英文论文reference格式

Harvard引用格式已经被广泛应用于多种出版物。所以熟悉这种引用方式便非常必要。第一种情况文本内引用(In-text citations)1.释义的文本内引用-Paraphrasing and in-text citationsExample:The point made by an analytic philosopher (O’Connor 1969, p. 32) is that values cannot be justified in this way. However Kneller (1963b, p. 102) insists that the theorist will inevitably be involved in value claims.通过上述example可以如果作者引用了大段的信息，同学们便可发现，页码，章节可能会包含在文本内引用中。(Page, chapter or section numbers may be included in the in-text citation if the cited work is long and information locate by the writer.)。当文本中提到作者的姓名时(e.g. Kneller in the example above)，只有文献的出版年限和页码会出现在文本的页码中( add year and page numbers only to the in-text reference)。此外当作者相同时，文献出版的年限会加上a,b,c等做区分。(Entries that have the same author and year are noted by adding a, b, c etc. to the year, both in-text e.g. Kneller (1963b, p. 102) )。2.直接引用Direct quotes当只有一个直接引用时，文章的直接引用会包含页码(Always include page numbers when citing a quotation and enclose the quote in single quotation marks.)3.Block quotes and in-text citationsExample:Inductive analysis is discussed:Inductive thinking proceeds from the specific to the general. Understandings are generated by starting with specific elements and finding connections among them. To argue inductively is to begin with particular pieces of evidence, then pull them together into a meaningful whole. Inductive data analysis is a search for patterns of meaningful data so the general statements about phenomena under investigation can be made (Hatch 2002, p. 161).当文章中的引用部分是作为独立的部分存在，并且字数超过30以上时，这些引用会用不同的格式以凸显引用的部分，比如indented e.g. 5 spaces and are in a smaller font e.g. 1 point size smaller than the surrounding text. 这里同学们注意一定不能enclose the quote in quotation marks.

关于reference格式常用的Harvard，MLA，还有APA格式这几种。这几年在写论文时也会使用Chicago Manual of Style格式。刚开始的使用时很多学生都对于这种芝加哥格式不是很清楚，也不知道什么去使用。通常如果需要按照芝加哥格式学校都会发手册指南，但有的学生还是不懂的怎么去使用。使用方法有那些？ 1.引用一本书。 ·Zimmer,Gary.1999.The biological farmer.Chicago:University of Chicago Press. ·Beckham,Todd,ed.1951.The soccer chronicles.Chicago:University of Chicago Press. 2.引用一本书的特定章节。 Lowell,Frederick.2006."Why I Tried:The Mentality Behind a Crime."In The criminal mind,ed.Frank Alden,101–2.Chicago:University of Chicago Press 3.引用一本电子书。 ·Kamp,John C.and Alison Norris,eds.1987.The lawn mowing guide San Diego:Green Press. 4.引用纸质期刊的文章。 ·Fargo,Peter Paul.2007.The facts of life.Philosophy 126:450-22. 5.引用网上期刊的文章。 ·Hennessy,Thomas W.,Craig W.Hedberg,Laurence Slutsker,Karen E.White,John M.Besser-Wiek,Michael E.Moen,John Feldman,William W.Coleman,Larry M.Edmonson,Kristine L.MacDonald,and Michael T.Osterholm.2002.A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream.The New England Journal of Medicine 287,no.5(February 6), 6.引用杂志文章。 ·Doe,Jane.2002.What it feels like to be the real Jane Doe."Reality,May 6. 7.引用报纸文章。 ·Lachmund,Miles S.2002.German chef recreates childhood soup for neighbors.New York Times,June 20,Food section,Midwest edition. 8.引用一个网址。 ·Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees.Evanston Public Library strategic plan,2000–2010:A decade of outreach.Evanston Public Library. 如何写脚注： 1.给一本书写脚注。 ·1.Gary Zimmer,The Biological Farmer(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999),65. ·3.Todd Beckham,ed.,The Soccer Chronicles(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1951),91–92. 2.给一本书的某个章节写脚注。 ·5.Frederick Lowell,"Why I Tried:The Mentality Behind a Crime,"in The Criminal Mind,ed.Frank Alden(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2006),101–2. 3.给一本电子书写脚注。 ·2.John C.Kamp and Alison Norris,eds.,The Lawnmowing Guide(San Diego:Green Press,1987),(accessed June 27,2006). 4.给纸质期刊文章写脚注。 ·8.Peter Paul Fargo,"The Facts of Life,"Philosophy 126(2007):450. 5.给网络期刊文章写脚注。 ·33.Thomas W.Hennessy et al.,"A National Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidisInfections from Ice Cream,"The New England Journal of Medicine 287,no.5(2002), 6.给杂志文章写脚注。 ·29.Jane Doe,"What it Feels Like to be the Real Jane Doe,"Reality,May 6,2002,84. 7.给报纸文章写脚注。 ·10.Miles S.Lachmund,"German Chef Recreates Childhood Soup for Neighbors,"New York Times,June 20,2002,Food section,Midwest edition. 8.给一个网址写脚注。 ·11.Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees,“Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,2000–2010:A Decade of Outreach,”Evanston Public Library Reach me：Cattydog