农产品物流发展论文文献

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes. Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world. [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System. [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration. Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements. [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing. [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.

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食品冷链企业发展分析论文

【 摘要 】文章研究了新零售趋势下冷链的发展模式；以食品安全、食品营养构建起聚焦产前管理、发展流通加工技术等，并通过提供一体化的解决方案以及采取高效的轻资产运营技术等关键经营要素，探讨了冷链企业的发展模型。

【 关键词 】冷链；新零售；冷网；食品安全；流通

加工从国家发布《“十二五”农产品冷链物流发展规划》至今，中国农产品冷链物流开始进入快速发展阶段。然而，中国农产品冷链物流仍然存在自动化水平低、物流成本较高、冷链流通率低、尚未形成完善的冷链物流体系等问题，导致农产品冷链物流水平与居民消费升级、现代农业发展和农产品出口需求扩大相比,仍有较大差距；同时，随着人们对食品安全重视程度的不断提高，对高品质低温食品的需求量日益增大，同时互联网的快速发展带动了电子商务爆发式的增长，网购平台打通了销售者与消费者之间的通道，冷链物流链被拉长，市场对冷链的需求迅速增加。明显，发展冷链物流正当其时，选择合适的发展模式作为冷运企业的运营策略成为冷链企业经营成败的至关重要的因素。

一、聚焦客户需求，提供一体化解决方案

新型冷链企业往往在盈利模式不清的时候，为了构建进入壁垒采取了规模化，但无法通过短期的业务增长提高资源的利用率，从而使得回报周期过长，甚至会为此影响了战略判断。因此，冷链企业的发展需要有恰当的发展模式和管理模型。1.分两阶段实现发展目标与传统的冷链运输企业相比，新型冷链企业会更加关注与物产区农户的合作，而不仅仅是为了满足客户的.运输需求。新型冷链企业会从农户到消费者提供一体化的解决方案。“产”、销、配一体，从源头引入物美价优的产品，全环节把控产品质量，提高与物产区农户及消费者的黏性。从与物产区联盟到定制会耕种，从品质配送到建立全链条商业伙伴关系等，新型冷链企业将通过产区战略合作以及线上线下平台的伙伴合作定位发展目标，并通过分阶段实施以达成战略目标。2.仓网、店网一体化，构建伙伴型冷链平台新型冷链企业的仓网和店网是一体化的，建立仓网首先从功能上区分出产地仓和销售仓。对于产地仓应该与产地特产店等具有地方特色的门店建立起伙伴关系[1]，以此成为宣传的基础窗口；销售仓则与各类社区门店建立合作联盟，以此作为销售延伸。同时，社区门店也将成为承载最后一公里保鲜的主要资源。对于新型冷链店网，将会是一个开放的伙伴平台，能充分利用社会资源。个体工商户中只要添置专门的三温冷藏陈列装置即有可能成为店网伙伴。平台化的操作不仅能迅速成为销售的延伸、解决最后一公里配送问题，更重要的是能低成本利用重要的目的地段资源。3.发展流通生产加工技术，拓展发展空间中央冷库将成为未来冷链发展的神经中枢，农产品初深加工后再流通将可以逐步解决应季农产品销售期短、储存运输紧张、配送难等流通难题。此外，发展流通生产加工技术，可以高度融合线上平台以及仓网，提高与农户、终端销售商的黏度，有利于冷链企业削峰平谷、均衡化生产。随着生物技术、食品化学等相关学科的快速发展，农产品加工技术发展越来越快速，高新加工技术如微波技术、无菌贮存与包装技术、瞬间高温杀菌技术、真空冷冻干燥技术等在农产品生产与流通中得到了广泛应用。依托杀灭菌新技术的发展，产品流通对于低温抑菌保鲜的包装技术的依赖程度也将会降低，流通难度将会降低。从技术发展趋势来看，在果蔬加工中，为了保证果蔬的营养、新鲜、可口，除了传统的速冻、脱水、罐头产品之外，切割产品得到了广泛应用[2]；农产品加工开始向节能、环保、高效方面发展。在农产品深加工前沿，正在向分子水平发展，通过对原料功能成分、分子水平提取的利用，研制一些符合人体所需营养的保健食品，提高农产品精深加工技术，实现资源的综合利用。此外，随着高新技术的不断应用，加工设备越来越高新化，如无菌包装设备、多功能饮料罐装设备、速冻设备、膜分离设备等。当然，我国农产品加工技术和发达国家相较而言，还存在着一定的差距，这也恰好是新型冷链企业发展的机会。4.聚焦产前管理，打造基于国内物产的食品安全领军冷链企业食品安全已成为食品消费的首要关注要素，聚焦产前管理将会成为未来冷链发展的突破方向。以供港蔬菜为例，深圳检验检疫局数据显示，2016年深圳地区全年运送供港蔬菜5.1万批，共47.5万吨，同比上升10%。相信在未来的三到五年，以供港食品模式打造的食品产前管理将逐渐普遍，能在产前管理获得先机资源将会为冷链企业的发展提供更广阔的发展空间。图1尝试从业务发展的驱动因素，针对不同的发展阶段提供了发展策略。关键点体现在：与前端的种养殖农户建立生产合作伙伴关系，基于流通加工技术，以特产店、社区商店以及线上平台结盟等建立起全渠道的销售网络，从而建立起绿色健康的全新冷链生态。

二、立足具体、简单的实践理念

实施运营策略具体、简单的运营策略是取得成功的至关重要的因素，这里主要给出了以“产”定“销”，即通过将产地仓包干以及销售仓包销相互促进的方式，建立基本的运营的模型。然后通过项目型组织以产地（区别于客户和行业）的模式提供一体化的解决方案，最终建立起围绕仓经营的营运体系。当然，所有运营策略的成功都离不开高效、灵活的平台技术。图2描述了基于仓营销体系的运营体系，在此基础上通过“五力”（借用外力、发展新力、整合能力、激发能力以及优化内力）模型等管理技术实现经营目标。

三、结束语

冷链物流企业依靠提供运输服务的发展空间有限，具备依托新技术的发展提供一体化的解决方案，服务于提高居民生活质量，带动产区经济发展的新型冷链企业将会成为冷链企业获得未来发展空间的关键。因此，选择合适经营模式，提高冷链配送的质量，实施完善的冷链配送的技术，让冷链配送变得更简单、更实惠或许是一个正确有效的发展模式；无疑，本文为冷链企业发展策略、营运策略以及有效经营、健康发展提供了实践参考方向。

参考文献：

[1]田华，周瑞琪，朱柏青.发达国家冷链物流发展的成功经验及启示[J].价格月刊，2016，（04）：68-71.

[2]陈广，罗岚.生鲜农产品冷链物流中的食品安全问题研究[J].物流技术，2013，32(12)：81-83.