关于二手交易的论文文献

The smarter way to buy.The primary reason to buy a used car is that a used car costs less than a new one. Not so many yearsago, there were only three ways to buy a used car: from a private owner, from a used-car dealer, or from a new-car dealer. Each presented a buyer with a question that was impossible to answer—how do I know if I'm getting a car that won't fall apart the day after I buy it? A prudent buyer could take precautions, of course, such as having a mechanic inspect the car before handing over a check, or patronizing a reputable dealer who would stand behind what he sold, but it was still usually a 'buyer beware' situation.In recent years, however, a new way of marketing used cars has evolved which gives a buyers another, possibly more attractive, choice. Today, a buyer has the option of purchasing a CPO car or truck.What's a CPO? It means Certified Pre-Owned, which means that the used vehicle in question isn't just a pig in a poke, but comes with some guarantee as to its initial quality and potential reliability.The CPO phenomenon is essentially a byproduct of vehicle leasing, which took off in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In those days, automakers, particularly those who made high-priced luxury cars, put together attractive leasing packages that gave buyers the option of being able to drive a car for less per month than it would have cost if they had financed and purchased in the traditional way. Leasing peaked in 1999, when nearly three-and-a-half million vehicles, roughly a quarter of all new-car deals, were leased.Think of leasing a car as being the same as leasing an apartment—you get to use it, but you don't own it. When the term of your lease expires, you move on. In the case of an apartment, the landlord freshens it up and puts it back on the market. In the case of a car or truck, the landlord, who is the auto dealer in conjunction with the automaker, does the same thing—the off-lease vehicle is reconditioned and put back on the market as a CPO.At first, automakers were reluctant to flood the market with off-lease CPOs, fearing that they would undermine new-car sales. But that turned out not to be the case. Over the past decade or so, new-vehicle sales have been remarkably robust and sales of CPOs have run apace. For example, for one recent month, Audi reported 6,473 new-car sales and 2,225 CPO sales, a fairly typical proportion for some of the more upscale automakers.Although leasing has tapered off somewhat in recent years—because heavy discounting and a variety of incentives have made the outright purchase of a new car more attractive—it still accounts for millions of transactions each year and keeps the CPO market well-stocked.Tips for BuyingIntroductionBuying a used car obviously carries a certain degree of risk. After all, with a new car you get the peace of mind that no one has driven the vehicle carelessly or failed to have it maintained on a regular basis. And, if something does go wrong, the car is under warranty—at least for a period of time. These safeties are not usually included in the purchase of a used car. But used-car buying need not be as fraught with anxiety and terror as some may think. Knowing where and how to buy a used car as well as which cars to buy can alleviate most of the tension consumers feel about this unknown process. If you are willing to spend time doing thorough research, you will soon be driving the car of your dreams, secure in the knowledge that you paid a fair price for your new set of wheels.Choosing a Used Car :#How much could you afford? -Before you begin your search for a good deal on a used car, spend time considering many of the same factors that would apply to a new car purchase: how will you use the vehicle; how long do you plan to keep it; and your budget for the purchase, including insurance, operation, maintenance and repair costs.#What Car should you buy? -Decide what car best suits your lifestyle and image. Since you could probably be owning and using the same car for many more years, you need to anticipate future needs and lifestyle changes. Today you could easily consider buying a mid-sized car as these cars are available at great bargains.Narrowing down your dream list is a bit more difficult for used cars than new cars because there are so many more used vehicles. Talk to friends or acquaintances who drive cars that appeal to you; word of mouth is often one of the best ways to gather information about reliability or quirks of certain cars.#How Old is Old? -If Budget is top priority then you rather buy a smaller car that's newer than a large car that's older. Owning a larger car will cost you more as the running costs - fuel, maintenance, tyres, spares are costlier. The best bet is to look for something almost new - Two years or younger. You could get a real good deal because there are plenty of car owners who don't want to be seen in a 'yesterday's model' - they want to be seen driving only latest cars.Buying a middle-aged car ( 3 - 5 years old ) that has been treated well by its owner could be a great deal. You could find a lot of these cars at a good bargain. Cars that have logged 14,000 to 18,000 Km a year are prime buys.Cars flogged badly by chauffeurs or heavily used ones are like buying trouble.Odometer readings can be rolled back, or "clocked." This fraud is practiced by thousands of fly-by-night, independent used-car sellers nationwide. The effect is obvious: a high-mileage car is turned into a low-mileage car to increase the car’s value. A car with low mileage, but with a lot of wear on the driver's seat or the brake and accelerator, may indicate tampering with the odometer.http://

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你的文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写，题目老师同意了没，具体有要求要求，需要多少字呢？你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，文献综述想写好，先要在图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。文献综述的写法一、什么是文献综述文献综述是在确定了选题后，在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该研究领域的研究现状（包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等）、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论，并提出自己的见解和研究思路而写成的一种不同于毕业论文的文体。它要求作者既要对所查阅资料的主要观点进行综合整理、陈述，还要根据自己的理解和认识，对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述和相应的评价，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的"堆砌"。需要说明的是，如果别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。二、撰写文献综述的好处要求同学们学写文献综述，至少有以下好处：1.通过搜集文献资料过程，可进一步熟悉科学文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法；在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面；2.查找文献资料、写文献综述是科研选题及进行科研的第一步，因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程；3.通过文献综述的写作，有利于提高归纳、分析、综合能力，有利于提高独立工作能力和科研能力；4.毕业设计（论文）的文献综述，要结合课题的性质进行撰写。三、文献综述的结构文献综述要求介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可以按不同的问题进行综述，还可以按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用哪一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，最好能提出自己的见解。参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此，应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。四、撰写文献综述应注意的问题文献综述顾名思义由“综”和“述”两部分组成。前半部分的“综”不算太难，根据所查阅大量的文献进行综合的归类、提炼、概括即。后半部分的评“述”与分析则是一篇“综述”质量高的分界线，这需要融入作者自己理论水平、专业基础、分析问题、解决问题的能力，在对问题进行合情合理的剖析基础上，提出自己独特的见解。因此，选定题目后，就要围绕题目进行搜集与选题有关的文献。在搜集阅读文献资料时需要注意以下几点：1.搜集文献应尽量全面掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述前提和基础，选定综述的题材后要大量搜集和阅读有关的中文和外文文献。搜集文献要求越全越好。否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好多综述的，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。2.收集资料要瞄准主流文献收集资料不能漫无目的、无重点，应瞄准主流媒体，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要人物的观点和论述等，多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。3.注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性搜集好与选题有关的参考文献后，就要对这些参考文献进行阅读、归纳、整理，如何从这些文献中选出具有代表性、科学性和可靠性大的单篇研究文献十分重要，从某种意义上讲，所阅读和选择的文献的质量高低，直接影响文献综述的水平。因此在阅读文献时，要写好“读书笔记”、“读书心得”和做好“文献摘录卡片”。用自己的语言写下阅读时得到的启示、体会和想法，将文献的精髓摘录下来，不仅为撰写综述时提供有用的素材，而且对于训练自己的表达能力、思维能力、阅读水平都有好处，特别是将文献整理成文献摘录卡片，对撰写综述极为有利。4.引用文献要忠实文献内容由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。5.参考文献不能省略文献综述中涉及的参考文献主要是能反映主题全貌的、而且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料，它反映了作者对该研究领域的理解程度和选题的前期研究状况，所以绝对不能省略。