英语学术论文写作结论

结论有总结和小结之分。内容包括主要的结果、结论、数据，目的在于阐明本文的成果和理论。而总结的内容和篇幅较小结为多，多用于综述或讨论类文稿之后，起着概括主题的作用。从内容上说需将全文已论述的问题再扼要概括一遍，是最终的总体的概括，也可写建议、对策、设想，或提出研究中发现的尚待解决的问题内容：本文主要内容的简括说明，重点显示创新成果及其理论意义与实用价值（小结）。或：扼要点明本研究工作与其他文献报道的异同之处， 突出本研究的领先性。 又或：就讨论的结论，提出解决问题的办法或建议。 简述本研究存在的缺欠，需进一步研究的问题，下一步打算。换句话说，结论应是整篇论文的结局，而不是某一局部问题或某一分支问题的结论，也不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复。结论应当体现作者更深层的认识，且是从全篇论文的全部材料出发，经过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑分析过程而得到的新的学术总观念、总见解结论应该准确、完整、明确、精练。该部分的写作内容一般应包括以下几个方面：①本文研 2究结果说明了什么问题；②对前人有关的看法作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定。③本文研究的不足之处或遗留未予解决的问题，以及对解决这些问题的可能的关键点和方向。英国智酷为你解答

conclusion是总结，写你研究的发现，建议和研究的有限性。conclusion里面的建议可以一带而过，但implication里面的建议就要细写了。

那么英国硕士毕业论文conclusion到底该怎么写？

论文conclusion可以这样写：

1、总结全文。

2、再次陈述主要论点，与介绍部分相呼应。

3、讨论本篇论文的研究意义。

4、对论文研究领域未来的期许。

论文conclusion注意事项：

1、不要在结论里加上与前文无关的新观点。

2、不要在结论里加新的例子。

3、不要在结论里放大段的引用。

4、结尾篇幅占全文的10%左右，如一篇3000字essay，结尾大概300字。

英文论文写作心得

对于一篇英文论文来说,要保证其完整度和优异的质量,以及考虑到导师所给出的如时间、参考资料等各方面的条件限制，下文是总结的一些英语论文写作心得体会。一起来看看吧!

【写作前准备】

1、自己的实验结果是否够发一篇SCI文章?

2、适合发表在什么杂志?是选择专业期刊?还是综合期刊?

3、为什么类型的投稿(Types of submission)?比如Articles(论著);Reviews(综述);Reports(报告);Letter to editor(来信)等。

4、该杂志的影响因子(Impact factor)是多少，每年发表多少文章?是否有过本土中国人在上面发表?(便于评价自己的文章被接收的可能性)。

6、有没有下载该杂志最新的投稿须知(Instructions for authors)?

7、是否弄清楚了投稿须知各个条目的意思?

8、是否接收网上投稿(Submission on line)(一般有网上投稿的杂志更为方便)?

9、是否收版面费(Page charges)?如果论文被接收，自己的经济能力能否支付该杂志的发表全部费用。

10、手头有多少相关内容的文献?(越多越好，这样写作的时候能借鉴他们的思路和语句，对分析讨论的开展也很有好处)

【写作环节】

1、不要用中国式的思维去写英文句子。

2、套用老外的写作思路(比如前言第1段写对疾病的认识及重要性，第2段对基本背景知识的介绍，第3段如何引出研究问题。讨论部分往往每一段第一句为该段的中心句。)

3、格式一定要严格按照所投杂志的要求来排版(可以参考投稿须知的要求和该杂志最近发表的文章，要做到一模一样，这样编辑认为你是认真对待的)。

4、避免使用首次发现，该研究特别有意义的语句(老外喜欢你陈述事实，是不是首次发现由别人说了算，有没有意义需要时间来检验)。

5、首页有什么特殊要求?比如是否写清了通讯作者(Corresponding author)和页眉标题(Running title)，Running title是否符合字符数要求，一般50个字符以下。首页是否要求标明全文字符数(The number of characters must be listed on the title page)。首页是否要求提供关键词(Key words)，现在很多杂志在正式出版的时候是看不到关键词的，他多数目的是为了编辑好选择审稿专家。

6、摘要是否为有特殊格式(比如格式摘要：目的，方法，结果，结论)，是否有字数限制(比如205个字以下)。

7、注意参考文献(References)一定要符合杂志的格式，参考文献的数目是否有限制。是否不能引用正在出版的(In press)文章或未公开的(Unpublished data)数据。

8、是否引用了较多著名杂志的文章为参考文献(大家看影响因子超过10的杂志文章，他们引用的文献多数也是来自10以上的杂志，也就是说你投高影响因子的杂志就尽量不要引用低档杂志的文章，这是一条潜规则)。

9、引用了几篇该杂志的文章作为参考文献(有的杂志有明确要求要引几篇，有的没有要求，但是编辑在还是喜欢你多引他们杂志的文章)。

10、写完后最好先找一个在国外呆过几年的`中国人修改第1次(这样能纠正明显写作错误和表达，又明白你的写作意思)，然后再找一个英语为母语的人修改(最好是学医的，这样能够纠正一些微小错误和表达习惯)。最终的目的是即使退稿也不是因为语言问题。人家修改完了注意在回信中致谢(Thank you very much for the excellent and professional revision of our manuscript. In future， I will send you my English manuscripts for proofreading! I will acknowledge your help in the footnote.)和在文章中致谢(We thank *** for critical reading of the manuscript.)。

11、注意文章中不要有中文输入法情况下的标点符号(老外的计算机操作系统可能识别为乱码或者为非法程序)。

12、标点符号是否正确?空格是否恰当?

13、注意缩写的格式，时间表示的格式，希腊字母的格式。

14、该斜体的地方是否是斜体(in vitro，in vivo等)。

15、材料与方法中试剂后的厂家是否该杂志的要求(有的不但要标明公司名字和国家，还要城市名，货号)。

16、是否进行了伦理道德的申明。(如果进行了动物实验和人体实验)。

17、图表是否符合杂志的数目(Number)、大小(Size)和分辨率(Resolution)要求?有几副彩图(建议能设置为灰度的图就改成灰度的图，比如一些统计结果图。因为彩图收费(Color charges)是很贵的)。

18、图的格式类型是否有要求，一般只接收EPS或TIFF格式。图的模式是否有要求，比如过去一般要求是CMYK模式，现在很多杂志要求RGB模式。

19、图表是放在后面，还是插入在文章中。(看投稿须知要求)。

20、字数是否符合杂志要求(有的杂志对字数也有要求。比如最多8个版面。他一般会告诉你怎么推测自己的文章占几个版面，比如有的杂志大约是8000个字符数(characters)(包括空格)为一个版面)。

21、全文的字号是否符合要求。(一般是12号字(12-point)，双倍行距(Double space))。

22、是否进行了致谢(国外的文章一般都会致谢。一般要求写受什么基金资助，谁对文章改了，谁进行了技术帮助，谁提供了一些实验材料等;其中很多杂志基金资助一般写在Footnote中)。

1. 要写好科研论文，必须先养成读英文文章的习惯，争取每天30-60分钟。刚开始可以选择以读英文报纸、英文新闻为主，逐渐转为读专业杂志。我会在近期专门写一篇博客文章介绍一套行之有效的增强读专业杂志能力的办法。

2. 写科研论文，最重要的是逻辑。逻辑的形成来自对实验数据的总体分析。必须先讨论出一套清晰的思路，然后按照思路来做图(Figures)，最后才能执笔。

3. 具体写作时，先按照思路(即Figures)写一个以subheading为主的框架，然后开始具体写作。第一稿，切忌追求每一句话的完美，更不要追求词语的华丽，而主要留心逻辑(logic flow)，注意前后句的逻辑关系、相邻两段的逻辑关系。写作时，全力以赴，尽可能不受外界事情干扰(关闭手机、座机)，争取在最短时间内拿出第一稿。还要注意：一句话不可太长。

4. 学会照葫芦画瓢。没有人天生会写优秀的科研论文，都是从别人那里学来的。学习别人的文章要注意专业领域的不同，有些领域(包括我所在的结构生物学)有它内在的写作规律。科研文章里的一些话是定式，比如 “To investigate the mechanism of …, we performed …”, “These results support the former, but not the latter, hypothesis …”, “Despite recent progress, how … remains to be elucidated …” 等等。用两次以后，就逐渐学会灵活运用了。在向别人学习时，切忌抄袭。在美国一些机构，连续7个英文单词在一起和别人的完全一样，原则上就被认为抄袭(plagiarism)。

5. 第一稿写完后，给自己不要超过一天的休息时间，开始修改第二稿。修改时，还是以逻辑为主，但对每一句话都要推敲一下，对abstract和正文中的关键语句要字斟句酌。学会用“Thesaurus”(同义词替换)以避免过多重复。第二稿的修改极为关键，再往后就不会大改了。

6. 第二稿以后的修改，主要注重具体的字句，不会改变整体逻辑了。投稿前，一定要整体读一遍，对个别词句略作改动。记住：学术期刊一般不会因为具体的语法错误拒绝一篇文章，但一定会因为逻辑混乱而拒绝一篇文章。

这套方法行之有效，我对所有的学生和博士后都会如此教导。我的第一个博士后是柴继杰，1999年加入我在普林斯顿大学的实验室。继杰当时的英文阅读和写作能力很差。我对他的第一个建议就是，“每天花半小时读英文报纸”。难能可贵的是：他坚持下来了!经过几年的努力，2004年继杰已经能写出不错的grant proposal，2006年他的第一篇独立科研论文发表在《Molecular Cell》上，随后相继在《自然》发表两篇、在其它一流学术期刊发表十多篇论文。写作能力开始成熟。

发表论文是一件值得高兴的事情，但要明白：论文只是一个载体，是为了向同行们宣告你的科研发现，是科学领域交流的重要工具。所以，在科研论文写作时，一定要谨记于心的就是：用最简单的话表达最明白的意思，但一定要逻辑严谨!其实，中文和英文论文皆如此!

据学术堂了解，英国论文结论是论文中篇幅很小的一个部分，在论文中通常起到两个作用：首先总结和归纳文章的主要研究内容，这也是所谓的“回顾”，第二个则是给最后结论或是评价判断。最后的结论中可能还包括提出对研究的建设性意见和对对未来的研究发展方向探讨。在学位论文和研究论文中，结论往往更复杂，还包括部分研究结果的意义和对未来工作的建议。以下我们罗列出了涉及描写结论的常用句型:1、Restatement of aimsThis study set out to …This paper has argued that …This essay has discussed the reasons for …In this investigation, the aim was to assess …The aim of the present research was to examine …The purpose of the current study was to determine …The main goal of the current study was to determine …This project was undertaken to design … and evaluate …The present study was designed to determine the effect of …The second aim of this study was to investigate the effects of …2、Summarising research findingsThis study has identified …This study has shown that …The research has also shown that …The second major finding was that …These experiments confirmed that …X made no significant difference to …This study has found that generally …The investigation of X has shown that …The results of this investigation show that …X, Y and Z emerged as reliable predictors of …Multiple regression analysis revealed that the …The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that …The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that …3、Suggesting implications for the field of knowledgeIn general, therefore, it seems that …The results of this study indicate that …These findings suggest that in general …The findings of this study suggest that …Taken together, these results suggest that …An implication of this is the possibility that …The evidence from this study suggests that …Overall, this study strengthens the idea that …The current data highlight the importance of …The findings of this research provide insights for …The results of this research support the idea that …These data suggest that X can be achieved through …The theoretical implications of these findings are unclear.The principal theoretical implication of this study is that …This study has raised important questions about the nature of …The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study …Taken together, these findings suggest a role for X in promoting Y.The findings of this investigation complement those of earlier studies.These findings have significant implications for the understanding of how …Although this study focuses on X, the findings may well have a bearing on …4、Significance of the findings or contribution of the studyThis research extends our knowledge of …This research will serve as a base for future studies and …This research provides a framework for the exploration of …This research has several practical applications. Firstly, it points to …These findings enhance our understanding of …The findings of this thesis could be used to help …The current findings add to a growing body of literature on …Taken together, these findings suggest a role for X in promoting Y.The findings of this investigation complement those of earlier studies.A key strength of the present study was the …The present study makes several noteworthy contributions to …The present study should prove to be particularly valuable to …The present study provides additional evidence with respect to …The present study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that suggests …The key strengths of this study are its long duration and …The empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of …The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of …The study has confirmed the findings of Smith et al. (2001) which found that …The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature. First,…This is the first study to investigate the effect of …This is the first time that X has been used to explore …This study has demonstrated, for the first time, that …This is the first study reporting an advantage in those who …This is the largest study so far documenting a delayed onset of …The contribution of this study has been to confirm …This work contributes to existing knowledge X by providing …The analysis of X undertaken here, has extended our knowledge of …The methods used for this X may be applied to other Xs elsewhere in the world.The X that we have identified therefore assists in our understanding of the role of …5、Significance of the findings with a qualificationNotwithstanding these limitations, the study suggests that …Whilst this study did not confirm X, it did partially substantiate …Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers some insight into …Notwithstanding the relatively limited sample, this work offers valuable insights into …Although the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest …6、Limitations of the current studyA limitation of this study is that …Being limited to X, this study lacks …The small sample size did not allow …The major limitation of this study is the …This study was limited by the absence of …X makes these findings less generalisable to …Thirdly, the study did not evaluate the use of …It is unfortunate that the study did not include …The scope of this study was limited in terms of …The study is limited by the lack of information on …The most important limitation lies in the fact that …The main weakness of this study was the paucity of …Since the study was limited to X, it was not possible to ..An additional uncontrolled factor is the possibility that …It was not possible to assess X; therefore, it is unknown if …An issue that was not addressed in this study was whether…The generalisability of these results is subject to certain limitations. For instance, …One source of weakness in this study which could have affected the measurements of X was …7、Recommendations for further research workMore research using controlled trials is needed to …What is now needed is a cross-national study involving …More broadly, research is also needed to determine …More research is required to determine the efficacy of …More research is needed to better understand when implementation ends and …This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.It would be interesting to assess the effects of …It would be interesting to compare experiences of individuals within the same … .It is recommended that further research be undertaken in the following areas:It is suggested that the association of these factors is investigated in future studies.A further study could assess the long-term effects of …Further work needs to be done to establish whether …Further studies need to be carried out in order to validate …Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate …Further studies regarding the role of X would be worthwhile/interesting.Further investigation and experimentation into X is strongly recommended.

仔细想想按照要求写，请勿抄袭啊，这是警告，不然就可能导致不能毕业了，回国以后需要真实的学位认证，虽然说可以补救，但是没有自己毕业那么高兴的，对吧。