英语文学是英语专业学生的一门重要的课程,对于英语学生的自身能力的提升具有十分重要的意义。下面是我为大家整理的英语文学方向毕业论文,供大家参考。
摘要:教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养,同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养,不断提升自身的英语文学素养,促进自身的全面发展。
关键词:英语文学;大学生
一、大学生英语文学素养培养的现状
大学生的英语文学素养的培养非常重要,然而在大学的英语教学中教师对于学生文学素养的重视不够,并且学生自身没有较强的意识注重文学素养的培养。大学的英语教学,尤其是非英语专业的英语教学,主要是大学英语课程的教学,在教学中对于学生的文学素养培养没有足够的重视。第一,大学英语的教学主要以学生语言技巧为主,以英语词汇、知识点、语法等为主要讲授内容,教师很少讲授到英美文学的知识,也较少布置有关文学阅读的任务,对于大学生的英语文学素养培养非常不利。第二,英语四级、六级考试,作为国家级考试对于学生的学习要求也主要为英语语言自身的应用,但是对于英语文学方面没有很多的要求,影响着全国大学生的英语学习。从学生角度来说,大学生尤其是非英语专业的学生对于英语兴趣不高,很少学生去阅读英语文学的相关资料,或者有兴趣但是英语能力不足,慢慢失去了对于英语文学的喜爱
二、大学生英语文学素养培养的策略
针对大学生英语文学素养的现状,我们必须注重大学生英语文学素养的培养,从多方面提高大学生的英语文学素养,促进大学生的全面发展。
第一,英语课堂上教师注意培养学生对于英语文学的兴趣。大学的英语课,多是大学英语的课程,很多非英语专业学生英语基础较差,对英语不感兴趣,对于英语文学的兴趣就更小。为了提高大学生的英语文学素养,在英语课堂上教师可以注意学生文学的兴趣培养。在讲授教学内容时,继续增强学生对英语语言的喜爱,恰当地为学生介绍文学作品,联系更多的文学信息,将教学内容与英美的文学知识结合在一起,引起学生对英语文学的兴趣。
第二,教学内容多介绍英语文学的相关知识,带领学生学会文学赏析、评论等。大学英语教学的主要内容都是大学英语课程的内容,教师讲授教学内容时比较偏重与英语语言的应用,对于文学作品的分析、文学作品的赏析进行地很少。为了培养学生的英语文学素养,教师可以讲课时注意突出与教学内容相关的文学知识,在为学生讲解知识点的同时带领学生去学习如何赏析文学作品,对于文学作品进行分析评论,为学生推荐适合的文学作品,让学生从文学作品中获得更多的知识,也获得更多的关于世界、人生的思考。
第三,课上教师采取灵活多样的教学方法来进行英语文学的熏陶。在英语教学过程中,教师采取丰富多彩的教学方式和手段来引导学生对英语文学的兴趣,提升学生对文学的敏感度,促进学生的文学积累。一方面,教师可以将文学学习与电影结合起来。很多的文学作品,尤其是经典的文学作品都被后人拍成电影或者电视,而电影、电视是学生容易接受的方式,而且对于学生来说更具吸引力,在电影中学生对于文学作品有所了解,对于英语语言的应用也更清晰。另一方面,教师应该充分利用网络资源,引导学生接触更多的英语文学知识和作品。在当今时代,接触文学不仅靠书籍,还可以更好地利用网络资源。在信息飞速的时代,教师可以积极引导学生利用网络进行文学阅读和文学思考。
第四,布置课下文学的延伸任务,定期检验学生的完成情况。在英语教学过程中,教师要布置恰当的文学阅读任务和文学赏析作业。根据教学内容,向学生推荐英语文学作品,要求学生完成文学作品的相关任务,鼓励学生在进行文学阅读和赏析的任务过程中,进行思考分析,获得更多的知识和思考。对于布置的文学任务,可以定期进行检查,通过写阅读反思、影评等来检验学生对于文学作业的完成情况。
第五,学生自身要转变观念,变被动培养为主动提高。大学生为了就业,更多的人都选择学习实用性强的课程,对于短期内实用效果较小的文学学习却很忽略。要提高大学生的英语文学素养,学生首先要从思想上转变以前的观念,意识到文学学习和提高文学素养对于自身发展的重要性,重视自身英语文学素养的培养。其次在课堂上和课下主动进行文学作品的阅读和学习,配合教师的文学学习的教学,积极完成教师布置的文学相关作业将文学素养的培养当成一项长期的活动。教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养,同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养,不断提升自身的英语文学素养,促进自身的全面发展。
参考文献
1、基于思维过程的高中英语文学阅读思维型课堂教学架构兰春寿课程.教材.教法2015-12-01期刊1
2、 英语专业体裁文本依托文学课程体系改革效果分析景婧外语界2015-08-25期刊
摘要:总之,动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程,也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。
关键词:英语文学;研究生
一、汉语的“动态”与英语的“静态”
动词是表示人或事物动作、行为、发展、变化的词,是最复杂、最活跃的一种词类。英、汉两种语言对动词的概括意义是一样的,但动词的数量及使用频率与方式却并不一样。从总体修辞效果来看,英语呈“静态”,汉语呈“动态”,亦即,英语有一种少用(谓语)动词而用其他手段;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(并列谓语除外);而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”,如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”,及紧缩句,如“我们下雨也去”。英语的限定动词只能做谓语,而汉语中的动词(包括动宾词组、主谓词组等)不仅做谓语,也可做主语,如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”,宾语,如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”,定语,如“讨论的问题很重要”,状语,如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语,如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。汉语是一种离不开动词的语言,除了部分句子(即名词谓语句如“今天星期六”和形容词谓语句如“他这几天心情很好”)以外,大量的句子都不止使用一个动词,有的句子几乎全句都是动词,如“打得赢就打,打不赢就走,不怕没办法”。汉语的动词还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词,如“走走”、“商量商量”、“看一看”、“打打闹闹”,而英语的动词却不能。另外汉语中为数不多的介词,也大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的,有些还具备动词的一般特点,称为“半动词”,“副动词”,“汉语中的绝大多数的‘介词’,应该划归动词的范畴,只是入句时,表现了相当于英语介词的作用”,如“他在家”中的“在”为动词,而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。
二、“动态”与“静态”的思维根源
汉语“动态”与英语“静态”之差异,其深层原因在于汉、英民族思维方式的差异:即汉民族重形象思维、重悟性,而西方人重抽象思维、重理性。汉文化的重要特征之一是“尚象”,汉民族习惯于“观物取像”,即取万物之象,加工成为象征意义的符号来反映、认识客观事物的规律,形成了偏重形象,即偏重具体的思维方式;西方文化的重要特征之一是“尚思”,注重逻辑与形式论证,形成了以概念、判断和推理为思维形式,偏重抽象的思维方式。这种思维形式的不同在语言上表现为:英语语言常常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念,因而显得“虚”和“静”;而汉语则习惯于形象语言,用形象的方法来表达抽象的事物,动词的形象性即满足了中文的需求,由于大量地使用动词,汉语言因而显得“实”和“动”。另外,汉民族相比于西方人更倾向于注重悟性,汉语由意念贯通,行文造句不需要严格的语法规则来规范,词的用法也非常灵活,动词的使用即非常灵活。汉语的动词由于没有形态变化的约束,使用起来十分自由、灵活,可以充当句子的各种成分,也可以连用形成连动式和兼语式,还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词,动词的大量使用使汉语的表达呈现“动态”的倾向。与之相反,西方人更注重理性,注重形式论证,在语言上表现为形态的外漏和形式上的完整,因此行文造句需要严格的语法规则来规范。英语句子有严谨的主谓结构,一个句子结构通常只使用一个谓语动词,大量本应该用动词表达的概念,只能用非谓语动词来表达,或借助于动词以外的词类,主要是由动词派生而来的名词,有时还要借助于介词、副词及由动词转化而来的形容词,这样便产生了动词的虚化和弱化,使得英语的表达呈现“静态”的倾向。
三、汉译英中动词的处理
鉴于学生动态英译文的问题,从“动态”与“静态”这一修辞差异入手来探讨汉译英中汉语动词(不包括判断动词和能愿动词)的处理,应是汉译英教学中的非常重要的一讲。
(一)单动词汉语句子中动词的处理
“英语的静态修辞的实质是名词优势和介词优势,而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结”。英语倾向于用名词(词组)来表达汉语用动词所表达的概念,即动作、行为、状态等,尤其在科技、法律、政治等正式文体中更是如此。这不仅使英语句子简洁紧凑,也避免了将人牵涉进来,从而使语句意义更加含蓄、间接,符合英民族表达习惯,因而句子优美。因此,在有些情况下,汉语动词并不是译成英语动词,而是要遵循英语的这一修辞特点,进行必要的词性转换,即动词向名词和介词的转化(如a和b),有时也转化成副词和形容词(如c和d)等,使译文符合英语的句法规律,因而更加地道、更显文采。a.他很贪嘴。.这不符合我们党的政策.ThisisnotinkeepingwithourParty’.桌布铺上了吗?Istheclothon?d.他怀疑我的动机。Heissuspiciousofmyintentions.
(二)多动词汉语句子中动词的处理
汉语注重“动态”描写,一个句子中往往会涌现大量的动词,但并不会引起句子的臃肿和混乱.汉语的动词可以作句子的不同成分;一个句子中可以连用两个或更多的动词作谓语,有时一个句子中会集结异常大量的动词,按照各动作实际上的时间顺序或逻辑上的因果次序,将事件一一如实说出,甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果。因此在将汉语句中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补的动词译成英语时,有的可以省译,有的要进行词性转换或译成非限定动词;在将汉语的连动式结构译成英文时,首先要确定一个主要动词,作为谓语动词,与主语形成SV主干,构成全句中心,其他动词有的可以省译,有的作为次要动词进行词性转换或译成非限定动词、独立主格结构,打破汉语的时间或事理顺序,运用英语所富有的各种关系词或关系手段,适当地将它们嫁接到句子的中心主干上,形成空间立体布局,使句子语义层次分明。当然,在将连动式结构译成英文时,若有两个或以上动词都该是英译文中的谓语动词,则应将其译成并列谓语。但译文谓语动词如果铺排过多,就会显得很累赘,语义层次很不分明,带有浓厚的汉语色彩,这时,应首先采取断句处理。
总之,动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程,也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。这个过程完成得好,译文就符合英语语言的规范,这个过程完成得不好,译文就会汉化,妨碍了原文内容的确切表达。我们的学生动辄用动词写英语句子,而且多是小短句或简单的复合句,带有浓厚的汉语气息,主要是受汉语“动态”修辞的影响。因此在汉译英教学中,我们一定要引导学生用英语的“静态”修辞进行思维,克服汉语“动态”修辞的影响,为汉译英实践打下良好的基础。
参考文献
1、加拿大英语文学在中国的译介(1949—2009)——兼论社会文化对文学翻译的制约朱振武; 綦亮上海大学学报(社会科学版)
作文(composition)是经过人的思想考虑和语言组织,通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。下面是我给大家整理的大学英语作文范文,供大家参阅!
大学英语作文范文篇1:Migrant Workers- Constructors of Our Cities
Nowadays more and more migrant workers or peasant workers have poured into the cities. This trend has merits and demerits for the economic development of present China. Please write an essay and give a comprehensive analysis of the impacts migrant workers have had and will have on various aspects of people’s life, in urban areas as well as in rural areas.
With the reform and opening-up policy being implemented, our national economy is developing rapidly and the living standard of average Chinese people is ameliorated step by step, especially in big cities. However, in some rural areas, the living standard of some peasants is rather low. Due to the scarcity of arable land, the surplus laborers have to go out of the poor rural areas and flood into some cosmopolises to make a living, or earn as a prodigious amount of money as they could, so as to realize their dream of becoming wealthy. With more and more migrant workers like these streaming into the cities, there is an ambivalent feeling towards them.
No one denies the important contribution that rural workers have made to the economic development of present China. They have done most of dirty, dangerous and underpaid jobs in heavy industries, construction sites and other fields that city residents are unwilling to enter into. Meanwhile, some rural workers with higher education certification do their best in high-technology areas. Therefore, they have become an indispensable part of urban life to a point where the machine of a city cannot operate without those cogs, however small and unnoticed.
Furthermore, these migrant workers earn money with their own hand. With this money, they can pay for their children’s education, improve their living condition, and sometimes support their helpless parents back at home. This serves as a means to narrow the gap between urban and rural life.
However, there are some people who maintain that rural people should stay at their hometown. Those people complain that migrant workers have threatened to take the already scarce urban jobs, while many more rural ones are waiting for a chance to compete for employment. Those with anti-migrant attitude also blame them for the sharp rise in the crime rate in the cities. For example, we sometimes see thieves from the countryside who slip their hands into others’ bags. Also because the shelters where the workers dwell are dirty and stink, they have defaced the city’s image in some way. Besides, with the floating population increasing, the extra consumption of electricity, water, and other resources like public facilities adds to the city’s already heavy burden.
Despite the problems posed by migrants, I think, one thing is certain: a grand, prosperous edifice of our country is based on the work of millions of migrant workers and peasant workers. We need them and should give them more preferential conditions. At the same time, to educate
them to conform to the basic moral values and to observe the laws becomes urgent. Once their consciousness enhanced, they can bring us a better city life.
大学英语作文范文篇2:Electronic Dictionaries or Traditional Paper Ones
Nowadays more and more electronic gadgets emerge, among which various kinds of electronic dictionary is not the least uncommon. Rarely can you find a student who does not have an E-dictionary tucked somewhere in his schoolbag. They are popular with students partly because they are small and light-weighted compared with the traditional paper dictionaries and partly because students cannot only look up a word for the meaning but also hear its pronunciation. A useful tool for students it is also a good companion for a person constantly on the go/move. A multi-functional E-dictionary is simply a must because it serves the owner in many other ways, such as keeping name cards, being used as a calculator, and even playing games on it.
However, still other people hold that the traditional paper dictionaries are more advantageous in some circumstances. Although the letters are usually very tiny and thus in need of a good eyesight for this kind of dictionaries, the explanation of a word, plus its usage and collocation, are nonetheless more detailed,and more illustrations are provided. While it is true that the paper dictionary is heavy and awkward to carry along, an E-dictionary can run out of power or battery at any time.
In spite of their similar functions, the electronic and paper dictionaries are in striking contrast with each other both in physical looking and their contents. However, there is no such thing as good one or bad one. As far as I am concerned, I always pocket an E-dictionary wherever I go. On bus or on the roads you can see me referring to it now and then. But at home I always turn to my heavy but voluminous paper dictionary from which I can not only get the meaning of a new word, but also all its origin, usage and collocation with phrases or sentences going with them.
大学英语作文范文篇3: Living with grandparents,out of date
For thousands of years, Chinese people have valued the large family with three, four, or even
five generations living under the same roof. In this way of life, the older generation can enjoy a happy and easy late life with their children, grandchildren or great-grandchildren growing up beside them and keeping them from being lonely. At the same time they help to take care of the household and younger ones, while allowing the sons or daughters to concentrate on their career and to make a name for themselves, and ultimately for the family. When they are quite old and in need of support, their sons and grandsons, in turn, can look after them until their last day. Another important role the older generation plays is that they pass on good virtues, offer advice and impart experience to the younger generations. As a Chinese saying goes, “An elderly in a house, a treasure in stock”.
However, as the society advances and people enjoy a more comfortable life, the big families are disappearing/disintegrating . Along with the growth of so-called “empty nestles”, which means the young birds have flown away and only the old are left alone, young parents are living with their own nuclear families. It goes without saying that the collapse of big families and prevalence of smaller ones are the result of our times.
It is a time when people think highly of individual freedom and happiness. Young people like to have a space all alone to themselves. Even the elderly people would like to live separately from their children to enjoy a quieter and more peaceful life, taking the view that having reared many children, they have no obligations to nurture the third generation. Likewise, young parents, living in their own house, have their own way to educate their child, free from the worry that the grandpa or grandma would spoil their grandson. At weekend or on holidays they would make a point of visiting their parents, bringing the child along. After a happy reunion of the family now and then, every member cannot wait for the next one. This arrangement not only shuns the unavoidable conflicts between generations but also becomes a sweet memory.
With the progress of the society, problems of old age and childcare have been socialized gradually. Senior citizens can live together and be taken good care of by specialized nurses. Childcare center also provides good service for small children. All these free the young people from unnecessary burden and thus they can work well and make greater contributions to the society in the end.
Therefore, I have every reason to believe that this trend of families in reduced size is agreeable to our times. To create a brighter future, we should do our best to build our society into one in which every member lives healthily and harmoniously.
大学英语作文范文篇4:Job Discrimination against Women in China
Nowadays, more and more women have walked out of kitchen and become career women
instead of housewives. With the increase in the employment ratio of women in society, some subtle forms of job discrimination do exist.
To begin with, quite a lot of companies, if employing women at all, intentionally control the number of female employees when they advertise for staff in the newspaper. Therefore, it is rather difficult for women, even with a master degree, to get well-paid jobs. Some enterprises definitely refuse female applicants, either to avoid their maternity leaves stipulated by our government when they give birth to a child, or because of the employers’ prejudice against women. Some bosses think women are inferior to men in professional skill and spirit of enterprise. They argue that before marriage, women pay their attention to fashionable dresses and various cosmetics, and after marriage, their minds dwell on nothing but the comforts of life, baby-care and housework. Consequently, they hire very limited number of female employees or do not recruit any at all.
Some companies do employ women staff, but inequality is always there like an inerasable speck. Even when men and women are in the same position doing the same job, it is no easy task for a woman to be promoted or get equal pay. The employers take the biased attitude toward female employees, and usually think that a man is more capable than a woman. Sometimes they fire a woman without any good reason. Worse still, some women even complain about their supervisor’s sexual harassment during work time. If they do not succumb to their superior’s demand, their career may suffer.
In China, there is a saying “Women hold half of the sky”. But women are not given enough respect they deserve in their career as it is now. Since men and women are together playing the same important role in our whole society, our government, as well as the society, should take efficient measures to provide the same job opportunities to women. And the women themselves should enhance their work ethic and awareness of self-reliance and self-protection. In this way, more and more women can be motivated to work well at their favourite job and promoted to their desirable positions. Only in this way, can our society be called an equal, open and just one for everyone.
大学英语作文范文篇5:A course that has impressed you most in college
There are many courses in each college year. But the course which impressed me most in college is Advanced English Audio-Visual & Speaking. The reasons why I like this course are as follows.
The first reason is that I have learnt a lot from this course. My listening ability, speaking ability as well as translation ability has improved greatly after taking this course. The second reason is that I like the teacher of this course, Mr. Qin, very much. He is a charming gentleman with great patience. His oral English is perfect, sounding like American speakers. He treated us very strict but we still like him extremely.
Just as the proverb goes, “A strict teacher produces outstanding students.” Thanks to Mr. Qin’s guidance and teachings in this course, all my classmates have made great progress in English learning.
大学英语作文范文篇6:The Most Beneficial Activity in My Campus
It is well known that university is greatly different from high school mainly due to that university will hold a large number of activities, which benefits college students a lot. From my perspective, the most beneficial one is “Long-distance Running for Love” organized by the Students Union when I am a freshman. The money collected by this activity is contributed to Project Hope.
It is really my honor to participate the long running, because it benefits me greatly not only in body but also in mind. To begin with, the activity reminds me of the great importance of physical health. Before I go to college, I only focus on academic achievements while the physical health misses my attention. But, the long-running tells me in time th
at a sound mind lies in a sound body. Additionally, during my participation in this activity, I am informed well that there are still many children in rural areas who have to drop out of school because of impoverished families. Thus, for one thing, I fully realize the great importance of helping them fulfill their dreams. For another thing, I cherish the opportunity to study in university more, for when compared with those children in poverty-stricken areas, we should harbor a grateful heart.
By and large, although I have taken part in many campus activities, I deem the long running for love most beneficial to me. And I am looking forward to that more wonderful and meaningful activities will be held in our campus.
大学英语作文范文篇7:The Most Impressive Classmate in My College
Without question, Lisa is the person who has influenced my college life most. She is my classmate, who always leaves a deep impression on you by demonstrating her passion for life and the spirit of never yielding, even in the face of extreme challenges. She is the most courageous person I have ever known.
During my college years, it is Lisa that kept teaching me how to live through setbacks in the life journey. I’ll never forget that when I failed in my English examination and I felt overwhelmed, Lisa taught me that failure teaches success, everyone had to persevere and face up to innumerable setbacks, as long as I face my problems bravely, I would create my own wonderful life . With her help , I finally gained the confidence and passed the exam.
Thanks to Lisa, I have learned the importance of courage, which is the indispensable characteristic in my life. She also let me know the importance of confidence. It means a lot to me and still in my head till this day.
大学英语作文范文篇8:On Open Policy
The open policy means that our country is open to investment, trade and technical and economic cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. The purpose of open policy is to acquire advanced technology, management skills to serve our socialist construction so as to promote the realization of the four modernizations.
We must adhere to the open policy. Because economic relations between states today have become increasingly close, and no country can possibly advance behind close doors. Only in this way, can we gradually close the gap between our country and the developed countries.
Through the implementation of policy, we can learn advanced technology and managerial expertise from abroad; make full use of the foreign capitals to set up great enterprises; absorb useful and healthy ideas and new knowledge of the modern civilization; and broaden our views and raise our level of competence.
大学英语作文范文篇9:College life
Currently, students in mounting numbers pay attention to academic achievement, neglecting
campus activities, like speaking contest , song contest and its like. However, from my perspective, we youngsters should take participate in more campus activities.
I hold the notion that campus activities has lots of benefits on various fronts. At the top of the list, social activities, such as song contest could help us make more friends, expanding our
acquaintances. In addition, students would widen horizon, increase knowledge during the period taking part in campus activities. Last but not list, just as a saying goes, “ all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”; therefore, students’ choice to join in some school activities would ease our mind and relief our burden, which will be beneficial to the study.
In conclusion, youngsters should take part in colorful and meaningful activities at campus. Hence, I suggest schools can hold some activities to cultivate students ability, physically and
psychologically.
I have met so many friends in my college life. They have exerted enormous influence on my life. However, one of my most impressive friends is my roommate, Li Ming.
In the class meeting on the first day of school, Li Ming did not impress us at all. We started to notice him because he was always late for classes. We were thus impressed by his laziness. I came to know him and his situation because we were roommates and spent much time together: his
mother was seriously ill and sick abed in long-term, his father left him and his mother mercilessly. Hence, it was him that shouldered the heavy burden of taking care of his sick mother supporting the whole family. Finally, under great pressures, he balanced his life and study perfectly: he was no longer always late, took good care of his mother and even won the scholarship many years in a row.
The experience of Li Ming can be one of the most convincing cases of the power of persistence and will. He left a deep impression and imposed a durable influence on me. Indeed, friend such as him can be regarded as asset and property in our life. We have rights to choose our own friends,but we should also be prudent and sensible enough to choose friends who can bring us “positive energy”.
大学英语作文范文篇10:A Letter For Gratitude
Dear Classmates,
First of allow me to say“Thank you”to an of is very kind of you to spare your valuable time during the period of final examinations and come to seeme.
Your visit has brought me much confidence and power to overcome the illness. During the first several days in felt quite lonely,anxious and Was almost collapsed by some pessimistic then you shown up,alongwith your smiling faces and warm appearance has made me feel that I am the luckiest person in this wonderful I regard the illness as nothing but a chance to harden days my
condition has obviously improved thanks to the careful treatment by the doctors and will probably get recovered in a couple hope that I Can see you earlier.
thanks go to all of you.
Sincerely Yours,
LiMing
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