写英语文体学论文素材

不同文体的写作一. 教学内容：不同文体的写作书面表达旨在测试学生的英语书面表达能力。高考的书面表达是一种指导性写作。试题对写作的目的，对象，体裁及字数等都有明确的规定。提供给学生的材料形式为文字，图画或图表。试题要求学生根据所给的情景和要表达的意义，写出一篇 100 字左右的文章。高考中常见的文体为记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。（一）记叙文：记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它分为记人和记事两种。记叙文的几个要点为：1. 时间、地点、人物、事件，这几个要素在写作时要交代清楚。2. 人称：记叙文一般可以有第一人称和第三人称两种叙事方式：第一人称是作者以当事人的口吻，把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻的方式来叙述，第三人称是写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述，反映事件中的不同人的感受和见解。3. 记叙文的线索一般为时间，即按照事件的发展顺序来写。以可以按照地点的线索来写，即以地点的转移为顺序。4. 重点突出，层次分明，详略得当。5. 注意文章的完整性。6. 所用的时态通常为一般过去时。例： NMET 2004 辽宁卷 下面四幅图片描述的是星期天上午在中山公园里发生的一件事。请根据图片所提供的信息用英语为你校的“英语园地”写一篇文章。 注意：1. 短文必须包括所有图片的主要内容，短文的内容要连贯，完整。 2. 短文单词数 100左右。 3. 参考词汇：货摊 stand 抢夺 snatch 逮捕 arrest写作步骤：1. 审题：理解图意，将几幅图连成一个完整的故事。2. 列出要点： 地点：公园的冰激凌货摊旁。人物：一名年轻妇女，一个小偷和一个老人。事件：年轻妇女的包被抢，人们追赶，老人用伞将其绊倒，警察逮捕抢劫者，妇女和人们感谢老人。3. 将要点扩展成文，注意上下文的连接，用适当的连词，副词。4. 通读一遍，改错。Possible Version：One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park. At a stand, a woman was buying an ice cream when a young man behind her snatched her handbag away. She shouted, “Stop the thief! He’s snatched my bag!” Hearing this, a few people began to run after him. There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby. As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it between the snatcher’s legs. The young man fell down on the ground hard. Soon two policemen came in a police car and arrested him. The woman thanked the old man, and the people around praised the old man for his cleverness. （二）议论文：在近几年的高考中，议论文的比重占得越来越多，议论文的出题形式可以多种多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型，但文体实际上是议论文，而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是：1. 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。2. 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。3. 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。4. 一般采用一般现在时。5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。例：2005年全国高考英语(福建卷) 目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My opinion on Cheating in Examinations”，请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。内容要点如下：主要原因 考试偏多，偏难 不用功，懒惰 取悦老师，父母个人看法 作弊不对，影响校规 要诚实，努力学习 ……其他看法注意：1. 短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥； 2. 短文标题与开头已为你写好，不计入总词数； 3. 词数：100左右； 4. 参考词汇：作弊 cheat (v.)写作思路：1. 首先审题，确定要点——本文的中心论题是：My pinions on Cheating in Examinations ，所以首先要提出中心论题，点题。2. 接下来从两方面来讨论这个问题，可以分做两段，现分析这种现象的产生原因， 然后很自然地过渡到自己的看法。在讲述自己看法时要有鲜明的观点及支持观点的论据。3. 最后对自己的观点做简短的总结，点题。Possible Version：My opinions on Cheating in ExaminationsIt is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school. As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.In my opinions , it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What’s more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.In a word, it is wrong to cheat in examinations.（三）说明文：说明文是以简明的文字介绍事物的形状、性质、构造、变化、功用、特征等的文章。写好说明文的关键是抓住事物的特征，说明事物的顺序要有一定的逻辑性。说明文常见的顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等。例： NMET 2004 江苏假设你是李晓华，住在江城。你的加拿大笔友Bob来信谈到了你所居住的城市，并希望了解你家乡江城的情况。请你用英语写一封回信。回信必须包括下表中的内容：自然情况 位于长江边，风景优美，适合居住成就 经济发展迅速新建了不少工厂、住房、道路等存在问题 水，空气污染交通拥挤对江城发展的看法 自己拟定注意：1. 回信中不能使用“江城 ”以外的地名。2. 词数：100左右。信的开头与结尾已为你写好，不计入词数。3. 参考词汇：经济 economy n.Dear Bob, It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about our beautiful city. Now I’d like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng.Yours, Xiaohua写作思路：1. 首先确定这是一篇描述地方的说明文。2. 确定写作要点：根据所给信息，大体可以分为三个部分——城市简介，可以按照地理位置、自然环境、城市面貌和变化发展这样的逻辑顺序写，接下来写你看到的问题，最后写你的一些看法和建议。3. 各层次之间注意使用恰当的连词，让过渡自然，结构合理。比如： however, in my opinion 等。Possible Version：Dear Bob, It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about our beautiful city. Now I’d like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng.The city stands on the bank of the Changjiang river. It is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing rapidly in the past ten years. New factories, houses, and roads have been built. More schools and hospitals are available for its people. However, there are still some problems, such as water and air pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours. In my opinion, Jiangcheng should develop its economy scientifically. I would also think that the growth of its population should be brought under control so that we’ll have a better hometown in future.Yours, Xiaohua（四）应用文：包括书信、通知、便条等。 （1）书信写作：在我们的日常生活中，我们经常给朋友、父母、亲戚等写信，这些信件都属于私人信件。私人书信是写给亲朋好友的，不仅是互通信息的工具，也是交流感情的渠道。书信写作是高考中经常出现的一种题型。写作时应注意以下要点：1. 写好开头，提一提来信里谈到的各项事情，顺笔写来。2. 一般先答复对方的问题，然后再谈自己想要说的话。3. 结束信时要向对方表示友善或亲切的问候。 4. 语言要自然、平实、简洁。Useful Expressions：1. I’m very pleased to hear from you yesterday.2. I’m sorry I’ve taken so long to answer your last letter.3. We were all so pleased to hear you will be coming to visit us.4. Look forward to hearing from you soon.5. Please write back soon.6. Do write to us when you have time.7. We hope to hear from you soon.8. Give my best wishes to the family.例：NMET 2005北京卷美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。注意：1. 信的开头已为你写好。2. 字数不少于60。 Dear Jeff,I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’ re in Beijing.写作要点：1. 审清图意 信的内容包括以下几点：住宿、上学、就餐和课后活动。2. 信可以分为三段来写，力求结构清晰，思路完整。3. 注意语言亲切自然，避免使用过于书面的语言，比如过多的从句或过于华丽的词汇。Possible Version：Dear Jeff, I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing School . I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing. While you are here, we’ll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You’ll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon we’ll eat at the school dining hall. I’m sure you’ll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing games or swimming. It will be a lot of fun. If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. We’ll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.Best wishes,Li Hua（2）通知的写作通知是一种安排活动或布置工作时使用的文体，包括了口头通知和书面通知。口头通知是当面向有关人员口授有关活动的信息，而书面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知给有关人员。通知的要素是时间，地点，对象，事件具体内容，注意事项等。通知的语言应该是简洁明了，直截了当。还应该注意要有一定的逻辑顺序。注意：1）口头通知一般都会将下列词句放在开头Ladies and gentlemenBoys and girlsMay I have your attention , please?I have something important to tell you.结尾时会以以下句子结束：That’s all. Thank you.2）书面通知在正文之前的正中位置写Notice字样，结尾要写明时间及发出通知的单位。例：广播通知：你校学生会将为来访的美国朋友举办一个晚会，要在学校广播中宣布此事，并欢迎大家参加。为使美国朋友能听懂，请你用英语写一篇广播通知。要点如下： 宗旨：欢迎来访的美国朋友 组织者：学生会 时间：7月13日（星期六）晚7：30 活动内容：音乐，跳舞，唱歌，游戏，交换小礼品（请包装好，签名并在包装外面写上几个祝愿词）May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Students’ Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, July 13, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7：30 PM. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchange of gifts. You may bring along a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.Don’t forget： 7：30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. It’s sure to be a lot of fun.

英语作文写作素材

不同文体的写作书面表达旨在测试学生的英语书面表达能力，下面我收集整理了英语作文的一些写作素材，有兴趣的朋友可以借鉴参考一下哦!

【关于逆境的英语名言警句】

Tough-minded optimists approach problems with a can-do philosophy and emerge stronger from tragedies.意志坚强的乐观主义者用“世上无难事”人生观来思考问题，越是遭受悲剧打击，越是表现得坚强。

The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer, but what they miss.生活的悲剧不在于人们受到多少苦，而在于人们错过了什么。

The misfortunes hardest to bear are those which never come最难忍受的不幸是那些从未来临的不幸。

The chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity.中文的“危机”分为两个字，一个意味着危险，另外一个意味着机会。

no pain , no palm; no thorns , no throne ; no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown.没有播种来收获;没有辛劳，何来成功;没有磨难，何来荣耀;没有挫折，何来辉煌。

Mishaps are like knives that either serve us or cut us as we grasp them by the handle or blade.灾难就像刀子，握住刀柄就可以为我们服务，拿住刀刃则会割破手。

Let us suggest to the person in crisis that he cease concentrating so upon the dangers involved and the difficulties，and concentrate instead upon the opportunity---for there is always opportunity in crisis.让我们建议处在危机之中的人：不要把精力如此集中地放在所涉入的危险和困难上，相反而要集中在机会上——因为危机中总是存在着机会。

I find life an exciting business and most exciting when it is lived for others.我发现生活是令人激动的事情，尤其是为别人活着时。

Every tragedy makes heroes of common people.每场悲剧都会在平凡的人中造就出英雄来。

Almost any situation---good or bad --- is affected by the attitude we bring to.差不多任何一种处境——无论是好是坏——都受到我们对待处境的态度的影响。

As fruit needs not only sunshine but cold nights and chilling showers to ripen it, so character needs not only joy but trial and difficulty to mellow it.水果不仅需要阳光，也需要凉夜。寒冷的雨水能使其成熟。人的性格陶冶不仅需要欢乐，也需要考验和困难。

I wept when I was born, and every day shows why.我一生下来就开始哭泣，而每一天都表明我哭泣的原因。

【英语作文必备万能句子】

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that … = (It is) needless to say (that) …

= It is obvious that …

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …， … /= Of all the …， …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports， I like jogging in particular.

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion， …

= To my mind， …

= As far as I am concerned， …

= I am of the opinion that …

例：In my opinion， playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population， …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology， …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan‘s economy， a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldn‘t spend too much time on something we aren‘t interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A)如果你不……，你就会…… If you don‘t …， you‘ll …

例︰If you don‘t keep working hard， you‘ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment， I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I don‘t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn‘t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式， S + 现在完成式。

例：Since he went to senior high school， he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

【英语作文万能模板】

阐述主题题型

要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述.

1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义.

2. 分析并举例使其更充实.

中考英语作文万能模板：解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1. 问题现状

2. 怎样解决(解决方案的`优缺点)

In recent days， we have to face I problem-----A， which is becoming more and more serious. First， ------------(说明A的现状).Second， ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)

Confronted with A， we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing， ---------------(解决方法一)。 For another -------------(解决方法二)。 Finally， --------------(解决方法三)。

Personally， I believe that -------------(我的解决方法)。 Consequently， I’m confident that a bright future isawaiting us because --------------(带来的好处)。

说明利弊题型

这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)

1. 说明事物现状

2. 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)

3. 你对现状(或前景)的看法

Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally， its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(A的优点之一)。 Besides -------------------(A的优点之二)。

But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse，------------------(A的第二个缺点).

Through the above analysis， I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore， I would like to ---------------(我的看法).

(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A， we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way， ---------------(对前景的预测).)

议论文的框架

(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.

(2)利弊型的议论文

Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

Just As a popular saying goes， “every coin has two sides”， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____缺点二______.

To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.

as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart)， ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases)，significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart， it goes without saying that ________.

There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand， ________. On the other hand， _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition， ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

As far as I am concerned， I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

现象说明文(新中国成立以来发生了翻天覆地的变化，)

Recently _______，what amazes us most is______________，it is ture that__________.

There are many reasons explaining__________________________.The main reason is____________________.

what is more_________________________.thirdly__________________________.As a result_______________.

Considering all there，________________________.For one thing_____________________，for another________

____.In Conclusion____________________.