从中西戏剧比较研究论文

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

在中国和西方（我们涉及的主要是欧洲）之间，由于戏剧产生的渊源不同，加之异民族间的文化和文学传统的差异，中西两种戏剧样式在处理舞台与现实的矛盾问题时，采取了明显不同的形式技巧，这就形成了中西戏剧各自的鲜明特点，尤其值得我们关注的是结构特点。 依据不同的结构特点，寻找不同的解读路径，进入中西两种戏剧的深层去鉴赏、发现。这样，我们就为两个戏剧单元找到了不同的鉴赏主题和重点。【西式话剧的内部构造法则 】 西方戏剧，起源于古希腊悲剧。它的定义是：对一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的摹仿。（亚里士多德《诗学》） “悲剧和别的戏剧形式一样，与一般艺术的区别在于它用真人为媒介，生动逼真地摹仿一个行动。小说、史诗或甚至一幅画，都可能具有悲剧意味，但它们只是间接地表现一个行动，它们的主要兴趣也只在人物性格的刻画。所以亚里士多德在评价悲剧各个成分的相对重要性时，把情节放在首位。 这种追求摹仿现实、再现“行动”的立意，带来了欧洲古典戏剧结构上的金科玉律：“三整一律” （亚里士多德《诗学》）。剧作家要用精巧的结构，把拉杂散漫的现实生活重新布局，让它能够合理地限制在一方舞台、一个晚上的演出中，把剧作家想要表现的生活”第一人称”地真实再现出来。 处理三篇课文所选的戏剧片断，也依循这一思路来设计阅读的“切入点”，设计问题，也许是引导学生迅速把握作品本质的准确门径。 【中国传统戏曲别样的风格 】 中国传统戏曲，在发生学上与宋、金说唱文学有重要的渊源，比如宋代的“说话”，宋金两代的“诸宫调”。“诸宫调者，小说之支流，而被以乐曲者也。是叙事体，而非代言体。”（王国维《宋元戏曲考》）所以，“元杂剧由一种脚色主唱，有不少地方还带有叙述体残留痕迹。”（顾学颉《元人杂剧选》前言） 以此，面对戏剧艺术形式的永恒矛盾：舞台时空限制与现实时空的无限制，中国传统戏曲从源头起就走上了与西方戏剧不同的道路。西方戏剧通过结构的技巧，颠倒时空，在舞台上摹仿、再现现实；中国传统戏曲则保留了叙事性和时间顺序，但简化它，而强调具体时空内的抒情性。表面上看，这是中国戏笨拙的地方。它没有过好在舞台上“摹仿自然”这一关。但这也恰好形成了它特殊的风格，即抒情性。中国传统戏曲简化叙事，强调抒情。 中国戏曲没有强求在两三个小时的舞台上逼真再现现实生活的广阔时空，相反它利用说白、人物自述等方法直接交代、反复交代故事。（例：鲁侍萍）元杂剧由于一个角色唱到底的限制、一本四折一楔子的时空限制，将敷衍故事放入说白中。到了连本杂剧《西厢记》，以及明清传奇剧，一本四五十出，一次很难演完，形成了后来“折子戏”的演出潮流，故事更退化成了家喻户晓的背景。戏剧不以表现故事情节为主要目的，而将唱词、表演聚焦于人物在特定境遇中的情感抒发。中国传统戏曲比起西方戏剧传统而言，更重抒情性，富于诗意。

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...

中西戏剧都具有悠久的历史，无论是西方还是中国，戏剧都是起源于民间，是和原始人祭祀神灵、欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。但由于地理环境、社会的经济、政治情况不同，民族习惯、文化意识、艺术传统的区别，中西戏剧在发展中走着不同的历史道路，在内容和艺术形式上呈现出很大的差异，把中西戏剧的发展历史加以比较探讨，研究中西戏剧起源、形成和发展上的异同，对于我们进一步探索总体戏剧规律，识别中西戏剧的不同特质，是一个有意义、有吸引力的课题，同时也是一个难度很大的课题，这需要许多人共同努力才能完成。本文仅就中西戏剧起源、形成过程作一比较探讨，提出自己的一些看法。一西方戏剧是从古希腊戏剧开始的。古希腊的戏剧是由民间的宗教仪式演变而来，具体地说，就是起源于农村祭酒神的颂歌。古希腊人信仰“泛神论”，在宗教上没有出现至高无上的神的主宰，神话中诸神具有与人同形同性的特点，而且各有“分工”。在古希腊神话中，酒神狄奥倪索斯原是掌管万物之神，后来成为酒与葡萄之神。古代希腊人为了祈祷、欢庆丰收和酬谢酒神，每年春秋两季都举行酒神祭奠，春季是庆贺新酒开樽，秋季是为收获葡萄和制酒而举行祭礼。相传酒神曾周游世界，受过许多磨难，但他战胜一切困难，在老师西靳诺斯、半人半山羊侍者萨提耳和狂女随从下，乘着一辆兽拉的车子，到处传授酿酒的方法，获得了人们对他的崇拜。对酒神的崇拜后来形成为一种宗教，每到举行祭奠的时候，人们就组成合唱队，在山羊的供品周围，轮番地唱着颂扬酒神的赞美歌，边歌边舞。神话以至祭祀，是原始人心理的产物，在古希腊人心中，狄奥倪索斯是一个富有精神和阳气的神，是生命力坚强的象征。他们对酒神的崇拜，实际上是对生命的精灵的崇拜，是对人类的生活力的崇拜。这种祭祀酒神的歌舞，有的表现人们对酒神的畏惧和敬仰，雄浑悲壮；有的则唱着颂扬酒神的歌曲，举行欢乐歌舞的游行表演，这就是后来古希腊悲剧和喜剧的雏形。世界上任何古剧的产生都是走歌、舞、故事表演结合的道路。古希腊人赞美酒神的颂歌之所以能成为后来戏剧的源体，是和神话中酒神受难的传说分不开的。酒神颂就是以狄奥倪索斯的遭遇为题材。它虽然是以歌舞的形式出现，但已不是一般的歌和舞，而是具有浓厚的宗教意识，是和有关酒神的简单的故事联系在一起的。在古希腊，首先使圆舞台合唱形式的酒神颂歌具有艺术上的表演因素的是阿瑞翁。他是一个合唱队的指挥者，在担任合唱队指挥时，一面指挥，一面把自己当做酒神似地说唱，回答合唱队的问话，表演酒神狄奥倪索斯受难的样子，而合唱队员则身穿羊皮，头戴羊角，扮成半人半山羊的样子，象征酒神的随从。这就使合唱队的合唱开始具有戏剧表演的因素，有了对话和简单情节的萌芽。后来雅典僭主庇西斯特拉妥把民间的酒神祭典引入雅典城内，变成固定的全民性的节庆，并且在酒神节庆中举行“悲剧竞赛会”，但那时的“悲剧”并不是真正的悲剧，而是一种抒情诗的分体。大约在公元前534年，雅典人忒斯庇斯在竞赛会上发展了阿瑞翁创造的说唱和表演的形式，把合唱队歌唱的故事扩大到酒神以外的传说，自己轮流扮演几个角色，跟合唱队员对话，成为古希腊第一个登台表演的演员。因为他一个人要扮演几个人，就使用了假面具；为了更换服装和面具的方便，便把原来形合唱队的中心点移到一旁，把演出者和观众分开，出现了最早的“舞台”，这就使原来以歌舞为主的酒神祭典逐步向演员的戏剧演变。同西方戏剧的起源相比，中国戏剧的起源是一个比较复杂的问题。中国戏剧也是起源于民间，由于它形式特殊，包括说、唱、念、打等因素，是更为综合的艺术，因而是多源的，寻起“根”来，不像西方戏剧那么“单一”和明确。中国戏剧歌舞成分很浓，在这方面，它的源头可以溯到原始时代的歌舞。我国古代歌舞早在原始时代就已出现。《书经·舜典》上说：“予击石拊石，百兽率舞。”《吕氏春秋·古乐》篇中也说：“葛天氏之乐，三人操牛尾，投足而歌八阕。”前者写的是一群原始猎人披着各种兽皮跳舞，用击石和打石作为节奏；后者写的是原始人手持牛尾，边跳边唱的情景。这种歌舞可能是原始人打猎前后的一种宗教仪式和庆祝仪式，带有祈祷和酬谢神祗的性质。到了奴隶社会，歌舞被奴隶主用于娱神敬祖，也为自己歌功颂德。周朝的颂舞，是祭祀时的一种仪式，《周颂》就是它的歌词。但是在民间仍然保留有一些旧有的节日和敬神的歌舞，例如“傩”舞，就是当时农村的一种逐鬼除疫的仪式，舞者都戴假面具，这种舞蹈对后来农村的歌舞、戏曲有很深的影响。又如“巫”舞，也是一种祭祀鬼神的歌舞，它是由上古的巫祝仪式演变而来的。春秋的楚国，巫风很盛，屈原的《九歌》就是为了楚怀王祀鬼神而将民间“巫”舞的歌词加以改作而成的。从《九歌》中，我们可以看到当时的乐器、舞蹈和歌唱的种类和形式，有明显的审美的意识，不只是祭祀的歌舞，孕育有后来戏剧的一些基本因素。中国戏剧中喜剧基因特别发达，而那种借助语言、动作，诙谐笑谑、插科打诨的喜剧传统，主要是来自古代的优人，所以古优也是中国戏剧的源。由贵族豢养的“优”西周末年就已出现，春秋战国时已有优人活动的记载，最初见于《国语·郑语》。【1】古代的优，也称“倡优”或“俳优”，都是男子充任，他们是我国最早的“艺人”。《国语·晋语》中有一段关于优施的详细记载，从记载中我们看到当时的优人是能歌又能舞的。《史记·滑稽列传》中，也有楚国优孟扮已故宰相孙叔敖形象的记载，从中可以看出，优不但能歌能舞，还能模仿别人的言语行动。后世把优孟扮孙叔敖这件事，叫“优孟衣冠”，有人还把这当作中国戏剧的起源；但根据记载的材料，优孟的模仿孙叔敖，目的是为了对楚庄王进行讽谏，并没有什么故事情节，只能说是出现了戏剧中变身为他者的表演因素的萌芽。古代优人的活动，更多的是以俏皮的语言来进行嘲讽和讥谏。《滑稽列传》中还有优旃谏秦始皇的一段记载：“优旃者，秦倡侏儒也，善为言笑，然合于大道。……始皇尝欲广大苑囿，东至函谷关，西至雍陈仓。优旃曰：‘善，多纵禽兽于其中，寇从东方来，令麋鹿触之足矣！’始皇以故缀止。”此外，也有长于竞技的优。《国语·晋语》中说：“侏儒扶卢。”就是说侏儒以爬矛戟的把为游戏，供人笑乐。古代优人的职业，除了歌舞外，最主要的是供人取乐，所以多是侏儒担任，因为侏儒身材短小，更能引人发笑。优人供人取乐的技艺很多，但突出的特点是语言上的幽默讽刺。古代歌舞和古优作为中国戏剧的源，在时间上有远近之差，对中国戏剧形成所起的作用也不一样，前者主要是提供歌舞表演的因素，后者则提供语言、动作模仿的因素。优人的调戏歌舞和古代歌舞有一定的继承关系，但古代歌舞带有浓厚的宗教色彩，而优人的表演艺术却纯粹是娱人的。优的出现，说明古代人的审美观念已发生了变化，由幻想的鬼神世界转到面向人生。中国戏剧是多种艺术的综合，有歌、舞、乐以及诙谐嘲笑等因素，也有杂技、武术和故事表演的因素。无论从戏剧中的杂技、武术因素，还是从故事表演的因素看，都和中国古代的“百戏”有直接的关系。古代的“百戏”，是乐舞杂技表演的总称，秦汉时已出现，又称“角抵戏”。角抵，就是两人摔跤或拳斗。广义的角抵戏，不只是指摔跤，而是指各项技艺会集一起，彼此竞赛，互争优胜。这些，后来同歌唱、舞蹈等合流，成为中国戏剧中的一个重要因素：“打”。从故事表演来说，对后来戏剧有深刻影响的是那些“敷衍故事”的狭义的角抵戏。东汉张衡所作《西京赋》，描述当时角抵，说到其中有一节目，叫《东海黄公》：“东海黄公，赤刀粤祝，冀厌白虎，卒不能做，挟邪作蛊，于是不售。”东晋葛洪的《西京杂记》上也记载：“有东海人黄公，少时为术，能制蛇御虎。……秦末有白虎见于东海，黄公乃以赤刀往厌之。术既不行，遂为虎所杀。三辅人俗用以为戏，汉帝亦取以为角抵之戏焉。”从这些记载看，《东海黄公》表演的是秦代末年的一段故事，内容是黄公企图伏虎不成，是以摔跤的形式演人虎相斗。这个节日已有简单的故事，有人物扮相和白虎假形，还有简单的道具和独白似的符咒，不只是单纯竞技的表演，而且还从民间传入宫廷，在宫廷演出。这是记载中最早有故事表演的角抵戏。后来三国有《辽东妖妇》，南北朝有《代面》、《踏摇娘》等，都是这一传统的演变和发展。王国维在《宋元戏曲考》中指出，中国戏剧最早溯源于巫，战国时和俳优合流，到汉的角抵，又增加了故事情节，至南北朝时，出现《代面》、《踏摇娘》，才合歌舞以演一事，随成为后世戏曲之起源。这一论断，除溯源于巫的看法过于简单，不够准确外，从总的来看，他是揭示了中国戏剧起源的若干本质方面的。中国戏剧起源虽然是一个比较复杂的问题，但是通过溯源寻踪，还是可以看到它的历史状貌。我们拿中西戏剧的起源作一比较，可以看到它们有若干共同点，也有许多很相同的地方。共同的是：都是来自民间，源远流长；都与祭祀敬神一类的宗教仪式有密切关系，不同程度地表现出古代人对神的观念；而且都是首先发源于歌舞。不同的地方是：第一，西方戏剧起源于祭酒神的颂歌，源头明确；中国戏剧的起源是多源的，比较复杂；第二，西方戏剧起源于酒神祭典，带有浓厚的宗教色彩，神秘的、幻想的、悲剧性的基因多；中国戏剧的起源，虽也和一定的宗教仪式有关，但俳优的活动，角抵表演等却都是娱人的，主要是现世的人的娱乐性活动，现实的、技艺性的、喜剧性的基因多；第三，西方戏剧是从歌舞演变而来，即由歌舞逐渐演变为故事表演；中国戏剧则是通过它们彼此的汇合、交织来实现。中西戏剧起源的共同之处，反映出世界古剧发端的一些共同的规律，而它们的不同之处，则让我们看到中西戏剧在渊源和传统上的差异。二戏剧是一种多种要素构成的综合艺术，构成戏剧的基本要素是：演员、剧本、观众和使戏剧得以实现的剧场。其中演员是最本质的要素，戏剧演员扮演剧中人物和表演戏剧性情节是戏剧艺术必不可少的条件。在戏剧形成过程中，只是一个演员的时候，很难表演戏剧性情节，因为戏剧性情节是由戏剧冲突产生的，必须有两个以上的演员，戏剧冲突才能展开，戏剧性情节才会出现，真正的戏剧才能完成。在古希腊，舞台上第二个演员的出现，是从著名悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯开始的。埃斯库罗斯是古希腊第一个悲剧诗人，他创作悲剧，还亲自上台表演，担任第一演员。由于第二个演员的出现，合唱队的抒情成分减少了，有了正式的对话，有了戏剧冲突，戏剧表演就向前迈进了一步。所以，古希腊戏剧的形式是以埃斯库罗斯为标志的。第三个演员的出现，是从古希腊的另一位著名悲剧诗人索福克勒斯开始的，演员人数增加到三个，悲剧的情节和人物的性格才能够充分展开，使希腊悲剧得以发展和完善。在古希腊第三位著名悲剧诗人欧里庇得斯的戏剧里，合唱队只作为一种传统的形式被保存下来，和剧情没有密切的关系，故事表演已成为戏剧的主要内容。古希腊喜剧发展比悲剧晚一些，大约在公元前486年前后，雅典开始有了喜剧竞赛会，从此喜剧就逐渐发展和繁荣起来。古希腊喜剧的代表作家是阿里斯托芬。戏剧得以实现的物理空间是剧场，有了剧场，演员才能演出，观众才能观看，所以剧场的出现和改善，也是戏剧形成、发展的一个标志。在原始“戏剧”出现时，演出的地方都是在酒神神坛附近，在神坛和安置供品的地方围一个圆圈，后来才有了固定的地点。及至公元前5世纪，在民主派领袖伯里克利执政期间，为了适应全民性的戏剧竞赛活动的需要，在阿库罗伯里斯丘陵的斜坡上，建造了一个规模宏大的露天大剧场，观众的座位一排一排地沿着山坡上升。演员们在露天剧场演戏，为了加强演戏效果，都戴假面具，穿厚底靴，借以扩大声音、面部和形体。伯里克利执政时期，是雅典的“黄金时代”，也是古希腊戏剧最繁荣的时期。当时在酒神节庆所举行的悲剧竞赛会规模很大，每年这个时候，雅典城的大多数公民都到剧场看戏，观众很多；他们看到好的戏就叫好，看到不满意的戏就起哄；有的戏不受欢迎，演不下去，不得中断演出。在剧场里，观众不仅是被动的鉴赏者，而且常常左右戏剧的效果，成为刺激和促进戏剧创造的积极的因素。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

俯视与仲视——谈中西戏剧观众心态视角差异详细内容观众心态视角不是指观众从某种学科角度(如社会学、历史学角度)去看戏剧演出，而 是指观众与戏剧演出之间的心态落差造成的视角。观众把自己的心态放在一定的位置去 观看戏剧演出，而观众的心态位置与演出在观众心中的位置不是完全平等的，这种落差 造成的视角就是观众心态视角。中西戏剧观众的心态视角存在着很大差异。中国戏曲观众采用的是俯视角，西方戏剧 观众采用的是仰视角。也就是说，中国戏曲观众处在一种心态上的高位置，去俯视演出 ；而西方戏剧观众处在一种心态上的低位置去仰视演出。这种视角的差别主要表现在观演关系的中心不同。在剧场里，演员表演戏剧，观众观看演出，但在观演关系中，二者却不占同等的位置 。不同的戏剧，二者的侧重点不同。一是以观众为中心，一是以演出为中心。观演关系 中的观众中心制是指观众处在中心地位，在演出时间、演出长度、演出内容上具有较大 的决定权，观看时也有较大的自由度。演出中心制则相反，演出者具有较大的自主性， 演出时间，剧目内容由演出者决定，观众在观看演出时有较大的限制。在观众中心制的 观演关系中，观众在心态上处于高位置去俯视演出，形成俯视的心态视角。在演出中心 制的观演关系中，观众在心态上处于低位置去仰视演出，形成仰视的心态视角。西方戏剧的观演关系倾向于演出中心制，演出者较少与观众提前商量，演出时，与观 众的直接交流较少，注重演出的整一连续性，演出过程中较少有与演出无关的穿插。观 众提前买票进入剧场，按号入座，观看时不宜做与观剧无关的事，甚至鼓掌也只适合在 幕间和演出结束后，以免干扰演出。这时，观众是用仰视的心态视角去观看演出。中国戏曲的观演关系倾向于观众中心制。中国古典戏曲演出可以分为公众演出和堂会 演出，公众演出不管在剧场还是在广场，观众前去观剧的时间都是自由的，观看演出时 的限制较少，可以做与观剧无关的事(如聊天、吃东西)，也可以随时表示对演出的喜恶 甚至干涉演出(如喝彩、喝倒彩)。为少数观众服务的堂会演出，则完全以观众为中心。 演出时间、演出剧目由观众决定，甚至剧目的情节台词因为避讳等原因要做临时改变。 演出过程中常加入与剧目不相干的节目(如每有重要人物到场，演出立刻停止，加演“ 跳加官”之类向来宾祝福的“例戏”)。[1]这时，观众用俯视的心态视角去观看演出。这种心态视角的差别是如何形成的呢?或许有人认为这是因为中国戏曲以唱念做打为表现方法，欣赏戏曲主要是欣赏演员的 唱做技艺；而西方戏剧的文学性很强，欣赏西方戏剧主要是欣赏戏剧的思想内容。的确 ，这在一定程度上促进了中西戏剧心态视角差别的形成。但是，这句话却解释不了以下 事实：作为西方戏剧重要部分的大歌剧和芭蕾舞，文学性并不强，也是以展示歌舞技艺 为主，而人们却以仰视的心态视角去欣赏。昆曲的文学性是很强的，而在堂会演出中， 宾客仍以俯视的心态视角去观看。中西戏剧观众心态视角差异的根本原因在于二者的起源和形成过程不同。西方戏剧发端于古希腊祭祀大典上的歌舞表演。每年春季祭祀中有人化装成酒神的伴 侣——羊人，众人载歌载舞，颂赞酒神的功绩。后来，在歌舞中加进一个演员，由他轮 流扮演几个人物，并与歌队长对话，这是最初的戏剧因素。内容也扩大到其他神的丰功 伟绩和超人英雄的故事。至此，戏剧作为一种独立的艺术样式已经成型。整个中世纪的 戏剧都是在教堂、广场演出的宗教剧，主要表现上帝的伟大和圣徒事迹。文艺复兴时期 正式形成了话剧、歌剧、舞剧三大剧种。中国古典戏曲的源头说法不一，一说源于俳优，但这仅包含了戏剧的一些表演因素； 另一说是源于具有宗教祭祀性质的巫祭祀仪式，但它对中国戏曲的形成起到多大的决定 性作用还未达成共识。中国戏曲正式形成较晚。北宋时，为了适应广大市民阶层的文化 娱乐需要，各种民间技艺便纷纷从各地汇集到城市里来了。其中，对戏曲的形成影响最 大的主要有说唱性质的艺术：诸宫调；歌舞性质的艺术：大曲；扮演性质的艺术；傀儡 戏、参军戏等，这三种性质的艺术样式相互吸收，才形成了戏曲的雏形阶段——宋杂剧 、金院本。这些都是多种民间(或已经走向民间)的娱乐样式的杂合。北宋末南宋初，宋 杂剧的一支演变为南戏，中国戏曲才发展成熟。[2]从中西戏剧形成可以看出，西方戏剧产生于祭祀，是宗教仪式的一个组成部分，始终 带有宗教色彩。宗教仪式是庄严肃穆的，参加宗教仪式的人们怀着崇敬的心情赞颂神的 伟大，在观看表现神的伟绩的戏剧时，同样怀着崇敬的心情。这时，戏剧演出处在一种 精神上的高位置，观众处在一种精神上的低位置，观众的心态视角是仰视的。后来的戏 剧虽然脱离了祭祀的宗教气氛，但这种仰视的心态视角却带着祭祀仪式的痕迹保留了下 来。中国戏曲的形成过程是多种娱乐样式的综合。宗教祭祀仪式对它的形成影响并不大， 相对于西方戏剧的形成渊源来说，它本质上是一种娱乐手段，而且，它对多种娱乐手段 综合的过程同时也是娱乐性加强的过程。人们去瓦肆看戏就是为了娱乐，自然在心理上 处在高位置，去俯视处在低位置的戏曲。以后，戏曲走向富贵人家宴请宾朋的堂会，走 向农村集市庙会的庙台，走向农村庆丰收的草台，它的观众都是怀着喜洋洋的轻松心情 去俯视它。后来的戏曲中也有具有宗教意味的神仙道化剧，但它完全没有西方戏剧初期 的庄严神圣的宗教氛围。这种形成渊源上的差异，影响了中西戏剧从业人员的社会地位的差异，影响了戏剧在 正统文艺中地位的差异，这些都加强了观众的心态视角的差异。古希腊戏剧演员和剧作家的社会地位很高，他们被看作宗教仆人，受人尊敬，古希腊 联邦会议规定，他们的生命财产不受侵犯，无论战时平时，他们能去各地，甚至敌国演 出。[3]欧洲文艺复兴以后，戏剧家的社会地位仍很高，法国戏剧家高乃依、布瓦洛等 都是最高学术机构——法兰西学院院士，这种现象不只在法国，在欧洲都是普遍的。陈 独秀在《论戏曲》中谈到西方戏剧家在民族战争中用戏剧使国民振奋，民族复兴的壮举 ，并说“戏园者，实天下之大学堂也；优伶者，实普天下之大学教师也。”这虽然是他 根据西方的情况对中国戏剧提出的希望，但从侧面反映出了西方人对戏剧的重要性的认 识以及戏剧演员社会地位的评估。试想，“学生们”观看“大学教师”的演出，自然是 仰视的心态。俯视与仲视——谈中西戏剧观众心态视角差异详细内容 来自: 免费论文网戏剧艺术在西方的文艺样式体系中始终占有重要地位，古希腊的文艺理论代表作—— 《诗学》就是戏剧理论，古罗马时的《诗艺》有三分之一是戏剧理论，黑格尔认为：“ 戏剧无论在内容上还是在形式上都要形成最完美的整体，所以应该看作诗乃至一般艺术 的最高层。”[4]这种认识强化了戏剧观众的仰视视角。中国戏曲演员古时的社会地位与古希腊的演员相比真是天壤之别。他们被社会鄙视， 被称为“倡优”、“戏子”。先秦时，戏曲艺人的远祖——优，只不过是逗王侯开心的 玩物，倡优的身份是奴隶，没有人身自由。“进入封建社会后，——他们大体分为两类 ：一类是隶官倡优(隶籍于宫廷和官府)，一类是私家倡优，前者为官伎，后者为家伎， 性质分别为官奴和家奴”，[5]他们“或战争俘虏沦为奴，或属有罪之家罚为奴，或为 穷人家子弟卖为奴。他们必须自相婚配，故其奴隶身份也世代相传”。[6]至清朝前期 ，乐户、官伎等贱民制度被废除，但仍有“一妓二丐三戏子”之说。戏曲作家也只是在 元朝废除科举时才专职从事戏剧创作，而正统文人把创作戏曲只是当作业余兴趣而已， 抱着一种“玩”的心态，他们出文集时决不把戏曲收入。戏曲艺术始终被拒斥于正统文 艺的大门之外。古时观众看“戏子”的演出，自然是俯视的心态。观众心态视角与戏剧的悲喜色彩的选择倾向有着密切的联系。观众心态视角的差异使 得戏剧的悲喜色彩倾向不同。反过来，戏剧悲喜色彩的不同又加强了心态视角的差异。在西方“悲剧历来被认为是戏剧中的冠冕。”[7]但丁认为喜剧是“从逆境与恐怖开始 ，但以幸福、欢乐与充满魅力的情调结束。”所以，“他的表现风格是卑下的。”[8] 丹尼诺认为“喜剧作家拈来素材都是人们熟悉的家庭琐事，虽不能说是低级的甚至邪恶 的，但悲剧诗人处理的都是高贵帝王的死亡和庞大帝国的毁灭。”[9]这些话的潜台词 就是强调悲剧高于喜剧。西方人推崇悲剧的重要原因是悲剧庄严肃穆的气氛，与作为戏 剧源渊的宗教祭祀的庄严气氛最接近，都是用仰视的心态视角。中国戏曲观众喜欢看喜剧。戏谚有“无丑不成戏”之说。清代流行剧集《缀白裘》中 大半是喜剧。这与戏曲形成时的娱乐滑稽传统有着直接的联系，其中反映出的俯视心态 也是一脉相承的。中国古典戏曲的演出场合多为农村的年节庙会，城市中的戏园茶园， 富贵人家宴请宾朋的堂会等喜庆场合。观众都想来得到娱乐，所以不适合演悲哀死伤等 不愉快不吉利的事。这影响到了剧作家的创作。李渔有诗：“唯我填词不卖愁，一夫不 笑是我忧。举世尽成弥勒佛，度人秃笔始堪投。”即使悲剧(苦戏)中也有许多喜剧成分 ，也采用喜剧化的手法，如大团圆结局，丑角插科打诨，甚至“苦戏笑唱”。[10]许多 剧种都流传这样一出折子戏《傻女婿拜年》，写一农家姑娘被迫嫁给财主的傻儿子。这 本是一出悲剧，但却选取了一个喜剧场景：两口子回门给丈人拜年，傻子丑态百出闹出 许多笑话。这种“苦戏笑唱”，一来适合了演出时的喜庆气氛；二来把苦事当做笑话讲 ，这本身就加强了观众俯视心态的意味。难怪有人认为中国戏曲没有真正的悲剧。同样是看悲剧，中西戏剧观众的心态视角也不相同。中国戏曲悲剧冲突带有鲜明的伦 理批判倾向。冲突的基础是两种截然相反的伦理道德，如秦香莲与陈世美，敫桂英与王 魁之间的冲突都是如此。西方悲剧不管是命运悲剧、性格悲剧、社会悲剧，都是人对于 其强大的对立面，即命运、社会、性格所做的奋力挣扎反抗。如俄狄浦斯之于命运，哈 姆雷特之于性格，斯多芒克之于社会，但他们最后都以毁灭告终。中国戏曲悲剧中的主 人公往往是弱小善良的老百姓，尤其是有不幸遭遇和无辜受冤的女性。而西方悲剧的主 人公多是高贵、威严、有强大力量的帝王将相、贵族富人、神人英雄等。由此可见，中 国戏曲的悲剧是把观众推在高高的道德伦理的评判席上，让观众俯视这些可怜的无辜的 弱者，进而对这故事、人物做出道德评判。而西方悲剧的观众仰视着台上那些比自己更 有力量的主人公在命运、性格、社会面前做拼死抗争，却仍逃不脱失败的结果，进而产 生了“恐惧和怜悯”，从而使观众感情得到“净化”。中西戏剧各自经过了漫长的发展过程，形成了各自的特点，只有认清它们的相同和差 异，并互相借鉴，才有助于它们更好的发展。【参考文献】[1][5][6]路应昆《中国戏曲与社会诸色》[M].长春：吉林教育出版社1992.P41；P13 ；P15[2]俞为民《中国古代戏曲简史》[M].南京：江苏教育出版社1991.P13[3]罗念生《古希腊戏剧·后记》[M].北京：作家出版社1992[4][德]黑格尔著朱光潜译《美学》第三卷下册.[M].北京：商务印书馆1997.P240[7][10]蓝凡《中西戏剧比较论稿》[M].北京：学林出版社1992.P542；P558[8][9][英]尼科尔著 徐士瑚译《西欧戏剧理论》[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社1985.P1 00