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2004年7月 学 术 交 流 Jul., 2004总第124期 第7期 Academic Exchange Serial No.124 No.7 ·企业改革与发展研究·中小企业会计规范化问题探讨牟远健1,丁玲玲2,王 静1(1.黑龙江省畜产公司,黑龙江哈尔滨150001;2.黑龙江省林业科学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150001)[摘 要]中小企业会计核算存在会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清;所有者自身素质及逃避纳税心理,制约会计核算规范化;会计机构设置不符合相关规定;会计核算违规操作等问题,对此,必须采取相关措施,使会计核算规范化。[关键词]中小企业;会计规范化;会计核算[中图分类号]F270 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1000-8284(2004)07-0049-03中小企业在完善我国市场机制、推动国民经济的发展、增加劳动就业、保持社会稳定等方面发挥着重要的作用。但在发展中也存在着许多问题,特别是会计核算的不规范,是制约中小企业进一步发展的瓶颈。 一、中小企业会计核算存在的问题1.会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清。中小企业的经营权与所有权的分离远不如大企业那么明显,尤其中小企业中的民营企业,投资者就是经营者,企业财产与个人家庭财产经常发生相互占用的情况,给会计核算工作带来困难。2.所有者自身的素质低及逃避纳税的心理,制约着中小企业会计核算的规范化。中小企业在经营过程中,为了自身利益,往往有通过逃避纳税的方式增加财富的想法,经营状况不好时,逃避纳税的愿望就更强烈。当外部监管力度不够时,这种现象会普遍存在。3.会计机构的设置不符合相关规定。很多中小企业,特别是民营企业,为了节约核算成本,不按规定设置会计机构。有的企业即使设置了会计机构,也层次不清、分工不明。4.会计人员的业务素质低下。由于中小企业一般经营品种繁杂、行业各异,经营规模差距较大,所聘用的财务人员素质参差不齐,从而导致了会计核算的不规范。在会计人员任用上,小企业最常见的做法是用自己的亲属当出纳,外聘“高手”作兼职会计,这些人员有在税务部门工作的,有国有企业财务管理人员,有会计师事务所的人员等,一般定期来做账。有些中小企业企业管理者也愿意聘请能力强的会计人员做专职会计,但是由于其发展前景及社会上得到人们认识程度较低,再加上较差的工作保障,使得其对优秀会计人员的吸引力不强。会计从业人员资格认定及规范考核的问题也很多,会[收稿日期]2004-04-18[作者简介]牟远健(1978-),女,黑龙江庆安人,黑龙江省畜产公司会计师,从事会计理论与实践研究;丁玲玲(1973-),女,黑龙江密山人,黑龙江省林业科学院会计师,从事会计理论与实践研究;王静(1972-),女,江苏丰县人,黑龙江省林业科学院会计师,从事会计理论与实践研究。·49·计无证上岗现象严重,会计主管不具备专业技术资格的现象不胜枚举,会计人员的后续教育培养工作几乎没有进行。5.建账不规范或不依法建账,会计核算常有违规操作。中小企业有些根本不设账,以票代账;或者设账,但账目混乱。还有相当一部分中小企业设两套账或多套账,使会计信息严重失真。在会计核算方面,待摊费用、预提费用不按规定摊提,人为操纵利润,采用倒轧账的方式记账等。有些会计人员知识结构老化与专业知识较低,使得许多理论上完善的会计方法与复杂的会计技术无法实施,或在实施时大打折扣。6.内部会计监督职能没有发挥出来。内部会计监督要求会计人员对本企业内部的经济活动进行会计监督,但是中小企业的管理者常干预会计工作,会计人员受制于管理者或受利益驱使,往往按管理者的意图行事,使会计的监督职能几乎无法发挥。7.原始凭证付出成本大,或者难以获得。原始凭证的获取要付出成本,是因为企业在购买商品时要不要发票存在着不同的价格,若要发票,就要加价,价格较高;不要发票价格较低,两者的差价是税款。还有的企业发生费用后无法取得发票,只能用不合法的收据,在上级主管部门摊派的费用中支出。企业只好不做此账,或相互之间调剂票据。8.企业内部控制制度不够健全,也阻碍了中小企业会计规范化的发展。由于部分中小企业现有的人员素质和管理水平较低,无法建立健全诸如内部稽核、定额管理、计量验收、成本核算等制度,阻碍了中小企业会计规范化的进程,造成了企业资产流失、浪费严重、经营管理混乱等。 二、规范中小企业会计核算的建议1.加强相关法律法规的建设和执行,促进中小企业的全面健康发展。要解决中小企业会计规范化问题,靠一两家企业自我完善和会计人员努力是很难实现的。只有促进中小企业的健康发展,解决企业融资困难,实现科学化管理,克服自身的弱点才能从根本上解决会计规范化的问题。解决这一问题的根本办法就是执行好现有的相关法律法规,并根据经济发展的需要,适时制定、修改有关中小企业的法律法规,这样才能既促进中小企业会计规范化建设,加强中小企业的管理,又能为中小企业的全面发展保驾护航。2.建立与我国中小企业相适应的会计制度。在过去很长一段时间里,国家在制定会计规范体系的过程中,很少考虑到中小企业会计需求与大企业和上市公司的差别,随着中小企业在我国经济发展中的作用越来越重要,会计理论界对中小企业会计规范化问题日趋关注。中小企业会计制度的制订应遵循以下原则:(1)适应中小企业的特点。在会计制度设计中要考虑企业经营管理组织体系的设置,并与此保持一致。由于中小型企业业务量较少,会计核算只能采用集中核算方式,即由会计机构统一办理。部分中小企业交易类型有限,经营活动比较简单,一般只需要简单的数据,没有对数据产生深层次分析的需要,因此应允许一些企业不设会计机构。会计人员一般以2~3人为宜,并指派一人担任财务主管,在职责划分上要注意不相容职责的分离,如出纳、总账与稽核,出纳与总账、明细账的分离等。有些企业的会计工作也可由社会中介机构代理。中小企业行业涉及面广,会计科目设置上应考虑通用性,针对采用独资和合伙形式的中小企业所要承担的无限责任,应考虑对会计制度的影响;对于企业财产和个人家庭支出相互占用的情况,应设置往来账户加以核算;适当放宽凭证的认定,以解决中小企业难以获得合法凭据的问题等。总之,中小企业会计准则的制定一定要充分考虑中小企·50·业的特点。(2)重要性原则,要求提供的信息重点突出。与大型企业相比,会计信息需求者在中小企业中发生了变化。首先,税务部门的纳税管理需求成为最主要的外部需求;其次,投资者的决策需求和管理者的管理需求相统一;最后是银行贷款管理需求,但是此需求因银行提供的贷款很少而相对薄弱。会计信息需求上的变化,决定了中小企业的会计应着眼于这些企业税务上的需要和内部信息的需求。(3)成本效益原则。会计信息的提供是有成本的,企业在提供会计信息的过程中应讲求成本效益原则。(4)简便易行。由于中小企业业务量小、会计人员素质参差不齐,会计制度设计时应充分考虑到操作上的简便易行。3.加强外部监管力度。从目前我国中小企业的现状来看,靠企业自身约束来规范会计工作是不现实的,我们应该更多的借助于外部监管,帮助中小企业实现会计规范化。财政部门首先应指导督促中小企业依《会计基础工作规范》的要求建立健全账簿体系,发现不符合《会计基础工作规范》要求的,应及时严肃处理;其次,财政部门还应督促中小企业建立、健全会计内部控制制度和内部核算制度;最后,财政部门还应切实地做好财务人员的后续教育。税务部门也应改进查核方式,改进税务人员对于中小企业的态度,并建立税务代理人制度,以增加税务申报速度,减轻税务人员的工作负担,以便全心进行查核工作。我们相信,只要充分认识到我国中小企业会计规范化进程中存在的问题,并充分考虑到中小企业在经济发展中的重要性,有关方面齐抓共管、共同努力,定能把这项艰巨的工作做得更好。Probing into the Accounting Standardization of Small andMiddle-sized EnterprisesMUYuan-jian1, DING Ling-ling2, WANG Jing1(1.HeilongjiangLivestock Products Corporation,HarbinHeilongjiang150001, China;2.HeilongjiangAcademy ofForest Sciences, HarbinHeilongjiang150001, China)Abstract:In accounting operation of small and medium-sized enterprises, there are many prob-lems such as less clear partition toward main bodies of bookkeeping operation, blur limits betweenenterprise’s property and personal property, slow process of operation standardization restrained byowner’s quality and his tax-evasion motive, mismatched accounting institutions with relative provi-sions and disobedient operation process against regulations, etc. In view of such problems we mustadopt related measures to make accounting operation standard.Key words:small and medium-sized enterprise, accounting standardization, accounting operation〔责任编辑:刘 阳〕·51·
浅析内部审计风险的成因及解决途径[摘 要] 内部审计风险成因包括内部审计机构的独立性不够,内部审计人员的业务不精,内部审计方法的科学性不强,内部审计管理的制度不健全。为了降低内部审计风险,应加强内部审计的法制建设,保证内部审计的独立性,提高内部审计人员的素质,执行科学合理的审计工作程序,正确处理降低风险与经济效益的关系,开展以风险为导向的风险基础审计。[关键词] 审计 风险 管理内部审计风险包括固有风险和控制风险。固有风险是指在假定与内部会计控制无关的情况下,被审计单位整体财务报表和各账户余额或某项业务发生重大差错的可能性,即由于被审计单位经济业务的特点和会计核算工作本身的不足而形成的审计风险。如某些企业缺乏对会计制度应有的重视,账户体系庞杂、会计信息明晰性降低,报表利用困难,成本、费用缺乏成本核算概念等。控制风险是指由于被审单位内部控制制度不够健全完善,内部控制行为不力,不能及时发现和纠正某个账户或某种业务中的重大错误而形成的审计风险。有时即使审计人员确认被审计单位的内部控制制度不合理或在关键环节上失控,其提出的修正建议能否真正适合被审计单位的经营活动,也会形成一种修正风险。一、内部审计风险形成的原因1.内部审计机构的独立性不够内部审计机构是单位内设机构,在单位负责人的领导下开展工作,为单位服务。因此,内部审计的独立性不如社会审计,在审计过程中,不可避免地受本单位的利益制约。内审人员面临的是与单位领导层之间的领导与被领导的关系以及与各科室、部门之间的同事关系,所涉及的人不是领导就是同事,非直接有关也是间接相关,审计过程及结论必然涉及到具体的个人利益,因而审计过程难免受到各类人员干扰。2.内部审计人员的业务不精审计人员素质的高低是决定审计风险大小的主要因素。审计人员的素质包括从事审计需要的政策法规水平、专业知识、经验、技能、审计职业道德和工作责任。审计经验是审计人员应有的一种重要技能,审计经验需要实践的积累。我国的内部审计人员中不少人仅熟悉财务会计业务,一些审计人员不了解本单位的经营活动和内部控制,审计经验有限。另外,内部审计人员工作责任和职业道德也是影响审计风险的因素。由于我国内审准则工作规范和职业道德标准方面还有一些空白,许多内审机构和人员缺乏应有的职业规范的约束和指导。总之,目前我国内审人员总体素质偏低,直接影响到内审工作开展的深度和广度。面对当今内审对象的复杂和内容的拓展,内审人员势单力簿,这将直接导致审计风险的产生。3.内部审计方法的科学性不强我国内审方法是制度基础审计,随着企业内部经营管理环境复杂化,这种审计模式不适应开展内部管理审计的需要,因为它过分依赖于对企业内部管理控制的测试,本身就蕴藏巨大的风险内部审计一般采用统计抽样方法,由于抽样审计本身是以样本的审查结果来推断总体的特征,因此,样本和总体之间必然会形成一定的误差,形成审计的抽样风险。随着信息化程度提高,被审计单位的会计信息资料会越来越多,差错和虚假的会计资料掺杂其中,失察的可能性也随之加大。虽然统计抽样是建立在坚实的数学理论基础之上,但其本身是允许存在一定的审计风险的。同样,大量的分析性审核也会产生相关风险,使审计风险的构成内容更为复杂。4.内部审计管理的制度不健全内部审计管理的制度建设及执行情况是内部审计的前提和基础。健全有效的内部管理制度能及时发现和控制企业经济活动中发生的各种差错和舞弊。为保证内部审计质量,内审组织应建立完善的质量控制制度,但是,部分审计机构至今仍缺少事前的审计计划、事中的审计程序和报告期的审计复核;审计工作底稿不完整,一般仅记录审计问题事项,而未记录审计人员认为正确的审计事项,使得审计复核、审计质量控制无从入手;审计报告以协调关系为出发点,以肯定工作成绩为基调,问题定性模棱两可。以上现状的存在,使得保证内部审计质量成为一句空话,更谈不上防范风险。二、降低内部审计风险的途径1.加强内部审计的法制建设完善和健全审计法规体系是内部审计风险控制的基础措施。审计规范是审计人员的行为规范和工作准则,不仅可以控制和减少审计风险,而且也是衡量审计人员法律责任的标准。我国内部审计起步较晚,与西方国家相比,在相关制度建设上存在着许多不完善的地方。为了适应现代内部审计不断发展的要求,就必须加强审计工作法制化、规范化建设,尽量减少审计工作的盲目性和随意性。2.保证内部审计的独立性独立性可以使内部审计师提出公正的和不偏不倚的专业判断,这对审计工作的恰当开展是必不可少的。内部审计机构独立性的内涵应主要表现为形式上的独立和实质上的独立两方面。形式上的独立要求内部审计在组织内具有较高的组织地位,内部审计师的工作应能够获得高级管理层和董事会的支持。实质上的独立是指内部审计人员在精神上必须保持必要的独立性,应以公正的态度,避免利益冲突,在开展内部审计工作时,保持诚实的信念,遵守职业道德准则,在整个审计过程中不做出重大的妥协。3.提高内部审计人员的素质审计人员是审计工作的具体执行者,其业务素质的高低直接关系到审计项目质量的好坏和审计风险的大小。因此,提高审计人员的素质,对控制和防范审计风险,提高审计质量起着根本性作用。首先,应加强内审人员政治素质教育和能力的培养,树立内审人员一丝不苟的工作精神和扎扎实实的工作作风,对其进行定期与不定期的培训,使其具备与其工作相适应的高尚品质,高度的事业心、责任感以及处理问题的能力;二是要引导审计人员通过工作实践,及时总结内审工作经验,不断完善审计手段和方法,不断提高运用理论知识解决实际问题的本领和应对复杂多变的工作局面的能力;三是要在进一步完善审计队伍准入制度,实行执证上岗的基础上,建立科学的激励机制,充分调动审计人员的积极性,激发其爱岗敬业的热情,使审计工作队伍在稳定的基础上不断发展壮大;四是要加强审计人员的业务培训和继续教育,使他们能熟练掌握审计的基本知识、基本技能和基本方法,熟悉会计、经济管理、经济法规等相关知识,提高内审人员的审计查证能力,以适应新形势的需要。4.执行科学合理的审计工作程序科学的审计程序是圆满完成各项审计任务、降低审计风险的重要手段。从审计任务的下达和审计工作方案的编制,到实施审计、编制审计工作底稿、出具审计报告整个工作流程必须有一套规范的程序。在实施审计的工作中,要充分运用现代的及成熟的审计技术方法。从审计组提交审计报告到作出审计决定阶段应有完善的“把关”程序。要抓好执法检查和廉政回访工作,要检查审计人员在审计活动中,证据收集是否齐全,程序是否符合要要求,决定是否合法,发现问题要及时进行补救和纠正。审计人员应严格按照程序操作一环扣一环,并且对每个环节进行控制,将审计风险隐患消灭在审计的各个环节。5.正确处理降低风险与经济效益的关系审计风险可以控制但不能完全消除,如果一味降低审计风险,就可能违背成本效益原则。因此,在接受审计任务时,要认真评价被审计单位的风险程度,高风险单位应该选派经验丰富,解决问题能力强的人员,并适当延长审计时间,而对低风险单位可以投入较少的人力,物力和时间,这样就能使降低审计风险、提高效率和降低成本三者统一起来。6.开展以风险为导向的风险基础审计风险基础审计是通过对审计风险进行系统的分析和评价,来确定审计风险是否可以控制在可以接受的范围内。它主要运用分析性复核的方法,不仅对客户的控制风险进行评价,同时更要对产生风险的各个要素进行分析和评价,以确定实质性测试的范围和重点。这样就使审计风险与整个审计过程密切联系起来,以风险的分析与控制为出发点,以保证审计质量为前提,统筹运用符合性测试、实质性测试、分析性检查等方法,综合各种审计证据,以控制审计风险。近年来,风险基础审计在世界各国已广泛应用,其原因就在于它从审计准备阶段开始就考虑审计风险。我国内部审计也应尽快实现向这种审计模式的过渡,以提高审计质量。参考文献:[1]邱 嘉:试论内部审计与内部控制的关系.消费导刊,2008.2:84[2]范太艳等:浅议内部审计的咨询服务职能.网络财富,2008.06:52~53[3]段 琳:内部审计:风险管理的抓手.中国石油企业,2007.12:31~33[4]刘 莉:企业内部审计风险分析与规避对策.商业会计,2008.12:46~47[4]赵 菁:降低内部审计风险的途径.西安建筑科技大学学报,2008.02:17~20[5]张孝兰等:内部审计的风险与防范对策.乐山师范学院学报,2007.08:52~53[6]周丽琼:企业内部审计的风险管理.企业家天地,2007.10:77~80Analysis of the causes of internal audit risk and its solution[Abstract] internal audit risk factors include the independence of internal audit bodies enough, the internal audit staff ill-equipped business, internal audit of the scientific method is not strong, internal audit management systems. In order to reduce the risk of internal audit, internal audit should strengthen the legal system, guarantee the independence of internal audit, internal audit staff to improve the quality of the audit of the implementation of scientific and rational work processes, reduce risks and to correctly handle the relationship between economic efficiency and conduct a risk - oriented risk-based audit.[Key words]Audit,Risk,RiskInternal audit risks include the inherent risks and control risks. The inherent risks is the assumption that has nothing to do with internal accounting controls, the units being audited financial statements and the overall balance of the account of a business or the possibility of a major error, that is caused by the audit unit economic characteristics of business and accounting work itself the formation of the lack of audit risk. Some enterprises such as the lack of due attention to the accounting system, account system complex, reducing clarity of accounting information, reports, use of difficulty, cost, cost of lack of cost accounting concepts. Control risk refers to as a result of inadequate internal control system被审单位perfect, weak internal control behavior, not timely detection and correction of a business account or a major error in the formation of audit risk. Sometimes, even if the auditors audited units to confirm the internal control system is unreasonable or out of control in key areas, the amendments proposed by the audit can really suitable for operating activities, but will also create a risk amendment.First, the internal audit risk causes1. The independence of the internal audit agency enoughInternal audit body is set up units in institutions, in the unit under the leadership of the responsible persons to work as a unit of service. Therefore, the independence of internal audit as social audit, the audit process, inevitably affected the interests of the unit constraints. OIA staff faced with the unit leadership was among the leadership and the leadership of the relationship, as well as with various sections, the relationship between colleagues, people are not involved in the leadership of my colleagues is, non-directly related to also indirectly related to the audit process and conclusions will inevitably involve the interests of specific individuals, which inevitably affected the audit process for all categories of personnel interference.2. Internal audit operations personnel ill-equippedThe quality of auditors is to determine the size of audit risk factors. The quality of the audit including those engaged in the audit of the policies and regulations need to level of expertise, experience, skills, audit professional ethics and work responsibilities.Audit experience, the audit staff should have an important skill, the need for the audit practice of the accumulation of experience. China's internal audit staff, many people only familiar with the financial and accounting operations, some auditors do not understand the business activities of this unit and internal controls, audit limited experience. In addition, the internal audit staff responsibilities and professional ethics is the impact of audit risk factors. Because of China's internal guidelines for the work of norms and ethical standards still some gaps, and many internal organs and personnel lack of occupational norms bound and guidance. In short, China's overall quality of the low OIA staff and directly affected the internal audit work carried out by the depth and breadth. Faced with the complexity of today's OIA object and content development, internal audit staff and powerful single force book, which will directly lead to the selection of audit risk.3. Internal audit of the scientific method is not strongChina's system of internal audit is the basis of the audit, with the internal operation and management of environmental complicated models are not suited to carry out this audit internal management audit of the needs, because it is overly dependent on the internal management of enterprises controlled test, in itself a huge potential the risk of internal audit generally use statistical sampling methods, as a result of the sample itself is based on a sample audit of the results of the review can be inferred from the general characteristics, therefore, between the samples and the overall form is bound to a certain degree of error, the formation of audit sampling risk. With the degree of information technology improved, the audited accounting information will be more and more errors and false accounting information doped them, and failed to investigate the possibility of also increasing. Although the survey sample is built on the solid foundation of mathematical theory, but its existence is to allow a certain degree of audit risk. Similarly, a large number of analytical review will also have associated risks, so that the composition of the contents of audit risk is more complicated.4. Internal Audit management systemsInternal audit management system construction and implementation of internal audit is the prerequisite and foundation. Sound and effective internal management system to detect and control of enterprise economic activity occurring in a variety of errors and fraud. To ensure the quality of internal audit, internal audit organizations should establish a perfect quality control system, however, some audit institutions still lack of prior audit plan, a matter of auditing procedures and audit review of the reporting period; the audit working papers incomplete, generally only Records of audit matters, not the recording of audit staff that the correct audit matters, making the audit review, audit quality control no way; to coordinate the relationship between the audit report as a starting point to certain performance-based, qualitative ambiguous issues. More than the existence of the status quo, making the internal audit quality assurance become an empty talk, let alone ward off risks.Second, reduce the risk of internal audit ways1. Strengthen the internal audit of the legal systemImprove and perfect the legal system for the audit of internal audit is the basis of risk control measures. Audit norms, the audit staff code of conduct and guidelines, not only to control and reduce audit risk, but also to measure auditors liability standards. China's internal audit late start compared with Western countries in the relevant system-building there are many imperfections. In order to adapt to the continuous development of modern internal audit requirements, it is necessary to strengthen the audit work of legalization and standardization construction to minimize the audit work of blindness and randomness.2. To ensure the independence of internal auditThe independence of the internal auditor can make a fair and impartial professional judgment, which is appropriate to carry out the audit work is essential. The independence of internal audit bodies connotation should be reflected mainly in the form of independence and de facto independence in two ways. Formal independence requirements of internal audit in the organization of organizations with high status, the internal auditor should have access to senior management and board of directors support. Essentially refers to an independent internal audit staff in the spirit of the need to maintain the necessary independence, should be a fair and just manner and avoid conflicts of interest, in carrying out internal audit work, to maintain an honest belief in compliance with the Code of Ethics for the entire audit process does not make a significant compromise.References:[1]Qiu Jia: On the internal audit and internal control relationship. Consumer Guide, 2008.2:84[2]Fan Wen-Yan ,etc: On the internal audit function of the advisory services. Network wealth 2008.06:52 ~ 53[3] Duan Lin: Internal Audit: Risk Management grasps. China's oil companies, 2007.12:31 ~ 33[4] Liu Li: Corporate Internal Audit Risk Analysis and Countermeasures to circumvent. Commercial accounting, 2008.12:46 ~ 47[4] Zhao Qing: Reduce the risk of internal audit ways. Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Journal, 2008.02:17 ~ 20[5]Zhang Xiao-Lan,etc: internal audit risks and preventive measures. Leshan Teachers College Journal, 2007.08:52 ~ 53[6]Zhou Li-Qiong: enterprise internal audit risk management. Entrepreneurs world, 2007.10:77 ~ 80仅供参考,请自借鉴希望对您有帮助
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