品牌,这个风靡当今营销领域的流行词汇充斥在这个世界的每个角落。何为品牌?这是一个看似清晰却一直似是而非的命题,这个命题一直在每一个品牌人的大脑中盘旋。似乎在消费者心中,狂轰滥炸的电视广告中出现的就是品牌,所谓的大公司、大企业的品牌才叫品牌。但作为营销人的我们,包括企业界人士以及个体业主,都应该清晰正确的认识到,品牌——不只是产品的名字,而应该是涵盖了企业的文化、形象,产品的质量、服务等方方面面的内容。品牌,也不仅仅是大公司大企业的专利。针对企业而言,不管是大企业还是中小企业甚至是连锁店,品牌的建设都是不可缺少的关键环节。但在现实中,很多中小企业认为品牌建设是大企业的事,所以在企业创办初期不重视品牌,没有考虑品牌的理念和形象,待发展到一定程度后,才开始铺天盖地式的投放广告,以为这就是所谓的品牌建设,殊不知到最后不过是落得短暂的形象曝光,品牌形象根本无从谈起。其实任何大品牌,都是从小企业甚至小作坊、家庭工场走过来的。成功的大企业也经历过中小企业的成长期和资金积累期,如何看待品牌建设,事关企业的长足发展。在当今品牌角逐的时代,企业靠品牌生存,国家靠品牌振兴,品牌所具有无形的价值将使品牌给企业带来巨大的经济效益。江苏一个小镇上一家油漆民营企业,80年代初的时候就开始了油漆涂料的生产。改革开放带来了江苏经济的腾飞,工业建筑行业的快速发展也带动了这家油漆厂的发展。虽然只是百来个员工的小厂,但十多年的用心经营,该厂的产品占据了全省20%的市场份额,在江苏省享有盛誉。但观念落后的企业领导只是一味的沉浸在省内辉煌战绩带来的喜悦中,继续着生产、销售的初级循环运作。邻省的浙江同样有一家油漆民营企业,在改革开放的春风下迅速成长,在浙江的市场份额达到25%,并且产品销往国内各大城市,其发展势头不可小觑。这家企业的老总好交际,一次参加商会的时候与同行业的朋友聊天得知,国外的涂料在国内市场的价格是国内产品的2-3倍。这家企业老总坐不住了,他很快意识到为什么自己的产品销量很好,盈利却只有外来品牌的1/3甚至更低。之后,这位企业主就开始了对新产品的研发与推广。那时,正逢国家提倡保护环境的活动,越来越多的人也有了健康意识。该企业适时推出了环保健康漆的概念,并将环保健康作为产品质量的宗旨,所有的产品都围绕环保健康概念进行生产与推广,并将市场定在了中等水平消费。果然,在产品上市半年之后,作为国内首家生产环保健康漆的企业,该企业的产品销量飞速上升,很快的占领了全国30%的环保漆市场份额。到了90年代中后期,进入中国十年的亚太地区的涂料巨头立邦漆,从陌生的洋品牌成为了拥有3家独资厂、1家合资厂的行业领军。它独有的品牌运作方式和强大的宣传推广很快成为家喻户晓的品牌,并在国内独占着高端市场。此时,江苏的民营小厂才意识到品牌创建的重要性和必要性,但一面是浙江品牌环保健康漆的挤兑,一面是外来品牌的强压,江苏的民营小厂举步维艰,几次价格竞争后,不得不宣告停产。而浙江省的民营企业,通过数年的环保概念推广,有了一定的消费忠诚度,也有着较为稳固的市场网络。立邦漆的高端竞争,并没有影响到他们的正常运作。通过上述案例,我们可以看出,中小企业的品牌创建直接影响到企业的兴衰荣辱,品牌薄弱的中小企业往往缺失长期的发展目标,只顾生意而不顾企业,没有品牌自然也就也没有消费者的忠诚度,一旦出现竞争就只能被动的打价格战——一个品牌乏力的中小企业,其生命力也不会旺盛。品牌是企业可持续发展最有力的保障,只要企业存在就需要创建品牌。很多挣扎在市场底层的中小企业,无一不是在企业发展的道路上遇到品牌发展的瓶颈才恍然大悟,突然发现原来小企业也是需要创建品牌。事实证明,在发展初期就制定了长期的品牌战略目标的企业,会有更大、更广阔的成长机会。中小企业如何创建品牌当今中国中小企业的品牌竞争力不足,已经成为中小企业发展壮大最严重的瓶颈,中小企业品牌竞争力缺失已是一个不争的事实。创建品牌,就是增加竞争砝码。但很多中小企业打造品牌,只是一味的追求广告投入,把创建品牌简化为一次大规模的广告宣传造势,而不是一项长期的战略。殊不知,速成的品牌也可能如同流星一般瞬间陨落。那么,中小企业应该如何建立统一的品牌规划和发展思路呢?一.创建品牌首先做产品好的产品是品牌的生存之本。对于中小企业而言,品牌建设的落脚点首先是产品,没有好的产品,何来品牌之谈。优质的产品是建立消费者忠诚最关键的因素。消费者消费的是产品而非企业的名字。即便是全球500强企业,同样也是靠优秀的产品和服务名扬天下的。要做好产品,除了要保证产品的品质之外,还需要在市场营销的各个环节当中贯穿产品的推广。包括产品的名称、概念、包装、服务以及市场的展示、营销方式的统一性。产品形象的提升是企业形象提升的基础,撇开产品进行企业形象的塑造,等于是没有打地基就进行楼房的建造,是无法把企业的市场大厦建造起来的。看看国内的成功的品牌——联想、海尔、中国移动等,哪一个不是先做产品再谈品牌。只有产品被消费者认可后,才能让消费者进行消费。在进入品牌阶段后,消费者考虑的就不仅仅是产品的质量问题了,还包括品牌个性、品牌价值、品牌气质等感性元素,消费者将把自己的个性和喜好与品牌进行联系,如果品牌的语言或者行为与消费者取得了共鸣,就能够从众多的同类产品中条脱颖而出。二.找好品牌定位品牌定位,是企业创建品牌的前提和基石。没有正确的定位只能使品牌塑造模拟两可,甚至自相矛盾、越走越偏。因此,对于中小企业来说,在创建品牌时一定要对自己的品牌进行清晰的定位。一提到品牌名,就能够让消费者联想到该品牌的形象。品牌的定位一定要和产品的个性概念结合起来,这样才能够让消费者区别于其他品牌。当我们看到某些品牌及其产品,立即就会对该品牌产生各种联想,包括它的经营范围、企业口号、产品类型、产品色彩等等,其中很重要的就是这个品牌的个性。这一步如果不精确,将会差之毫厘,谬之千里。比如提到可口可乐就会联想到红色和热情奔放,提到万宝路就联想起西部牛仔和自由洒脱。红色罐装饮料王老吉在默默无闻经营了7年之后,就是因为重新进行品牌定位,找准了“预防上火”的诉求点而脱颖而出,迅速飙红。三.创造一个核心竞争力企业核心竞争力是企业成长中最有力、最主要的驱动力,是支撑企业长久竞争优势的基础性能力,也是使企业独具特色并为企业带来竞争优势的战略性能力,推动企业快速发展。放眼世界500强企业,几乎无一不在技术能力、创新能力、战略决策能力、企业文化、品牌形象、顾客服务等方面独具专长,如IBM的服务能力,3M公司的产品创新能力,丰田公司的精细化能力,麦当劳的标准化能力,奔驰公司的机械设计能力,海尔的市场创新能力,微软的产品开发能力。没有核心竞争力,品牌就缺乏灵魂,很容易为同类竞争对手超越。只有在核心竞争力的支撑下,品牌才能做到长盛不衰。四.塑造品牌形象当中小企业有了比较突出的品牌形象,企业的产品越来越畅销,但随之而来的就是同类产品同质化竞争。同类产品日益充斥市场,竞争对手也采取了同样的市场推广策略,品牌的销售业绩大不如从前,甚至如果不通过价格战或广告战血拼,市场占有率就会迅速降低,危机一起甚至会出现“休克”状况。所以,创造一个吸引潜在顾客的品牌形象是致胜的关键,企业必须制定长远的品牌战略,塑造企业强有力的品牌形象。每个消费者的消费心理和能力都是不同的,他们对品牌的看法也会不同。企业就必须先入为主的在消费者心目中留下品牌独特的印象,诸如热情的、青春的、时尚的、高质的、富贵的等等,从而让消费者在心目中产生对此品牌的评价。奔驰是高贵豪华的象征,宝马是尊贵个性张扬的表达,在美国,有高达七成的青少年的梦想便是拥有一双耐克鞋,他们都以穿戴耐克鞋而感到荣耀,耐克“离经叛道”的广告为其塑造的“体育先锋”的形象,深深根植于青少年消费者的心中,使耐克成为他们的最爱。所在,品牌形象塑造应根据市场需求和消费者心理,突破思维定势,从新的特定角度、特定情境中发掘产品的新价值,以良好的产品品质形象打动消费者.五.给品牌插上传播的翅膀无可置疑,国内市场已经是“供过于求”的市场,仅有好的产品,还不足以创建一个“响当当”的品牌。如果说产品占品牌创建的70%,那么剩余的30%就是传播了。可以说适当的传播等于给品牌插上腾飞的翅膀。品牌的创建是循序渐进的,是不断积累的过程。品牌的传播同样需要系统的、规范的、持续的。否则,再好的品牌也会被无情的时间而摧毁,成为被消费者淡忘的角色,退出历史舞台。对于中小企业而言,品牌传播在不同时期应有不同的策略。在品牌创立初期,以提高品牌知名度为主要任务,告诉受众“我是谁?”这一阶段,品牌以功能性诉求建立区隔。如海飞丝洗发水,“头屑去无踪,秀发更出众”,以诉求产品本身的去屑功能,极大推动了产品销售,也提升了品牌知名度。在品牌成长期,以提高品牌影响力,尤其是美誉度为主要任务,告诉受众“我推崇什么?”这一阶段,品牌以感性诉求赢得受众的感情上的认可与偏爱。如,海尔,中国造。以诉求品牌的价值主张,推动民族工业,彰显爱国精神引发消费者的共鸣,海尔品牌的影响力及其行业地位由此而奠定基础。在品牌成熟期,以巩固品牌的影响力,成为区域文化或国家文化的代表为主要任务,告诉受众“品牌代表什么文化观念,代表什么样的民族性,代表什么样的国家精神”。如可口可乐,已经成为美国文化的代表,美国文化的符号,被视为“崇尚个人感受”的美国文化的代表,“要爽由自己”的广告语充分地体现了自我的个性。中小企业的品牌创建大都处于第一阶段,在这一阶段,主要的任务就是大声地、异口同声地告诉受众“我是谁?我有什么优势?”。 因此,中小企业在进行品牌营销传播的时候,一定要制定好明确的主题,围绕企业战略,品牌基本属性及基本价值进行,沿着品牌不同的发展阶段,不同的发展目标,持续的,连贯的进行,这样在经过一定时间后,品牌的价值才能日益凸现出来,中小企业创建品牌典型三大忌虽然中小企业创建品牌前景诱人,每个企业主都梦想打造属于自己的金字招牌。然而,梦想终究是梦想,梦想与现实的距离还十分遥远,品牌创建初期,企业抗风险能力较弱,每走错一步都有可能坠入“死亡之谷”,所以,要让品牌走上成功之路,就要注意品牌创建初期一些最容易犯下的大忌。一.品牌形象切忌朝令夕改打造品牌的过程,就是不断积累的过程,品牌需要不断吸引消费者的注意力才会越来越有价值。但是许多中小企业因为缺乏品牌常识,不少企业往往只看到短期的市场需求,而没有考虑三五年后的市场状况,在品牌创建过程中随意改动品牌定位、个性、形象等要素。这些要素的随意改变会模糊品牌在消费者心中的形象,浪费品牌建设费用,这是困扰品牌健康成长的桎梏。所以中小企业在品牌建设之初就应该有百年大计的战略眼光,企业在变,产品在变,但品牌形象定位不能变。可口可乐公司选定大红为其识别色,从员工着装到产品包装,一律大红。久而久之,人们一见到大红,就会联想到可乐产品,有进而产生购买的可能;或是一旦产生购买可口可乐产品的欲望之后,就会向着大红标志的售点位置而去。二.品牌塑造切忌一暴十寒要知道世界上没有一劳永逸的品牌金山,一个强势品牌不是一朝一夕成就的,而是由持之以恒打造的。只有不断坚持品牌建设才是品牌持续前进、增值的原动力!历数百年品牌,都是经历了相当长时间的品牌建设才取得了显著的成绩。肯德基在全球近一万家店都是一样的口味、一样的装修,万宝路历经50年其“阳刚豪迈”的牛仔形象始终未变,这就是品牌塑造的持之以恒。品牌塑造是一项系统工程,是一项持之以恒的过程。三.品牌宣传切忌短时轰炸中国的中小企业普遍存在这样一个现象,在企业规模小的时候不重视品牌宣传,待企业发展到一定规模后,开始“狂轰烂炸”式的广告投放,结果几轮广告轰炸下来,品牌知名度迅速增加,似乎成就了许多企业主的品牌梦想。殊不知,这样的企业除了品牌知名度资产外,其品牌资产少得可怜,更不用说品牌的抗风险能力了。90年代速成的秦池、爱多、巨人脑黄金等短期速成的品牌同流星一般转瞬即逝。可口可乐百年发展史,宣传从始自终没有间断过。多少年来,可口可乐就把自己的营销定位与同体育的结合上,始终不渝,长期坚持。战略是企业长期的、全局性的计划,而战术是短期的、局部的计划。可口可乐百年的历史就是一部生动的品牌战略,可口可乐的成功也源自于长期的战略思想。
Brand loyalty refers to consumers in the purchase decision-making has shown a certain brand of bias (as opposed to random) behavioral response. It is a course of conduct, but also a psychological (decision-making and evaluation) process. The formation of brand loyalty is not entirely dependent on the quality of their products, reputation, brand association and the spread of consumers it is closely related to the characteristics of their own, rely on the use of consumer products experience. Increase the brand loyalty of a business's survival and development, increase market share is extremely important.Brand loyalty is the core brand value. It consists of five components:1, no brand loyalty areThis layer of consumers will continue to replace the brand, the brand did not agree with, is very sensitive to price. Low prices on which the election which many低值易耗品, the same habits of industry and consumer goods are of no brand loyalty.2, accustomed to the purchaserThis layer of consumers loyal to a brand or a few brands, the consumption of fixed habits and preferences, a pretty good idea at the time of purchase, our objectives are clear. If there are obvious incentives for competitors, such as price concessions, advertising, unique packaging, sales promotion to encourage consumers to try other means. Continued to purchase or purchase a product, brand switching will be carried out to buy other brands.3, satisfied buyersThis is one of the original consumer of the consumer is already quite satisfied with the brand, and brand switching has resulted in the risk of anxiety, that is to buy a new brand, there will be risks, the risks will be effective, the risk adjustment and so on.4, emotional buyersThis level of consumer brand has a love and emotion, some brands is that they rely on emotions and the soul, such as the number of consumers every day with Chinese toothpaste, soap, some children Wahaha drink milk every day, Coca-Cola to incurred by the procession force formula, etc., can be enduring, that is, consumers have become friends, life, essential supplies, and not easily replaced.5, loyal buyersThis layer is the highest brand loyalty, consumers not only have feelings for the brand, and even pride. Such as the Omega table, BMW cars, Rolls-Royce cars, Montagut clothing, alligator apparel, Nike shoes are in possession of the purchaser of such a mentality.The value of brand loyalty is mainly reflected in the following aspects:1, lower marketing costs and increase profitsThe value of loyalty to the creation of what is? Loyalty, value, profit is a direct correspondence between the existence of a causal relationship. Marketing in the famous "Second, the eight principles", that is, the performance of 80% from 20% of the regular customers patronage. Of enterprises self-evident the importance of finding new customers, but the maintenance cost of an old customer for the development of only one-seventh of a new customer. In low-profit era, becomes the value of loyalty marketing. Many enterprises in our country most of the focus on finding new customers, but to enhance existing customer satisfaction and loyalty are indifferent. The purpose of an enterprise is to create value,Not just to make a profit. Create value for customers is a basis for establishing successful enterprises. Create superior value in favor of the concept of cultivating customer loyalty, customer loyalty will turn into profit growth and enterprise value, enterprise value and loyalty to create a business together constitute the true meaning of invincible.2, easy to attract new customersHigh brand loyalty on behalf of each user can become a living advertisement, it will naturally attract new customers. Under the effect of word-of-mouth marketing: a customer satisfaction will lead to potential business 8 T; a dissatisfied customer will affect the purchase of 25 individuals will, therefore, a satisfaction, and are willing to establish long-term stability for the enterprise customers will be considerable profits. Job on behalf of brand loyalty on the consumer is satisfied with the brand.3, expansion of sales channels to increase powerWith high brand loyalty and sales channels in members of negotiating the status of a relatively active. Of course, selling to dealers selling profitable products, products with high brand loyalty naturally welcomed by the dealer. In addition, dealers also depends on the self-image of its products sold to raise. Therefore, the high brand loyalty of the products in the development pathway more smooth, easy access to more favorable terms of trade, such as after the delivery shall run, the best location of the display.4, there is greater flexibility in the face of competitionMarketing era of market competition is increasingly reflected in the competitiveness of the brand. When facing the same competition, with high brand loyalty, as consumers slow to change, so can have more time to develop new products, improve the dissemination of offensive strategy to deal with competitors.1, user-friendly to meet consumer demandEnterprises to enhance brand loyalty, to win the goodwill and trust of consumers, enterprises should focus on all the activities of the consumer to start services to meet consumer demand. To allow customers to purchase products and enjoy the use of services, there are memorable, enjoyable, comfortable feel. Therefore, the process of brand marketing must put the interests of short-term interests and long-term relationship, we must faithfully fulfill their obligations and social responsibility, with practical actions and the integrity of the image to win the trust and support of consumers. With the credibility of the brand, why should we worry there will not be any market, brands do not wang? This is a brand operated by market rules,Loyalty tied to value creation, business customers create more value, in favor of cultivating customer loyalty, and brand loyalty and profits will bring about the growth of enterprises.Loyalty tied to value creation, business customers create more value, in favor of cultivating customer loyalty, and brand loyalty and profits will bring about the growth of enterprises.Enterprises to enhance brand loyalty, to win the goodwill and trust of consumers, enterprises should focus on all the activities of the consumer to start services to meet consumer demand. To allow customers to purchase products and enjoy the use of services, there are memorable, enjoyable, comfortable feel. Therefore, the process of brand marketing must put the interests of short-term interests and long-term relationship, we must faithfully fulfill their obligations and social responsibility, with practical actions and the integrity of the image to win the trust and support of consumers. With the credibility of the brand, why should we worry there will not be any market, brands do not wang? This is a brand operated by market rules,1, user-friendly to meet consumer demandOperation is also a universal law, but also the best way to increase brand loyalty. Brand should spare no effort to do it carefully, to avoid short-term interests in pursuit of aggressive impetuosity committed an error, otherwise, no way will inevitably lead to brand and eventually move toward self-destruction.Human is to meet consumer demand for a real understanding of the consumer. Only domestic brand to provide the vast majority of the product value and function of the main, but far from being refined to meet the demand can not be compared to foreign brands. China's superior nutrition ham flavor, easy to carry out, but the food did not open the hole must be cut to find a pair of scissors. U.S. Gillette razor handle manually is not only convex pattern with a circle to increase friction to prevent slip razor hand and scratch the face, and think on the convex pattern onto a layer of rubber to allow customers to use when in the hands of a more fitting skin, more comfortable,Convex pattern in the wear layer of rubber so that when customers use more fitting in the hands of the skin, more comfortable,2, product innovation3, to provide value-added productsThe quality of the product is brand loyalty from customers on the basis of. Many brands of the world history tells us that consumer brand loyalty, in a sense can also be said that the loyalty of the quality of their products. Only excellent quality products in order to truly establish in people's eyes the "brand" by consumers. Product innovations so that consumers feel the quality has been increasing incessantly.Haier's air-conditioning, washing machine, there will be new features every year, the introduction of new technology products; Nokia, Motorola unveiled a new handset every year; P & G Oil & Ulan,海飞丝products such as modified from time to time the introduction of new formulations of its new products excitement, to make people feel that business has been working to improve product quality for consumers.Who can provide consumers with additional value-for-money interests who will be able to win customers.4, effective communicationThe quality of products by consumers to judge the satisfaction of truly consumer-centric done; not only have to pay attention to the core product and tangible products, but also to provide more additional products. Haier not only the maintenance staff time to fix the refrigerator, air-conditioning; customers can get more, maintenance staff courtesy warm greetings to the people, bring their own drinks do not drink a water user, the user sets of plastic shoes to avoid fouling the floor at home and so on Haier's Because after-sales service provided to consumers the benefits of an unexpected and greatly improve the consumer's brand evaluation and acceptance. Homogenization in the product of the times,Enjoy convenient, practical and full of interesting communication experience. At the same time, the club provided by Nokia is the world's fascinating photos. Club Nokia choose a series of international famous brands, including Hallmark, Sanrio, EMI, Universal, and so on, Nokia users can personalize their mobile phone.Enterprises through effective communication with consumers to maintain and enhance brand loyalty, such as the establishment of customer database, regular visits, public relations, advertising and so on. The establishment of customer database, choose the right customers, customer classification, choose to retain the value of customers to develop customer loyalty program; understanding of customer needs and effectively meet customer requirements; with customers to establish long-term stable and mutual need and mutual assistance relationship. Mainly to the dissemination of advertising, advertising can enhance consumer brand familiarity, trust, so that consumers love the brand and loyalty.(A) the purchase of the number of repeat customersA certain period of time, customers of a brand product of the number of repeat purchase more on the brand loyalty of the higher, the lower the contrary. Should be noted that this indicator in determining the limits of the reasonable, it must be based on different products be treated differently.(B) the length of the customer toAccording to the law of consumer psychology, customer purchases of goods, especially the purchase of goods, must go through the selection process of comparison. However, due to differences in the degree of trust for different products, customers to buy the length of the selection are different. In general, the shorter the time to select customers that he formed a preference for branded goods, the higher the brand loyalty, on the contrary that he is the brand loyalty of the lower. In the use of this standard to measure brand loyalty, it is important to remove the product structure, use of the impact of differences.(C) customers of the price sensitivity of theConsumer prices are very important, but this does not mean that all kinds of products consumers the same degree of price-sensitive. Facts have proved that love and trust for the products, consumers bear the price changes of their ability, that is, low degree of sensitivity; and who do not like the product, consumer price changes on their ability to bear, that is highly sensitive. Which can also be a measure of consumer brand loyalty. Applying this standard, the customer should pay attention to the extent necessary for the products, product supply and demand situation and market competition of three factors. In practical application, the measure of price sensitivity and the relationship between brand loyalty,To exclude these three factors.(D) the customer's attitude to the competitive productsOf a change in brand attitude, and more competitive products by comparison with the generated. Products according to customer's attitude to the competitors, customers can determine the products of other brands of high and low loyalty. If customers are interested in strong competitor products, goodwill, and on the description of a low brand loyalty. If customers are not other good brand, a low level of interest on the notes of a high brand loyalty.(E) the quality of products the customer's attitudeAny one enterprise may occur due to various reasons the issue of product quality, even if the brand is also inevitable. If a customer's impression of a good brand, high loyalty, the problems of enterprises will be tolerant and sympathetic attitude, I believe that businesses will soon be addressed. If the customer brand loyalty of a low quality issues once the products, customers will be very sensitive, very likely no longer purchase the product. 中文再这个网址
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毕业论文提纲范例*************毕业论文提纲**********************题目:主标题 E时代新营销战略副标题 ——网络时代的消费特征及营销对策关键词:网络时代 消费 营销摘要:本文简要介绍了网络时代的消费特征及营销对策,并对此提出个人的见解。目录:摘要-------------------------------------(300字)引言-------------------------------------(500字)一、网络时代的消费特征(2000字)1.1.网络时代的消费现象-----------------------------1.2.网络时代与传统时代消费特征的比较分析-------------1.3.网络时代的消费特色与警示---------------------------二、网络消费战略观望(2000字)2.1.网络消费规范-------------------------2.2.网络消费现状与问题的思考---------三、网络消费分析设计的理论基础(2000字)---------四、网络时代的营销对策(1000字)---------------五、结论(500字)--------------------------------六、参考文献(200字)----------------------------具体内容:一、 网络时代的含义世代是指一类具有一定共性的消费群体。按照威廉·斯特劳斯(Willican Strauss)和尼尔·毫威(Neil Howe)的定义,世代即为一个群体,其长度大约等于一个生命阶段,其界限由同侪个性(peer personality)来界定。这个定义包括两个要素:世代长度和世代界限。世代长度即一个生命阶段,指的是孕育下一代所需要的时间长度。一般每18—24年为一个新的世代。世代界限取决于同侪个性,即同一时期出生的一群人之间流行的行为模式和信仰。缘于上述理解,我们对世代的判定要从时间层面和共性的行为模式与信仰来划分。只有那些出生于同一历史时期并且具有相似的行为特点的群体,我们才称之为一个世代。E时代即网络时代(net generation),又有学者称之为新新人类。是指在1975—1977以后伴随着INTERNET的诞生而出生的群体。这种群体是存在于世界范围的。这种划分方法缘于美国人口学家把美国人口划分为三个主要的世代。第一个世代为婴儿潮时期(1946—1964),也称为高峰时期。这是二战后出生婴儿的高潮期,总人数为7500万左右,占到美国人口的1/3,而其收入总和占1/2以上。他们目前已达到其收入和消费的顶峰年龄,是当前美国最有利可图的市场。第二个世代为婴儿潮解组时期(1965—1976),也称为X-世代。他们的总人数为4000万人。他们将于2010年左右取代生育高峰的一代而成为几乎所有产品的主要消费者。E时代是指第三个世代,即婴儿潮再现时期(1975—)。这段时期正是婴儿潮时期出生妇女的生育高峰期。这一世代群体数量庞大,约占美国总人口的30%左右。由于E时代出生与成长于不同的时代中,因此形成了不同的性格特征与行为方式。这一类群体有着较强的消费欲,并且有较强的影响力。据美国聚合科技联盟统计,全美10岁上下的孩子直接花费为大约1300亿美元,而影响他人消费的金额达到5000亿美元。因此他们对现在及将来的消费市场将会有举足轻重的作用。同时E时代是存在于世界范围的,因此代表着未来世界消费的主流。二、 E时代的消费特征每一个世代都有自己不同的时代背景,因而形成不同的消费特征。比如在将我国人口划分的四个世代中,每一个世代都有自己的消费特点。比如第一个世代——红色的一代(Red Generation),出生于1925—1945年间,总人口约为一亿。他们的消费特征是基本上没有品牌意识,过着艰苦朴素的生活。第二个世代是文革(Culture Revolution Generation)的一代,约有2亿人。他们经济负担较重,但在子女教育上舍得花钱。第三个世代是文革后的一代(Post Cultural Revolution Generation)是最具有市场开发潜力的一代。他们追求所谓的五子登科:妻子、孩子、房子、票子、车子。第四个世代与美国的第三个世代相同即是E时代。这批出生于1975年以后的一代人,在中国大多为独生子女。他们基本上没有经历过物质贫乏的年代,他们受到长辈无微不至的呵护,物质生活相对比较优越,同时深受INTERNET文化的影响,使他们具有与以往世代显著差别的特征。比如好奇心强、自我意识明显、创新意识强、比较早熟、有主见等。因此具有自己独特的消费特点。(一) 选择的自主权。有人称E时代是“一个坚持己见积极为自己的主张辩护的世代”。他们不习惯被动接受,而习惯于主动选择。这种选择权的张扬缘于以互联网为标志的信息媒体技术的发展。E时代天生的探奇心理使他们善于和乐于主动选择信息并且乐于进行双向沟通。因此,他们变得早熟,在个性上就表现出选择商品的自主权。因此,“地毯式”的营销宣传策略未必对这一代人奏效。基于此,如何在网上获取E时代的注意力对于营销者而言是巨大的挑战。(二) 选择的个性化。E时代自主独立的个性,要求企业能生产出定制化的产品,他们会把自己对产品外型、颜色、尺寸、材料、性能等多方面的要求直接传递给生产者,而不愿再接受商店内有限范围的选择。随着技术的不断完善,E时代将亲自参与生产设计,所以又有人将E时代的消费者称为“产销者”。同时,E时代要求有多样化商品的选择范围。他们的消费心理和消费行为会产生经常性的变动。(三) 选择的多样化。E时代强烈的求新、求异思维将可能终结品牌忠诚度的年代。E时代追求品牌但又往往不会死守一个品牌。他们始终对现实世界中新兴事物抱有极大的兴趣,渴望更换品牌体验不同的感受。而且,随着互联网技术的发展和商品的极大丰富,这种改变又是非常容易的。(四) 选择的效用性。E时代是非常现实的一代。他们崇尚高科技的产品,但没有以往世代面对高科技所产生的畏惧感。他们不会被高技术的时髦外表所眩惑,他们更加注重产品所提供的价值及利益。这种价值和利益必须是实在和显著的,否则便难以在E时代立足。(五) 选择的互动性。E时代在选择商品时,喜欢互动式的选择方式。他们希望能够提供互动的环境,让自己能充分地发表见解,希望自己对商品的意见能够得到回馈,要求得到及时满足。E时代将会拒绝在信息沟通不充分、信息的不对称性比较强的环境中购物。从总体上讲,E时代的收入水平并不高,但他们目前的经济负担却不重。他们追求自由自在的生活,渴望体验一种酷的感觉。比如喜欢由卡通人物给他们所造就的轻松、幽默的氛围。他们比较青睐小巧玲珑的商品,比如软饮料、移动终端、流行服饰等,而不喜欢笨重、体积庞大的耐用品。三、 E时代的营销对策针对E时代的上述特点,企业在营销上可以采取以下策略。(一) 产品形式多样化,产品外观多彩化。个性化的消费特点必然要求产品的多样化的形式。强化商品的工业设计,开发出具有不同风格特点、不同形状的产品。同时,在外观色彩上也要多样化,要能够紧跟时代的流行色。比如在手机市场上,在诺基亚5110彩壳手机诞生之前,没有哪一个生产厂家能大规模进入普通消费者市场。因为清一色的黑色让消费者没有更多的消费选择,直到诺基亚彩壳手机的问世才出现了突破。再比如康佳的七彩小画仙彩电,多种造型与色彩的组合,正好迎合了E时代的消费偏好,取得了巨大的成功。(二) 品牌塑造个性化,品牌内涵深度化。E时代追求名牌,但又缺少品牌的忠诚度。针对这一特点,企业应强力塑造品牌的个性化,同时深刻挖掘品牌的深度与广度,让品牌形象赋予足够的张力。在统一品牌个性的前提下,紧跟时代特色,扩展品牌承载的文化内涵,提升品牌价值。另外,根据E时代崇尚“知识英雄”和“数字精英”的心理,在一些高科技企业,适当的挖掘企业创始人的传奇故事,也不失为一条为品牌贴金的好计策。比如张朝阳个人的魅力即为搜弧网站增添了不少色彩。(三) 市场细分个人化,信息沟通互动化。随着互联网技术的发展,对目标市场的细分不仅仅只是细分到某个群体,而会细分到个人。E时代消费者作为真正的“产销者”将参与到商品的生产中来。因此,企业的市场应是每一个不同的顾客个体。这样就需要进行很好的交流。比如现在网上虚拟社区就变得很流行。一对一营销,关系营销,数据库营销,互联网营销等营销模式也终将变得必要起来。比如亚马逊书店在其数据库营销中就已经开始做到根据顾客以往的购物经验通过电子邮件给其提供个性化的书目推荐。(四) 营销渠道扁平化,价值传递实用化。基于E时代的多样化需求,企业必须缩减流通渠道,强化渠道的信息沟通功能和服务功能。长的渠道会抹煞掉信息和沟通的及时性。这对于没有耐心的E时代群体来讲是不能忍受的。同时,E时代具有普遍较高的知识水平,不易被层出不穷、花样翻新的形式产品所迷惑,比较注重商品的实用价值。因此,传递的价值应该是现实实用的。他们喜欢先试后买,亲身体验到商品的价值。因此,在商品流通中,尤其在终端市场上应该鼓励E时代试用商品。(五) 广告宣传偶像化,促销手段多样化。E时代的年龄都普遍年轻,具有青春活力、个性魅力的明星对E时代会产生很强的亲和力。选择E时代所推崇的明星作为产品形象代言人是一条很好的策略。比如娃哈哈集团选择偶像明星王力宏,乐百氏选择黎明,而旭日升集团在一系列不很成功的广告之后,选择了E时代喜欢的明星陈小东和范小萱,产品销售获得了重大成功。另外,对E时代的促销手法上也要灵活、新颖。比如节假日的大派送活动,买一送一活动,展销活动,游乐活动等,再配以新潮热闹的POP广告,以此增加卖场轻松愉快的氛围,促进销售。参考文献:卢泰宏、杨晓燕 互联网营销教程 2000.10 广东经济出版社王煜昆 人口世代划分不能再等了 中国经营报 2000.3.27 14版
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