礼仪、是人与人之间交流的规则,是一种语言,也是一种工具。由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰――的不同,使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪。中国是四大文明古国之一,中华民族是唯一传承千年的文明和民族。中国的礼仪,始于夏商周,盛于唐宋,经过不断地发展变化,逐渐形成体系。西方社会,是几大古代文明的继承者,曾一直和东方的中国遥相呼应。经过中世纪的黑暗,最终迎来了文艺复兴,并孕育了资本主义和现代文明,产生了现代科技和文化。中西方有着截然不同的礼仪文化。随着我国改革开放的步伐日益加快,跨国交际日益增多,中西方礼仪文化的差异更是越发显露,这种差异带来的影响也是不容忽视,在中西礼仪没有得到完美融合之前,我们有必要了解这些礼仪的差异。一、交际语言的差异日常打招呼,中国人大多使用“吃了吗?” “上哪呢?”等等,这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。可对西方人来说,这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到突然、尴尬,甚至不快,因为西方人会把这种问话理解成为一种“盘问”,感到对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方,日常打招呼他们只说一声“Hello”或按时间来分,说声“早上好!”“下午好!”“晚上好!”就可以了。而英国人见面会说:“今天天气不错啊!”称谓方面,在汉语里,一般只有彼此熟悉亲密的人之间才可以“直呼其名”。但在西方,“直呼其名”比在汉语里的范围要广得多。在西方,常用“先生”和“夫人”来称呼不知其名的陌生人,对十几或二十几岁的女子可称呼“小姐”,结婚了的女性可称“女士”或“夫人”等。在家庭成员之间,不分长幼尊卑,一般可互称姓名或昵称。在家里,可以直接叫爸爸、妈妈的名字。对所有的男性长辈都可以称“叔叔”,对所有的女性长辈都可以称“阿姨”。这在我们中国是不行的,必须要分清楚辈分、老幼等关系,否则就会被认为不懂礼貌。中西语言中有多种不同的告别语。如在和病人告别时,中国人常说“多喝点开水”、“多穿点衣服”、“早点休息”之类的话,表示对病人的关怀。但西方人绝不会说“多喝水”之类的话,因为这样说会被认为有指手画脚之嫌。比如他们会说“多保重”或“希望你早日康复”等等。二、餐饮礼仪的差异中国人有句话叫“民以食为天”,由此可见饮食在中国人心目中的地位,因此中国人将吃饭看作头等大事。中国菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全,甚至于超过了对营养的注重,只要好吃又要好看,营养反而显得不重要了。西方的饮食比较讲究营养的搭配和吸收,是一种科学的饮食观念。西方人多注重食物的营养而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何,他们的饮食多是为了生存和健康,似乎不讲究味的享受。在餐饮氛围方面,中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹,很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝,说说笑笑,大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上,中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时,都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境,他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪,不可以失去礼节,比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。在中国,从古至今大多都以左为尊,在宴请客人时,要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座,然后依次安排。在西方则是以右为尊,男女间隔而座,夫妇也分开而座,女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高,男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子,以示对女士的尊重。另外,西方人用餐时要坐正,认为弯腰,低头,用嘴凑上去吃很不礼貌,但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候,主人不提倡大肆的饮酒,中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物,以酒助兴,有时为了表示对对方的尊重,喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。三、服饰礼仪的差异西方男士在正式社交场合通常穿保守式样的西装,内穿白衬衫,打领带。他们喜欢黑色,因此一般穿黑色的皮鞋。西方女士在正式场合要穿礼服套装。另外女士外出有戴耳环的习俗。西方国家,尤其是在美国,平时人们喜欢穿着休闲装,如T恤加牛仔服。当今中国人穿着打扮日趋西化,传统的中山装、旗袍等已退出历史舞台。正式场合男女着装已与西方并无二异。在平时的市井生活中,倒会看到不少人穿着背心、短裤、拖鞋等不合礼仪的服饰。礼仪是一种文化,是文化就有纵向的传承和横向的借鉴与融合。随着世界全球化不断加快步伐,经济、文化高速碰撞融合的大背景下,西方文化大量涌进中国,中国传统礼仪也不断受到西方礼仪文化的冲击。如何保护中华民族传统礼仪,并去其糟粕,与西方礼仪进行合理有效的融合,成为人们不断思考和探讨的话题。越来越多的人认识到中西礼仪文化必将会互相渗透,不断发展。就拿餐饮方面举例。现在中国饮食市场上洋快餐和西餐占了很大的比重,越来越多的人开始尝试和接受这些外来食品。麦当劳几乎代表了一种文化时尚,成为美国文化在餐饮领域的标志。与此同时,法国的贵族文化,英国的绅士文化也随着饮食而涌入中国。随着中西饮食文化的交流,不仅带来了蛋糕、面包、鸡尾酒等西式菜点,也带来了西方一些先进的制作工艺和饮食方法。这些都为古老的中国饮食文化注入了新的活力 。当然我国悠久而灿烂的饮食文化在海外的影响也越来越大,几乎在世界各地都出现了大量的中国餐馆,中国菜日益受到各国人民的欢迎与喜爱。比如北京烤鸭俨然已经成为外国人心中的地道美味。但是在中西礼仪文化的融合过程中,中国人未免盲目热衷于西方,不自觉中陷入两个误区:其一,是拿西方的礼仪取代我们中华民族的传统礼仪。礼仪是一个民族最具代表性的东西。比如在青年中,举行外国式婚礼、过西方节日等等,都是不容忽视的倾向。对西洋礼仪只是作为民俗知识了解一下无可厚非,如果趋之若骛,就失去了民族的自尊,本民族的传统礼仪也会被淹没。其二,是把礼仪教育的重点集中在操作层面,比如鞠躬要弯多少度,握手要停几秒钟等等。这些问题不是不可以讲,但如果只做表面文章,礼仪就成了空洞的形式主义。不可否认,当今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。这种现象的原因并不仅仅是西方的实力强大,深层的原因在于西方人价值观的统一,在于西方人对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。这一切与基督教的社会基础密切相关,因为礼仪是宗教的重要活动方式,由于对宗教的虔诚信仰,西方人从小就接受这种礼仪的教育与熏陶,使得礼仪能够自然地表现在人的行为之中。精神与物质、政治与文化的高度契合,使得人们获得高度的自信与优越感,正是西方人的自信与优越感赋予了西方文化强大的感染力,使其礼仪文化被视为世界标准。对照我们现在的中国社会状况,我们与西方的差距是明显的。中西方礼仪文化的融合,在我们今日中国,更多的还是借鉴西方。但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪,或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统,这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系,有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。我们借鉴西方礼仪,不仅仅是要借鉴它的形式,更应当借鉴其内在灵魂,只有这样我们才能建立起自己的自信和优越感,才能确立我们的感染力。民族的复兴不仅是实力的复兴,更是一种文化的复兴。只有别人也认同我们的文化,才能真正使我们的礼仪行于世界。人无礼则不立,事无礼则不成,国无礼则不宁。一个礼仪缺乏的社会,往往是不成熟的社会。而一个礼仪标准不太统一甚至互相矛盾的社会,往往是一个不和谐的社会。礼仪,是整个社会文明的基础,是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。创建和谐社会,必须先从礼仪开始。中国今天面临前所未有的挑战,无论是物质,精神,文化各个方面,都急迫的需要一套完整而合理的价值观进行统一。而礼仪文化无疑是这种统一的“先行军”,只有认清中西礼仪文化的差异,将二者合理有效的融合,方能建立适合中国当代社会的礼仪文化体系,达到和谐社会的理想。
1、衣服颜色的选择有所不同
自古以来,中国就有一种倡导红色的民族心理。在中国服饰文化中,红色是最吉祥,最节日,最昂贵的颜色。在古罗马时期,西方服饰以白色意义建立,纯粹和紫色象征着高贵的色彩偏好,这意味着注重赋予色彩一定的情感意义。
2、服装特征的差异
与中国相比,西方服装的色彩更具个性,主要体现在突厥人的性别人格和自我个性。性别人格主要表现在男性要穿平静的颜色,而女性则应穿着色彩斑斓的礼服。自我个性主要表现在“三不”:无论性别,无论季节,不论年龄。
3、衣服结构的差异
中式服装结构是整体扁平型,强调立体空间的效果,服装直而松散。西式服装结构分为立体,强调立体效果,服装更贴切。
扩展资料
导致中西方服饰差异的原因分析
1、中西服饰文化的差异
中国几千年来的历史进程中,我们的祖先创造了底蕴深厚的宽衣服饰文化,形成了特有的美学与哲学观念,与西方截然不同。
西方则强调主观世界与客观世界分离,明确提出主观为我,客观为物,“物”与“我”是相对立的,不容混淆的,致使他们习惯于理性观察世界和探讨规律,并形成一种追求自然法则以获得真理的作法。因而,表现出以一种理性的或科学性的态度对待服饰。
2、中西方美学观念的差异
中国服饰美学观念表现在女装造型上的是意象的结构。
这种平面的直线与曲线的裁剪方法使衣服适体又不完全合体,不裸露张扬也不尽力束缚,在遮体的隐约之中含蓄地显现了流畅婉约,温情流动的人体曲线美,造型意识是节奏化的,让视点随着自己的心愿移动,使生命之体在宽衣的帖体与离体之间流露气韵。
我国传统的服装空间造型是借“虚与实”、“明与暗”的节奏表达出来。西方的服装空间意识是在中世纪以后形成的,反映了西方人对空间的探求心理,渴望占据更多的空间,于是增大服装造型的体积,将服装视为扩大自我肉体的一种工具。
这种夸张的服装造型使人与自然整体之间,人与人的个体之间保持着一定的距离,反映了西方人的宇宙观,也反映了人与自然万物、心灵与环境、主观与客观的对立性。由于东方与西方不同的哲学美学观念在服装上创造了不同的基本造型,体现了不同的精神气韵。
参考资料来源:百度百科-中国服饰
参考资料来源:百度百科-西方服装史
Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human beings. As it has different aesthetic ideas, different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west, it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and characteristics. This thesis is divided into four major sections. The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear clothing. The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western clothing. The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress culture. The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress concept. Based on the analysis, the thesis finally draws a conclusion. Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics, which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture heritage. At the same time, we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling ourselves. It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume culture. We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole world. Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture;differences;aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同,从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服,第二部分写中西方服饰的差异,第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因,第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述,最后得出结论,中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色,她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产 ,是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时,我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化,让我们自信起来吧! 关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰;文化;差异性;审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture, carried by costume, is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness, emotion, idea and ideal. The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West increase. In that case, it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the West. Nowadays, the whole world is, to some extent, dominated by the western costume culture, which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world, together with technology, life style and values from the West. Quite popular in China, it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization”. In recent years, the costume industry of China has developed swiftly. The “international” costume, featured by the western costume culture, has become a pretty important part of our daily life. However, as our economy takes off, international status rises and living standard improves, a wave of national costume culture resurgence is rising. Moreover, people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——China. Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest designs. Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future, the so-called “international” western one, the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions, we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them, and then draw some regularity. To contrast the costume culture between China and the West, it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural characteristics.Chapter 1 Chinese and western dress 1.1 The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety, and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its costume. (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is Hanfu. It originated in the Yanhuang era, formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han Dynasty. That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu”. Since then, in spite of historical evolutions of all ages, their basic characteristics have never changed. Hanfu, on the whole, can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu, Wei Jin Hanfu, Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming Hanfu. Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity, while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance, Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified, graceful, elegant and poised style. Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple, dignified, elegant, etc. In Qing Dynasty, Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of China. The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap, the band deducted hidden, big sleeves, no buttons and using string binding, giving the impression of free and easy flowing. These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic costumes. Hanfu is divided into uniform and common clothing. With strict standards, uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing, without long sleeves, is very convenient to people’s daily life. However, the western clothing is different form the Chinese clothing. The West belongs to Marine civilization, it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing, advocate releasing personality, stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the body. Besides, we use various clipping, color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the modeling. A suit, also known as a business suit, comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚,a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men, a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚, or for women, a shirt or trousers. A suit is generally accompanied by torment, a shirt and tie or for women, a blouse. 1.2 Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or decorating. It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common people. Nevertheless, the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and function. Therefore, people put on clothing for functional and social reasons. 1.2.1 The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the body. Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat, icy winters, and drenching storms) and protection against insects, noxious, chemicals, and contact with abrasive substances. In sum, clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked, unprotected human body. 1.2.2 The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other humans. Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious belief, marital status, cultural degree and sexual availability, etc. For example, only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in China.
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