchen and Concession, Vip lobby- Mixed Zone in level -1 Hotel lobby, Hotel area, Vip lobby, Vip Area, First aid in 0

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丨 专利文献

专利文献题名[P].国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期

仲前昌夫， 佐藤寿昭. 感光性树脂[ P ]. 日本， 特开平

Hasegawa,Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et Coating composition[P].EP

Yamaguchi K,Hayashi A. Plant growth promotor and productionthereof [P].Jpn,

丨 技术标准文献

标准标准编号，标准名称[S]

ISO 1210-1982，塑料 小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性[S]

GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法[S]

丨 报纸

报纸作者.题名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)

陈志平.减灾设计研究新动态[N].科技日报，1997-12-12(5)

丨 报告

报告作者.题名[R].保存地点：年份

中国机械工程学会.密相气力输送技术[R].北京：1996

丨 电子文献

电子文献作者.题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].文献出处，日期

万锦柔.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)[DB/CD].北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996

文献类型及其标识

根据GB3469 规定：

①期刊[J]

②专著[M]

③论文集[C]

④学位论文[D]

⑤专利[P]

⑥标准[S]

⑦报纸[N]

⑧技术报告[R]

电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如：

①磁带[MT]

②磁盘[DK]

③光盘[CD]

④联机网络[OL]

①联机网上数据库[DB/OL]

②磁带数据库[DB/MT]

③光盘图书[M/CD]

④磁盘软件[CP/DK]

⑤网上期刊[J/OL]

⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]

英文文献采用 APA格式

丨 单一作者著作的书籍：

姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.

Sheril, R. D.(1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego:Halstead.

丨 两位作者以上合著的书籍：

姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.

Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992).Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:McMaster University Press.

丨 文集中的文章：

Mcdonalds, A.(1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment ofsupernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies:Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.

丨 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：

Crackton, P.(1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change?Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

丨期刊中的文章(连续页码)：

姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.

Rottweiler, F. T.,& Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink ofdestruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

丨月刊杂志中的文章：

Henry, W. A., III.(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

英文论文参考文献格式如下：

一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式

按照现行规定，学术期刊中论文参考文献的标注采用顺序编码制，即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者，用同一序号标示。

这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了，应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样，按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码著录;英文文献用印刷体；英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体；所列项目及次序与中文文献相同，但文献类型可不标出；忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为：

专著、论文集、学位论文、报告主要责任者。文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。起止页码。示例：Day,C.,Veen, Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research, policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.

期刊文章：主要责任者。文献题名。刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码。示例：Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review, Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994, 20(3)：365- 386.

论文集中的析出文献析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。析出文献起止页码。

示例：Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In (Ed.)，Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes . 104.

二、关于英文人名的标注

现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求，英文人名的标注较为混乱，有标注全名的，有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的，还有在姓、名之间加圆点的，后者是我国翻译作品中，中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。

其实，标注英文人名是有章可循的，在国外学术著作的参考文献中，关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式，即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时，要求姓在前、名在后，姓与名之间用逗号隔开，姓的词首字母大写，其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示，后加缩写符号圆点，缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后，在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson，前面两个词是名，最后一个词是姓，应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢？

1. 在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时，以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一，即以姓作为检索目标之一。

2. 在欧美人姓名表达含义里，姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者，还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点，也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味，缩写符号不可省略。

3. 表示与平常书写姓名的不同，体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求，符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术著作、科技文献中已广泛采用，也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。

对于复姓情况，如Jory Albores-Saavedra等，在引用标注时，应将复姓全部写出，即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况，如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等，标注时不能省略，应同姓一起提到前面标注，如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。

一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时，标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外，作者与作者之间用逗号分开，最后一位作者前加&符号，如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者，之后加etc.表示。