电影字幕翻译论文开题报告

电影字幕翻译是多媒体翻译的一个重要组成部分，在翻译领域中占有重要的位置。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于电影字幕翻译参考论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!

浅析电影字幕翻译中的差额翻译

一、引言

电影自诞生之日起，就以它独具魅力的艺术表现力赢得了广大观众的青睐。在信息全球化发展的今天，影视作品更是以直观与便捷的优势成为了解异域 文化 与学习外语的重要途径之一。影视翻译因此也得到了空前的发展。字幕翻译(subtitling)较之译制(dubbing)，以其制作成本低、周期短的特点成为影视翻译最为常用的 方法 之一。

然而，正如Birgit Nedergaard-Larsen所言，字幕翻译是一种特殊的语言转换，并非单一地从源语言到目 标语 言的转换过程，期间涉及诸多文本以外因素的处理，如声音、图像、画面的融合等因素[1]。由于受到时间和空间的限制，电影字幕翻译通常采用浓缩、删减、添加等方法来尽可能保持画面、声音与字幕的统一，超额与欠额翻译在所难免。同时，超额与欠额翻译一直以来是翻译学术界讨论的 热点 错误类型。因此，如何看待字幕翻译中的超额、欠额翻译便迫在眉睫且具有现实意义。

二、超额翻译与欠额翻译

彼得·纽马克在《翻译问题探讨》(Approaches to Translation)提出了交际翻译(communicative translation)和语义翻译(semantic translation)的概念。交际翻译倾向于流畅、简单、清晰、直接的翻译方法，遵守某一特定的语域，是一种“欠额翻译”;语义翻译则倾向于细致、繁复、晦涩难懂的翻译方法，较之译者的意图，翻译更侧重思维过程的再现，因而是一种“超额翻译”[2]。超额翻译是对所译材料进行补充加工，进行超出翻译范围的改造，而欠额翻译则是在某些方面不符合翻译规范的语言中介类型，是缩写或节译。简言之，超额翻译是指译语文本承载了比源语文本更多的信息量，表述方式相对具体;而欠额翻译是指译语文本承载的信息量小于源语文本，译语文本更加概括[3]。超额与欠额翻译都是在翻译过程中的信息增减，因此可以统称为差额翻译。

三、字幕翻译中的超额与欠额翻译

Georg-Michael Luyken在Overcoming Language Barriers in Television：Dubbing and Subtitling for the European Audience一书中提出，区别于文学翻译与口译，影视制作的特点使字幕翻译受到来自时间和空间的限制：字幕所占用的屏幕空间;字幕显示时间;字幕间切换的时间及字幕的显示与形式。同时，受文化因素的制约，文化缺省(cultural vacancy)也经常是翻译过程中的拦路虎。译者为了避免以上限制而进行的浓缩、删减和添加等翻译方法，将不可避免地引起差额翻译。请看以下三则示例：

例1.I supervised 5 officers.That’s 5 personalities，5 sets of problems.You could be number 6 if you act right.But I ain’t holding no hand，you understand?I ain’t babysitting you.

我有五个手下，性格南辕北辙。你表现得好就是第六个。但我不会特别照顾你，懂吗?(《训练日》)

例2.Mail has come today and a friend writes this to me：...

今天收到一位朋友的来信，信上说：……(《走出非洲》)

在以上示例中，原文 句子 较长，如果逐字翻译，势必会影响画面、声音与字幕的融合。因此，译者对整句进行了改译，删减了斜体部分。

例3.What about your staying longer?

怎么回事?你还要再待几天吗?(《爵士歌手》)

例4.Terrified.Mortified，petrified，stupefied...by you.

怕极了。怕得发抖，怕得发呆，怕得发神经!但不是怕你!(《美丽心灵》)

例3中，原文语速很慢，因此译者加入“怎么回事?”配合声音的行进。例4中，原文是肯定语气，使用了尾韵“ied”。译者将尾韵“ied”翻译为头韵“怕”，并且直接将否定语气译出。

从以上示例不难看出，信息在翻译的过程中有所增加或删减。例1的翻译虽然保证了画面与字幕的一致，也基本保留了原文的信息，但将主角试图示威的气势削弱了。例4中译者对尾韵的处理可谓是绞尽脑汁，但是如果将原文中隐含的否定语气直接翻译出来，观众也无法体会到源语文字的精妙之处，那么观众对字幕片的反应与源语观众对源语影片的反应也会略显不同。

字幕翻译时常受到画面、声音等非文学因素的影响，如果说文学翻译是“戴着脚镣跳舞”，那么字幕翻译就是“戴着手镣与脚镣跳舞”。译者只能在不影响画面、声音与字幕呼应的前提下，尽可能保留影片所要传达的信息和思想，翻译的超额与欠额也就在所难免。

四、如何看待字幕翻译中的差额翻译

由于不同的语言结构和文化差异，翻译始终无法做到绝对的等值。字幕翻译既是文学翻译，又是多媒体翻译：一方面要处理台词文本中所涉及的文化因素，另一方面还要兼顾技术层面的限制因素，信息的增加和删减已是必然，等值也就无从谈起。我国著名翻译家傅雷指出：“即使最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。”傅雷所说的“过”与“不及”就是本文所探讨的超额与欠额翻译。然而，超额与欠额虽是翻译中不可避免地普遍存在，但是只要将“过”与“不及”的度降至最低，尽可能地将原文的韵味贴切地表达出来，字幕翻译又何尝不是对“一箭双雕”之美差?我提出以下两点看法，旨在字幕翻译过程中帮助译者从新的角度看待超额与欠额翻译。

1.无论是文学翻译，还是字幕翻译，超额与欠额翻译都无可避免。译语文本与源语文本的鸿沟自译事产生之时已然存在，加之字幕翻译又时常受到技术等非文学因素的影响，因此我认为，在不影响正常欣赏影片的前提下，适当的超额与欠额翻译是可以接受的。许崇信教授有过这样一个比喻：在列车行进的过程中，几乎无法避免车体的上下抖动和左右摇摆，但这种摇摆和抖动只要在一定的范围内都不会影响列车的顺利运行，超出了一定的范围才会发生事故。翻译就是列车的运行，“抖动”和“摇摆”不可避免。如在《成长的烦恼》中的这段对话：

例5.Teacher：ahhhh Mike.Can you explain for us the significance of the sea，in Moby Dick?

Mike：Ah，sure，sure.It’s the letter between the I and the K.

这段对话的幽默之处在于“sea”和“c”这对同音异义的双关语，但是中文中没有与之对应的双关语，因此译者必须使用变通的差额译法，保证“列车”的顺利“运行”。以下为可行的中文译本： 老师：啊……迈克，你能否给我们解释一下，《白鲸》这本书里的大海有什么意义。

迈克：哦，当然，当然，就是大海不同于大河。

译者将原文中的双关语转换成中 文的头韵实属无奈之举，但原文的幽默感却保留了下来。如果要忠实地将原文译出，注释和加注必不可少，非但幽默尽失，字幕的空间和时间因素也不容许。相对于注释和加注，同类属性之间，如修辞手法的转换可能更为有效地降低“抖动”和“摇摆”的度。

例5的译本对所译材料进行补充加工，进行超出翻译范围的改造，属于超额翻译。但正是这样的处理达到了源语影片的预期目的，因此，此处的超额翻译是可以接受且行之有效的处理方式。例1中由于受到时间和空间的限制不得不进行缩译，源语文本所传达的信息量减少在所难免。但如果将例1的信息完整译出，势必会影响字幕的可读性与连贯性。所以，由于受到 文学因素和非文学因素的影响时而进行的适度的超额与欠额翻译是可以接受的。

2.字幕翻译中度的掌握应以电影类型为依据。电影类型不同，目的观众不同，预期效果也不同。便于本文的分析，我将电影分为严肃型和娱乐型两种。严肃型电影包括纪录片、科教片等用于提供和传达专业知识信息的电影;娱乐型电影供观众娱乐消遣，陶冶情操，诸如喜剧片、惊悚片、动作片、文艺片等。针对不同电影类型而进行的字幕翻译，所采取的翻译方法也不同。比如上述例5中，《成长的烦恼》是一部喜剧，它的目的就是使观众发笑，双关语就是笑料之一，如果采取直译的方法，观众反倒不知其所然，喜剧效果大打折扣。又如惊悚片和恐怖片，观众会将重点放在画面、声音和剧情的 发展上，如果采取意译的方法，将台词翻译的颇具文采，那么观众也会因为与剧情的格格不入而哭笑不得。

严肃型电影既然是以信息传递为目的，清晰明了才是关键，因此也就倾向于简单、清晰、直接的翻译方法，倾向于欠额翻译;娱乐型电影可以根据上下文进行适当的“加工”和“改造”，即超额翻译。但是，两种翻译不是以差额为出发点，试图不忠实于源语文本。在不与技术限制相冲突的情况下，依然尽可能与源语文本保持“零度”差额。

五、结语

综上所述，字幕翻译是一项繁复的 工作，受到来自文学因素与技术因素两方面的限制，超额与欠额翻译不可避免。翻译学术界一直将超额与欠额翻译认定为典型的错误类型而争论不休。我认为，在与时间、空间等技术因素相冲突的情况下，适度的超额或是欠额翻译不失为一种折中的处理方法。针对不同的电影类型而采取的适度超额或欠额翻译不仅摆脱了来自技术层面的限制，而且达到了影片的预期目的。

<<<下页带来更多的电影字幕翻译参考论文

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日

大陆版还是台湾版？