英雄主义的论文参考文献

异乡人，如果路过斯巴达，请告诉那儿的人，我们忠实地履行了诺言。故长眠于斯，公元前492年，波斯王派遣使节前往希腊索取“土和水”，希望通过威压令其归顺，但是希腊人将使节投入井内，叫他们自便，波斯王大怒兴兵，但是他的第一批远征军在海上遇到风暴，全军覆没。当时的波斯是人类历史上第一个跨越欧亚非的大帝国，从居鲁士起，已历四世，而希腊世界则是一系列城邦国家的总称，从来没有统一过。公元前480年，波斯王大流士一世死了以后，他的儿子薛西斯登上王位。薛西斯为实现父亲的遗愿，发誓要踏平雅典，征服希腊。为此，他精心准备了4年，动员了整个波斯帝国的军力。参加远征的士兵来自臣服波斯的46个国家，100多个民族。有穿着五光十色的长褂和鳞状护身甲、携带短剑长矛的波斯人、米底亚人；有头戴铜盔、手持亚麻盾牌和木棍的亚述人；有用弓箭和斧头作为主要武器的帕提亚人和花刺子模人；有穿长袍的印度人；有穿紧腰斗篷，右肩挂着长弓的阿拉伯人；有穿豹皮或狮子皮、用红白颜色身的埃塞俄比亚人，他们的武器是棕榈树制的弓、燧石做的箭头和镶羚羊狐狸皮；身穿鲜艳的红斗篷，手拿标枪和盾的色雷斯人；还有帽盔上装饰牛耳、手执皮盾和短矛的高加索各族士兵。波斯军队的人员这样庞杂，武器装备又是这样五花八门，使得这支大军很像一次各族军队和军备的大展览（这点影片里已经有所表现）。 公元前480年春，波斯全军齐集小亚撒尔迪斯，号称500万，实则50万人左右，分海、陆两路，向希腊进发。面对来势汹汹的敌人，一向喜欢内部争斗的希腊各城邦组织了从未有过的联合行动。30多个城邦组成了反波斯同盟，同盟军总统帅由斯巴达国王利欧尼达斯担任。渡过赫勒斯邦海峡后，波斯大军迅速席卷了北希腊，七八月间来到了德摩比勒隘口。该隘口是中希腊的“门户”，依山傍海，关前有两个硫磺温泉，所以又叫“温泉关”。关口极狭窄，仅能通过一辆战车，是从希腊北部南下的唯一通道。这时希腊人正在举行奥林匹克运动，而在希腊，奥林匹克高于一切，运动会期间是禁止打仗的。 因此，希腊人在关上布置的兵力只有几千人。当波斯人临近的时候，斯巴达国王利欧尼达斯仅带了300人来增援。根据温泉关地势险要、山道狭窄，部队不能展开行动，骑兵和车派不上用场的特点，薛西斯采取了派重装步兵轮番冲击的强攻战法，企图利用人数的优势打垮斯巴达人。而斯巴达人却利用温泉关“一夫当关，万夫莫开”的地形优势，居高临下，用锋利的长矛凶狠地刺向手持波斯刀的敌人。正当薛西斯无计可施的时候，一个名叫埃彼阿提斯的当地农民来报告说，有条小路以通到关口的背后。薛西斯一听，大喜过望，立即命令这个希腊叛徒带领御林军沿着荆棘从生的小道直插后山。 本来，利欧尼达斯在小路旁的山岭上早已布置下1000余名来自佛西斯城邦的守兵。因数日无战事，他们便放松了警惕，直到波斯人到了跟前才有所反应，略一交手佛西斯人就败走了。波斯人也不追赶，直向温泉关背后插了下去。斯巴达王利欧尼达斯得知波斯军迂回到背后时，知道大势已去。为保存实力，他把已无斗志的其他城邦的军队调到后方去，只留下他带来的300士兵迎战。因为按照斯巴达传统，士兵永远不能放弃自己的阵地。付出两万波斯士兵生命的温泉关血战，对于薛西斯来说，就像是一场恶梦。 鲁迅公开发表的第一篇文学作品，就是歌颂三百勇士的《斯巴达之魂》，他认为斯巴达勇士这种宁死不屈和战斗精神和豪情壮志，是中国人最需要的思想。斯巴达人的尚武爱国精神是动人心玄的，这种对祖国的伟大之爱，为祖国献身的神圣精神，正是感动天下的斯巴达之魂，鲁迅所鼓厉的正是这种伟大的灵魂。 《斯巴达之魂》所描写的正是斯巴达国王率领三百斯巴达勇士和七千希腊盟军，与波斯王率领的百万大军决战于温泉关的壮烈景象。斯巴达军在敌众我寡的形势下，无所畏惧，视死如归，临敌而笑，结怒欲冲冠之长发，发示一瞑不视之决志。而斯巴达国王利欧尼达斯更是抱着，王不死则国亡的为国战死的决心，和全军将士浴血奋战。战争开始后，征尘满天，杀气萧森，波斯大军以潮鸣电掣之势发动进攻，而斯巴达军扼守险要，奋勇杀敌。斯巴达王身先士卒，策马露刃，在动地的金鼓声中与敌军展开厮杀。顿时，呐喊格击，鲜血倒流，如鸣潮飞沫，弃腾喷薄于荒矶。波斯军，无数死于刃，无数落于海，无数蹂躏于后援，遍野横尸。然而，最后斯巴达军终因寡不敌众，刃碎镞尽，国王战死，全军覆没，斯巴达之魂响彻千古，永垂史册，惊天地泣鬼神。鲁迅对此高声礼赞，巍巍乎温泉门之峡，地球不灭，则终存斯巴达武士之魂。 公元前479年，10万希腊联军勇猛追击与30万敌军在小亚细亚展开决战，希腊联军陆军由斯巴达国王普萨尼亚斯(Pausanias)率领，进攻波斯驻军，于是爆发了这次战争中最后一次决定性的战役，普拉提亚之战。( 斯巴达的国王是选出的，同一时间总是有两名国王并列)。这次战役非常集中地暴露了敌对双方的优缺点。战役初期双方有很长时间的对峙，曾经爆发过几次小规模的遭遇战和前哨战。起初是波斯骑兵在不适于骑兵作战的崎岖地形中向希腊军步兵发动进攻，结果损失惨重。而后波斯军统帅吸取了教训，利用骑兵机动灵活的特点，不断地袭扰希腊军的军粮补给。另一方面，在与希腊军的遭遇战中，尽量不和希腊方阵作正面的步兵交锋，而是利用己方联合兵种的优势，用弓箭手和投石兵的远程火力优势不断杀伤希腊军。两军相持的结果，希腊方占不到任何便宜，补给又发生了问题，只好准备撤退。普萨尼亚斯的撤退计划，原本是全军列阵，然后趁夜暗掩护，一部份一部份地撤退。但是计划执行中发生了延误，阵线中央撤退、右翼撤退了一半、左翼未动的时候，天亮了，行动被波斯军发现，于是演变成一场生死大战。交战之初，希腊方的形势非常危急，不仅是在机动中被迫迎战，而且波斯统帅马多尼乌斯采取了正确的战术，以密集的远程火力给希腊军以重大杀伤。但是不久，马多尼乌斯犯了一个战术错误：他命令步兵主力集结在第一线弓箭手和骑兵身后，目的我猜测可能是准备跃出给希腊军决定性的一击，或者是准备追击。但是这样一来，大量波斯军猥集一团，第一线部队就丧失了后退保持弹性的进退余地。斯巴达王普萨尼亚斯抓住这个战机，集合起希腊的装甲步兵方阵，猛烈地向波斯军冲上去。因为只要冲近了，波斯军没有作机动保持距离的余地，投射兵和骑兵就发挥不了作用。在近战和混战之中，波斯士兵尽管也很勇敢，但是他们使用武器的技术(也就是武艺啦)没有希腊战士那么训练有素，个人防护也没有希腊战士好(没有手盾)。即使如此，凭借波斯军的数量优势，他们也还是可能淹没希腊军的，但是这时候，波斯统帅马多尼乌斯本人在混乱中被杀。因为波斯军是各个民族组成的乌合之众，并不齐心，指挥核心一死，全军随即溃散。这场战役以后，希腊人基本上肃清了希腊半岛境内的波斯侵略军。求采纳哦

《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这部小说，说说给你印象最深的故事，举例说明。 ①在修筑铁路中，保尔所在的潘克拉托夫小队“拼命走在前头”， 以“疯狂的速度”进行工作。 ②保尔全身瘫痪、双目失明后，非常苦恼，不能自拔，产生过自杀念头。但他以坚强的毅力克服悲剧命运的打击，开始了为争取归队而进行的斗争。 28在“生命的意义”之前的一段文字中有这样一句话：“这是他第四次死里逃生。”读完《钢铁是怎样炼成的》，请用扼要的语言概括“四次死里逃生”的经历及其意义。 第1次：与波兰白军战斗中，腿受伤并得了伤寒；第2次：在骑兵部队的战斗中，头部受了重伤；第3次：是繁重紧张的肃反工作击倒了有着伤病的保尔，不得不离开岗位，回家养病；第4次：在铁路快修完时，得了伤寒和大叶性肺炎。 这四次“死里逃生”表现了保尔顽强的生命力和钢铁般的坚强意志。 保尔身上最使你感动的是什么？ 保尔是一位顽强勇敢、热爱生活、永不退缩的革命战士。 ①他具有坚定的人生目标和坚强意志，这让我十分感动。 ②保尔身上顽强坚忍、奋发向上的人格力量最使我感动，因为这种精神对我们青少年，对我们的民族来说，永远是具有特殊意义的宝贵财富。 ③作品塑造的主人公保尔·柯察金，充满了革命的理想主义色彩和英雄主义的格调。作为一个新时代的英雄，他身上表现了这样的人格特征：自我献身的精神，坚定不移的信念，顽强坚忍的意志。 30你认为作品中哪部分最精彩？请谈谈你的感受和认识。 “人最宝贵的东西是生命，生命属于人只有一次。人的一生应该是这样度过的；当他回首往事的时候，他不会因为虚度年华而悔恨，也不会因为碌碌无为而羞耻；这样，在临死的时候，他就能够说：‘我的整个生命和全部精力，都已经献给世界上最壮丽的事业——为人类的解放而斗争。’”我认为这段名言最精彩，它是保尔一生的写照，它诠释了生命的意义，它激励我们去思考自己人生的意义。 你最喜欢作品中的哪位人物？为什么？ 我最喜欢保尔。因为他身上凝聚着美好的精神品质——为理想而献身的精神、钢铁般的意志和顽强奋斗的品质。 《筑路》片段中，描写了筑路者面对那些困难？他们面对这些困难采取了态度？这表现了他们的什么精神？ 《筑路》是全书的一个精彩片段。1921年深秋，为了解决省城冬季的取暖问题，省委决定在入冬以前修筑一条通到森林的轻便铁路，用来把森林里森的木材运到城里。保尔参加了筑路工程。 困难：①恶劣的劳动环境和生活条件：秋雨、泥泞、寒冷、饥饿……②物质匮乏：没有枕木、运输工具，小火车头需要大修……③尖锐的阶级斗争：匪徒、肃反、开小差等。 面对这些困难，筑路者特别是积极分子，以惊人的毅力和无比顽强的意志同困难斗争，表现了大无畏的英雄主义精神。 《生命的意义》片段中保尔是在什么情况下思考生命的价值的？他为什么想得那么深刻？ 保尔是在大病初愈，在烈士墓前面对新生和缅怀烈士时对生命的意义进行思考。 因为保尔自己就多次经历过生与死的考验，是经过革命和困难洗礼过的人，这段名言就是他自己光辉一生的写照，所以他才会想得那样的深刻。 《生命的意义》片段中作者浓墨重彩地描写环境有什么作用？ 作者渲染了两种不同的气氛。一种是肃杀的；另一种是欣欣向荣、充满生机的。这种气氛是用自然景物表现出来的。这样的环境描写，一方面写出了“昨天”的遗迹，一方面写出了今天的“新景”；烈士牺牲在“昨天”那样的环境里，但是他们赢得了“今天”这样的环境。这样双重的环境描写，既表现了对烈士的沉痛悼念和对烈士的崇高敬意，又暗示了烈士用自己的生命迎来了苏维埃的新春，从而显示了烈士生命的意义，这就自然地激发了保尔关于人生的深沉思考。 《筑路》和《生命的意义》两个片段对于塑造保尔这一人物形象有何作用？ 《筑路》侧重于揭示恶劣环境的考验，表现人物顽强坚韧的意志、自我献身的精神；《生命的意义》侧重于揭示产生这种精神的思想根源，表现人物的成长与成熟。 你知道《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这一题目的含义吗? “钢铁”是信念、意志、毅力的象征，奥斯特洛夫斯基在解释这部作品的标题时说：“钢是在烈火里烧、高度冷却中炼成的，因此它很坚固。我们这一代人也是在斗争中和艰苦考验中锻炼出来，并学会了在生活中不灰心丧气。” 奥斯特洛夫斯基一生中写了几部文学作品?其主题的共同点是什么? 《钢铁是怎样炼成的》、《暴风雨所诞生的》等；这些作品的主题都是以国内战争为背景，歌颂在无产阶级事业中成长起来的英雄人物。 《钢铁是怎样炼成的》是奥斯特洛夫斯基的自传吗? 这本书是以作家自己的生活经历和真情实感为基础进行艺术创造的，因此带有明显的自传性质。但是并不能因此就把这部小说看成作家的自传，因为：作家的创作意图不在为自己作传，而在于塑造一个共青团员的典型形象；作家并不拘泥于生活事实，对人物和情节做了大量典型化处理。奥斯特洛夫斯基说过：“我的小说，首先是艺术作品，其中我利用了假想的权利。‘我坚决反对把我的小说《钢铁是怎样炼成的》的作者和这本书的人物之一保尔．柯察金等同起来。……’这是小说，而不是传记。” 用一句话评价《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这部小说。 《钢铁是怎样炼成的》是一部描写苏联十月革命后第一代苏维埃青年在布尔什维克党的领导下，为恢复国民经济，巩固新生的苏维埃政权，同国内外敌人及各种困难进行顽强斗争的优秀小说。 《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这部小说给你印象最深的故事是哪一个?用简短的语言概括出来。 在修筑铁路中，保尔所在的潘克拉托夫小队“拼命走在前头”，以“疯狂的速度”进行工作；保尔全身瘫痪、双目失明后，非常苦恼，不能自拔。他产生了自杀的念头。他以坚强的毅力克服悲剧命运的打击，开始了为争取归队而进行的斗争等故事。

这没人会给你写吧，你搜一下素材，自己组合呗。。

"A man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed, is he." - the old man and the seaPersonal attention-seeking means everyone is longing for his ability to get others to his attention, the mentality.Hemingway 1899 was born in America, his life character, brave, strong combative have a strong tendency of personal heroism. In Europe, gun battle. In the African jungle to catch ferocious beast, in the ring to master the challenge. Also in his fiction is full of war, fighting, love sport, and tourism. The author of the character of his works is the old man and the sea ", in this work embodies a confident, daring to challenge the fate of courage, show the fighting spirit. This work was huge, even as the church sermons.Actually, Hemingway's works in many so-called "heroics" composition, more is the bursting of the emotion, Hemingway other piece like "the sun also rises," "A farewell to arms", "short fiction works", the "garden of Eden", "A Movable Feast" etc, can say "and" personal attention-seeking "almost touch on edge.You can then consider the topic. If the old man and the sea ", the following reference analysisOutstanding performance:One is to human life. Look! The roar of the shark, aggressive resembles, but not a ChuiMu into the old man! Old man with despair, hunger in battle, heart always in silently thoughtfully: people were not born to overthrow. It is one of life's tenacity and strong embody!2 is the ultimate meaning of life works. Consider, old man with hunger, cold, dark, don't say to work by a fishbone empty? Man is completely cut off line is easy, but he has no! He is in trouble with the strong competition in battle,! YuSiWangPo rather too obstinate. Old man and the sea and in the volatile, completed the people's life force. Here is the success in said: "life is born, the brilliance of itself, not in a dead results - - - - - - - - the heel in cardiac alive!Three QuanZhu work is the concept of "success". The win on the material can be secular sense of success, but not necessarily successful life. If the life as a business to succeed, then, the life first should be perfect personality. Xiang is a loser, but he is recognized as the hero, Liu, but still seized by one as "surabaya rogue". If the solemn, farewell to the significance of human birth.Four works embodies the spirit of America's western values and. Adventure and heroics usually for the beauty of the old man, San Diego small fishing boat to upload the mayflower "in" the same spirit, namely: can I failed, but you destroy me, I always strive for a breakthrough. Reason: the nationality of works for the works of a worldwide.5 is the work presents a new dialogue between man and nature. "The old man and the sea" dialogue ", is weak and strong, loneliness and noise, winning and losing dialogue, it is different from the dialogue with the island, Crusoe is some life. Shark, the sea is spoiled, and the spirit of land for long. People in turbulent waves, and in living in the region, is absolutely called?6 is the product of work is personified. This course should brush, chicheng frankly. As is known to all, Hemingway's life in nature, good adventure. Challenge vitality He thought, no power of life. He hates to human desires, lust, and love, he often bypass the crowd around, magical place hunting, war, piao sentiment. Because of this, he mentally alone in the sea as fighting with the old man of sharks. However, he was born, until picked a secular evil theory with empty, only to double fishbone tube rifle issued a warning to the world.limitationsThis is a novel, but also can take it as a fable. Hemingway sing out here to humans fighting spirit stubborn. The novel is optimistic note and the end. Through the boy will once again with a new man, to fight and a new hope.But, of course, we should also realize that as a bourgeois individual Hemingway's limitations. He neither see, see the way society, the strength of the masses, he is in a weak foothold to personal struggle spirit came. Consequently, he failed to hero is only the hero. The old man and the sea "optimism is wide dark a glimmer of the air, and throughout the is a melancholy throughout the pain.The old man is a real image, or if the employee is but a critics say a laborer appearance of Hemingway's intellectuals? We think that is a - the true image of laborer, though, may be slightly. The writer is a true to his characters will simply as his mouthpiece. If Santiago only cosmetic of Hemingway, this novel won't have such power of moving. Santiago's thoughts and feelings and not beyond him such a laborer of thoughts and feelings. He in the boundless sea battle with fish, fish that will both as the enemy and as a brother's mood, should be understood and experience. In Hemingway's this old man is not a profound social content, but are faithful and true.But the old man Santiago is a writer Ernest Hemingway's shadow. His son Gregory Hemingway wrote in a memoir, "Hemingway's hero is Hemingway himself, or his best." This is right. We work in some of the many characters are seen writers of his own shadow. But, in the novel "the old man and the sea", we felt in the thoughts and feelings with Hemingway, Santiago is more closely together, he loves him, sing praises to him, he entered the ", "the old man in the sea, feeling and sentiment is he to experience. In a sense, and from a certain Angle, the old man is Hemingway incarnation. But this is not to say ahead of us is a real art image that conflict.In YiJiuErLiuNian, Hemingway published "the sun also rises," in this novel, he expressed in the first world war, the part of the American young intellectuals deep despair of reality. He therefore "lost generation" of the identity of the representative by notice, and some people will this novel as a "lost generation" declaration. Since then, he has been in his life and society. He attended the struggle against Spain franco. His works have exposed in the dark, capitalism had antifascist enthusiasm. His sympathy for China's Anti-Japanese War. He is a serious, right-minded writer. But, he always can not out of the circle, and individualism, never get rid of pessimism. Although "lost generation" as a literary genre in in the 1930s has collapsed, after the age from thought, said Hemingway is still a "lost". From the surface, Hemingway is a made great achievements, Fraser shatter his reputation, status, money. He is bold and unconstrained, open-minded, generous. But another Hemingway that he didn't see the real human way. And, as in war, it had a few times impaired his health. And he is old, writing more and more difficult. His heart is depressed, YiYu, doleful. In the boundless hugecrowd struggle, ups. The old man and the sea "is his soul essence of certain things. He not only in the old Santiago's body to his life on the feeling, also be the heroic man to motivate yourself as the example.42According to his son, Hemingway later in writing up has less easily. "The past is a water Wells, and now have the water pump.... he is no longer poet..., he became a workman, blame your destiny, sigh he's going into * entangles! � times first-come-first-served basis of dam Lei if ⊙ based Ge He lie � * his genius and back, which gives birth to a masterpiece (refers to the old man and the sea"), although not quite, but the scale, insight, and full of love and truth." Anyway, we can agree on the subject, because love, because of the ground with object close together, is the novel can obtain some achievements and can move one of the important reasons. -- but generally he is getting on in writing. So he had to say such words: "I wrote the book. I can't finish line." "I've been in this damned desk before... but I can't write out. It's not written. You know, I can't." His son say: "he always tries to win. He was lost, the". He's an old friend Malcolm, says: "if he can't write, he didn't want to live." In 1961, with a rifle bullets ended his life. I'm afraid I can't just explain for disease, it should also praised his old Santiago heroism another expression. However, we can also be considered that in the boundless huge crowd to struggle, the individual heroes who toil in a bell, their personal power loss after all, just to see more hope.