海明威毕业论文译文

"Old Man and the Sea" in the "tough guy" characteristics related research Abstract: "Old Man and the Sea" in the character Laoyufu Santiago Hemingway is shaping the image of the most successful one. This paper analyses the elderly "tough guy" characteristics of the three areas, namely, in any difficult circumstances do not give up, perseverance and永不言败and endure loneliness, and its practical significance. Key words: "Old Man and the Sea"; Santiago; tough guy Features 1. INTRODUCTION "Old Man and the Sea" heroine桑提亚哥, is an ordinary fishing elderly. After years of life and baptism, it is "thin and haggard, some deep neck wrinkles." Driven by the elderly every day in the boat fishing in the Gulf Stream is already 84 days have passed, and has not caught a fish. At the beginning, boys Mannuolin follow him. But for 40 days have passed, and they did not find anything, the children had to leave him. 85th day, the elderly finally catch on a big Marlins. On the hook of the Marlins desperately fled, and the elderly in three days and three nights after the deal, has finally been caught elderly. Exhausted elderly, scarred. However, the author did not give the elderly more a chance to recuperate. Way home, the elderly experience a more powerful group - sharks. Although exhausted, although scarred, the elderly still on the choice of fighting in the end. "They struggle with," he said, "I must fight to their death." Ultimately, the elderly along with the huge fish skeleton back, amazing! Novel published in 1952, is the author of Hemingway's one of the most successful novels. Although the author works unhealthy for the elderly, in the grim fate of the Granville pressure, but maintained a lofty "tough guys" in the spirit. This spirit in the concentrated expression in any difficult conditions do not give up hope; dare to challenge, Wing not admit defeat and endure loneliness. This spirit will continue to participate in international competition in the human environment States is particularly important. From the analysis in this paper works in the image of the elderly, reveals the "tough guys" in the characteristics of an advocacy patiently永不言败spirit. 2. Hope - support "tough guy" and the source of strength Author start on the image of elderly people. "Elderly thinner and haggard, some deep neck wrinkles. Saibang some brown spot disease,…… used his hands Minsuola big fish, leaving a carved deep scars." So often the image of sympathy from readers so that readers feel it Shen. However, the trend continues, the author Bifeng a turn, the text color is bright up. "Everything seems on the old, in addition to her badly eyes, as they are generally blue seawater is happy and refused to admit defeat in." The vision of the elderly is not stuffy, but young people have the "general like blue water." If the elderly have a young heart, did not have the eyes. "Has gone 84 days, has not caught a fish." The child's parent that "quasi-elderly is now full of 'blood reversed mycophenolate'", and asked the children to leave the elderly, to a ship to another. Readers can imagine the situation of the elderly, lonely, not understood. Originally an elderly under such conditions chosen to give up, there will be no objection. However, the elderly are "on the justice of the propeller blade trap in Block nails, body-forward offset oar in the water-resistance encountered, in the dark hands drawn to Hong Kong." Elderly firmly of the view that they will not always unfortunate, took into the unknown deep. What is the strength of support for the elderly in such difficult conditions, to make such a strong decision? The author said by the elderly out of the mouth - even more difficult life, even the wretched standpoint. "But a quasi-Who says? Maybe today on the transit. Every day is a new day." This is the hope for the future, this is never give up hope for the future. Later, the author of the text has once again strengthened the elderly "tough guy" image of this feature. When the big shark Marlins Qiqu half. "Do not have a hope which only stupid, he said he would." When finally he only went to pay a huge skeleton back, at least the "ship or good, he said he would, which is good, and not by a little injury, in addition to that of the rudder. That is easily replaced." See that the elderly are beneficial side. Hope never dies, the inexhaustible strength. Even if the slim hope that also deserves the biggest pay. The author believes that this is adhering to the elderly, to support his fight with the Marlins, and the shark-fighting, and fighting their own will,永不言败. 3. Dare to challenge, Wing not admit defeat Elderly fishing is like the process of the process of life. Every person in the world to a life may have to face the vast vast sea, in the face of canine Lichi, greedy sharks, but only just as a life boat and the existence of this world. support - soul. Respected and fearsome in the face of nature, human beings are all the more insignificant. However, the author has the reader raised the question: How should the posture in the world live. At the same time the author has also passed the elderly alone in the face of the sea, in the face of the action taken sharks have answered this question. "Singled out in the water on a green poles suddenly started beating wildly to the water Shen," a big fish to hook the. Contest of the first round, the elderly suppress their own desire, quietly waiting for the fish Jiaogou. The Tale of the elderly silent, reflecting the strong desire of their hearts. "Live bait bar, fish ah. Eat. You eat. These more fresh bait,……." " 'Come,' said the elderly to speak out. 'Wanzi again around a bar. Smelling the bait. They are not very tasty? They also take the time to eat fresh, back there那条tuna. Also strong, cool and tasty. Biebo embarrassed, and the fish. them eating it. '. " With the elderly patient to get over this the quiet before the onset of World War II. Next is the strength, although the elderly "with the weight of your body as a support, waving arms in the rotation Diaosuo pull back." However, "That fish only slowly opening to travel, the elderly unable to pull it up an inch." Big fish so the boat can be pulled away to drag broader deep. On one side is the older elderly, one is unfathomable sea and unknown injuries, screen readers can imagine the site. Hegel said: "The great personality and the degree of firmness, only the help of the great contradictions and confrontations can be measured by the degree of firmness." Elderly admirable courage is through his opponent - the sea, fish, and later demonstrated by the large shark. Way home, the elderly suffered a greater challenge, the Marlins drew blood shark group. "The author describes at great lengths with the sharks' long and thick and sharp blue head, two big eyes and then collapsing Yaode grid collapse, in the long stretch, swallowed all the cheeks' and 'hunger will be expected that a paddle or snake bite people to swim in the water, sea turtles sleep when their legs and limbs Jiaodiao '. performance of these elderly people to describe the heroic spirit. fish is to write to write, the more ferocious fish bad tackle, fishing, shark fight the image of the elderly will be tall. "① Elderly essence is weak, the elderly speak out said, "unless there are sharks,……, and it is willing to God have mercy on me." "He would like to, I hope this is a dream, I did not catch Yantiaoyu is lying in bed alone shop Jiubao paper." However, the elderly said, "But people are not for the failure of health, one can be destroyed but not defeated.", "Come Jialanuo shark, another come." "They struggle with, I must fight to their death." "Now they can beat me, and he would like to. Me too old, and we can not stick killed shark. However, as long as I have the propeller and rudder and Duanao to, I would like to try." Challenges the elderly age, physical challenges limit. "He also felt dizzy, but he has那条Yezhu make every effort to fish." " 'Pull ah, ah hand', he said he would. 'Firm, Tuiren. Boil on it for my first. Boil it for my bar. You never had fainted'." These language and behavior from the elderly for victory and strength of the desire. The elderly can be "elated" with the children stresses baseball. And the elderly in the Lions dreams even stronger expression to this point. -- Lions, in Western culture was considered Baishouzhiwang, is a symbol of strength and power. Zhengjianghaoqing the mentality of the elderly when they are young have already accumulated. The author says: elderly people than when they are young and the wrist, "a whole day and night, they handle Shui infants dormant on the desktop a chalk line, arms extended upward, holding two manpower. Both sides with all the force at the hands of the other side will feel like work down Pressure on the desktop, "" exert all effort to force the black hand pull down a little bit, until the pressure on the desktop. " "If he wanted to do that, then he can beat anyone." Undeniably, Juanjiangbenzhuang, energetic era of the past, the elderly have been watered down. The author works, readers can see the elderly regain a strong desire for power. China's poem "Laojifuli, high aspiration, martyrs Munian, Zhuangxinbuyi" elderly people with the spirit of the poet to express the meaning converge. This is also the author of the pursuit. "He is an eternal pursuit of things, and this is the determination of the character" ② Bucket shark fishing and the elderly part, the author does not wish to emphasize the antagonism between man and nature, in fact, people are naturally part of Ben. The ocean as a gentle elderly women. Asked the elderly do not understand the language birds "You little, and this is the first time out?" Even want their own fish, the elderly also said that "fish ah, I love you and respect you very much.……" Marxist Philosophy told We, the contradiction is the unity of opposites. The relationship between man and nature even more so. And the fish in the course of the struggle, the elderly and wisdom displayed a calm side. The stalemate in the struggle, "even think you can, old man," he said to himself. "With the current and gently rest wooden ship, in order to nothing. Busy it is. Busy you, the fewer the better." According to his judgement Diaosuo gradient is to fish the shallow Tour. To the elderly, "I need to pull it in the very near, very near, very near, I must not……扎its head.扎进I the heart of it." These fishing is not only the experience of a lifetime the elderly, but also the elderly lucid wisdom embodied. Author precisely with the beginning of the story for the elderly account for the same. "Everything seems on the old, in addition to her badly eyes, as they are generally blue seawater is happy and refused to admit defeat in." Reflect the inner eye. Only heart Smart people will have a pair of bright eyes. 4. Endure loneliness The author does not explain the origins of the elderly, people do not know what he come from, nor do I know whether he has relatives. I only know that "he is alone in a Gulf Stream fishing for the elderly." Mannuolin children with his companions, but 40 days when parents were called away. The elderly have to face the sea and sharks. But they are not the most fear, the elderly face the greatest fear is loneliness. Loneliness is more important than loneliness itself. Lonely elderly resolve is the only way to himself. Himself for the elderly, the authors have repeatedly described: "He can not remember when he was first started in the当儿Daizhe himself alone again. Previous years he had to sing alone to the Daizhe, sometimes singing in the night, it is caught in small boats or sea turtles boat on duty at the helm of things. probably in that he left his children, he himself alone Daizhe the start. " " 'If I hear others in himself, and when I would go mad,' he said to speak out. 'But since I did not go mad, I Whether, or to say'." The elderly do not understand the language or even the birds, said: "the birds, so happy to live in my home bar.…… I am sorry, I can not take advantage of the current wind blowing this, Cheqi sail back to you. However I finally have a friend with a. " Marlins struggle with the deep sigh when "I hope that the children here like." "I hope that the child in here like" in his works had repeated. I believe that the elderly and people are looking forward to help him. "As long as he is willing, he can beat anyone." Some elderly are looking forward to see his experience, his courage and ability. Eager recognized the elderly, the elderly pursuit of self-satisfaction. 5. Summary Novels by the characters, story and the environment described reflect social life. Hemingway's "Old Man and the Sea" shaping the success of a classic "tough guy" image. This "tough guys" in the difficult conditions in the show the courage to challenge, tenacity, spirit and forever with the spirit of Hemingway's "elegant under the weight of" the spirit of the agreement. "Hemingway mold of this Genghanzi image derived from the real life, and Hemingway's own experience and had close ties from a certain kind of sense, Genghanzi image is the portrayal of Hemingway's own." ③ Mr. Lu Xun said: "winners are respectable, but still backward Although non-ran to the end of more than competitive, and met with such a competitive, and not laugh Onlooker Suran is the backbone of China's future." We still need the era of "tough guys", it is still necessary "Hero", the paper attempts to Santiago "tough guys" features analysis, advocacy is still a need of our times "tough guys" in the spirit.

桑提亚哥老人已经八十四天没有捕到一条鱼了。最初，一个年轻的孩子曼诺林和他一起分担恶运，但在过了四十天倒霉日子之后，孩子的爸爸让孩子到另一条船上干活去了。从那个时候起，桑提亚哥只是一个人干活。每天早晨他划着小船到有大鱼出没的墨西哥湾流去，每天晚上他总是两手空空地回来。 孩子喜欢并且可怜这个老渔人。曼诺林要是自己没有挣到钱，就会乞讨或偷窃以保证桑提亚哥有足够的食物和新鲜的鱼饵。老人谦卑地接受孩子的好意，谦卑中带有某种隐而不露的自豪感。晚餐时(吃的是大米饭和黑蚕豆)他们总会谈论在运气好的日子里一起捕获的大鱼，或是谈论美国的棒球赛和伟大的狄马吉奥。夜间桑提亚哥一个人躺在自己的小棚屋里，梦见非洲海滩上的狮子，几年前他航海去过那个地方。他不再梦见自己死去的老婆了。 在第八十五天，桑提亚哥在寒冷的黎明前的黑暗中，把小船划出了港口。在把陆地的气息抛在身后之后，他放下了钓丝。他的两个鱼饵是孩子给他的鲜金枪鱼，还有把鱼钩遮盖起来的沙丁鱼。钓丝垂直地下到暗黑的深水里。 太阳升起时，他看到别的一些船只都头朝着海岸，在海上看来海岸象是一条接近地平线的绿带子。一只盘旋的军舰鸟给老人指明了海豚追逐飞鱼的地方。但是鱼群游得太快、也太远了。这只猛禽又在盘旋了，这次桑提亚哥瞧见金枪鱼在太阳光下跃起。一条小金枪鱼咬住了他艉缆上的鱼钩。老人在把颤动的金枪鱼拉上船板以后，心想这可是一个好兆头。 快到中午时，一条马林鱼开始啃起一百深处的那块鱼饵来了。老人轻轻地摆布那条上了钩的鱼，根据钓丝的份量他知道那准是一条大鱼。最后他猛拉钓丝把鱼钩给稳住了。但是，那条鱼并没有浮出水面，反而开始把小船拖着往西北方向跑。老人打起精神，斜挎在肩膀上的钓丝绷得紧紧的。他虽然孤身一人，体力也不如从前，但是他有技术，他懂得许多诀窍。他耐心地等待鱼累乏下来。 日落之后，寒意袭人，老人冷得发抖。当他剩下的鱼饵中有一块被咬住时，他就用自己那把带鞘的刀把钓丝给割断了。有一次那条鱼突然一个侧身，把桑提亚哥拉得脸朝下地跌了一跤，老人的颊部也给划破了。黎明时分，他的左手变得僵硬并抽起筋来了。那条鱼还是一直往北游，一点陆地的影子都瞧不见了。钓丝又一次猛的一拉，把老人的右手给勒伤了。老人肚子饿得发慌，就从金枪鱼身上割下几片肉，放在嘴里慢慢嚼着，等着太阳出来晒暖他的身子和减轻手指抽筋的痛苦。 第二天早上，这条鱼蹦出了水面。桑提亚哥瞧见鱼的跃起，知道自己钓到了一条未见过的最大的马林鱼。一会儿鱼又往下沉去，转向了东方。在炽热的下午，桑提亚哥节省地喝起水壶里的水。为了忘掉划破的手和疼痛的背，他回想起过去人们如何称他为“优胜者”和他如何在西恩富戈斯地方一家酒馆里和一个大个子黑人比手劲。有一次一架飞机嗡嗡地从头上掠过，向迈阿密飞去。 黄昏之际，一条海豚吞食了他重新放上鱼饵的小钩子。他把这条“鱼”提到了船板上，小心不去拉动他肩上的钓丝。休息一会之后，他切下几片海豚肉并且把在海豚胃中发现的两条飞鱼留了下来。那天夜里他睡着了。他醒来时觉得当这条鱼跳起时钓丝就滑过他的手指。他缓慢地把钓丝放松，尽力想把这条马林鱼拖乏。在这条大鱼放慢跳跃时，他把划破的双手放在海里洗，并且吃了一条飞鱼。日出时，这条马林鱼开始打起转来了。老人感到头晕目眩，但他尽力把大鱼在每转一圈时拉得更近一些。他虽然几乎筋疲力尽，终于还是把自己的捕获物拉得和小船并排在一起并用鱼叉猛击这条马林鱼。他喝了一点水，然后把马林鱼捆绑在他那条小船的头部和尾部。这条马林鱼比船还长两英尺。哈瓦那港从来没有见过捕到这么大的鱼，他扯起有补丁的船帆开始向西南方向驶去，心想这下要发财了。 一个小时以后，他瞧见了第一条鲨鱼。这是一条凶猛的尖吻鲭鲨。它飞快地游了过来，用耙一样的牙齿撕这条死马林鱼。老人用尽余力把鱼叉往鲨鱼身上扎去。尖吻鲭鲨打着滚沉下去了，带走了鱼叉，而且已经把马林鱼咬得残缺不全，鲜血直流。桑提亚哥知道血腥味会散开来。他望着海面，看到两条犁头鲨游近来了。他用绑在桨的一头的刀子击中了其中的一条，并看着这条食腐动物滑到深海里去了。他杀死了正在撕食马林鱼的另一条鲨鱼。当第三条鲨鱼出现时，他把刀子向鲨鱼戳去。鲨鱼打了一个滚，结果把刀给折断了。日落时又有一些鲨鱼游过来了。起初他设法用舵把朝它们劈过去，但是他双手磨破了皮在流着血，而游来的鲨鱼多得成了群。在暮色中，他望着地平线上的哈瓦那的微弱的灯光，听着鲨鱼一次一次在啮咬马林鱼的尸体。老人此时想到的只是掌舵，和他自己极度的疲乏。他出海太远了，那些鲨鱼把他打败了。他知道那些鲨鱼除了大马林鱼的空骨架之外，是什么也不会给他留下的。 当他划进小港，让小船冲上沙滩时，岸上的灯火都已灭了。在朦胧之中，他只能分辨出那条马林鱼白色的脊背和竖着的尾巴。他拿着桅竿和卷起的船帆，往岸上爬去。有一次他在重压下跌倒了，他耐心地躺在地上，积蓄力气。等他进了自己的棚屋时，他一头倒在床上就睡。 那天早上晚些时候，孩子发现他时他还躺着。这个时候，一些渔民聚在那只小船的周围，对这条从头到尾长有十八英尺的大马林鱼啧啧称奇。当曼诺林拿着热咖啡回到桑提亚哥的棚屋时，老人醒了。他告诉孩子可以把他那条鱼的长吻拿走。曼诺林要老人休息，把身体养好，以便日后再一起出去捕鱼。整个下午老人都在睡觉，那孩子就坐在他的床旁边。桑提亚哥正在梦见那些狮子呢。

《老人与海》中的“硬汉”形象分析2008-03-08 15:09《老人与海》中的“硬汉”特征相关研究摘 要：《老人与海》中的主人公老渔夫桑提亚哥是海明威塑造的最成功的形象之一。本文分析了老人“硬汉”特征的三个方面，即在任何困难的情况下都不放弃，坚忍不拔，永不言败和忍受孤独，并探讨其现实意义。关键词：《老人与海》；桑提亚哥；硬汉特征 1．引言《老人与海》的主人公桑提亚哥，是一个普通的打鱼老人。经过了生活和岁月的洗礼，现在已是“消瘦而憔悴，脖颈上有些很深的皱纹”。老人每天驾着小船在湾流中钓鱼，已是八十四天过去了，一条鱼也没逮住。刚开始，男孩曼诺林跟随他。但连续四十天过去了，他们一无所获，孩子只好离开了他。第八十五天，老人终于钓上了一条大马林鱼。上了钩的大马林鱼拼命逃窜，在与老人三天三夜的周旋后，终于被老人捕获。老人筋疲力尽，伤痕累累。可是作者没有给老人更多喘息的机会。归途中，老人遭遇了更加强大的一群－－鲨鱼。虽然筋疲力尽，虽然伤痕累累，老人仍就选择战斗到底。“跟它们斗，"他说，"我要跟它们斗到死”。最终，老人拖着巨大的鱼骨架回去，令人惊叹！小说发表于1952年，是作者海明威最成功的小说之一。作者笔下的老人虽然羸弱，在严酷的命运的威压下，却保持着一种崇高的“硬汉”精神。这种精神集中体现在处在任何艰难的条件下都不放弃希望；敢于挑战，永不服输和忍受孤独。这种精神对于处在不断参与国际竞争环境下的中人国尤为重要。本文试从分析作品中老人这一形象出发，揭示“硬汉”的特征，倡导一种坚忍不拔，永不言败的精神。2．希望――支撑“硬汉”的力量之源作者一开始便介绍了老人的形象。“老人消瘦而憔悴，脖颈上有些很深的皱纹。腮帮上有些褐斑，……他的双手常用绳索拉大鱼，留下了刻得很深的伤疤。”这样的形象往往引起读者的同情，使读者心情为之一沉。然而，接下去，作者笔锋一转，文字的色彩也明亮起来。“他身上的一切都显得古老，除了那双眼睛，它们像海水一般蓝，是愉快而不肯认输的”。老人的眼光不是混浊的，而是年青人才有的“像海水一般蓝”。若不是老人有着一颗年轻的心，不会具有那样的眼神。“至今已去了八十四天，一条鱼也没逮住”。孩子的父母认为“老人如今准是十足地‘倒了血霉’”，并吩咐孩子离开老人，到另一条船上去。读者可以想象老人的处境，孤独，没有人理解。本来一个老人在这样的条件下选择放弃，也不会有异议。然而老人却“把桨上的绳圈套在桨座的钉子上，身子朝前冲，抵消桨片在水中所遇到的阻力，在黑暗中动手划出港去”。老人坚定的认为自己不会总是倒霉，毅然驶向不可知的深海。是什么样的力量，支持着老人在如此艰难的条件下，做出如此坚强的决定呢？作者通过老人的嘴说了出来――那怕生活再艰难，那怕倒霉透顶。“可是谁说得准呢？说不定今天就转运。每一天都是一个新的日子”。这是对未来的希望，这是对未来希望的永不放弃。作者在后来的文字中也再次强化了老人“硬汉”形象的这一特征。当鲨鱼把大马林鱼吃去大半。“不抱希望才蠢哪，他想”。当最终他只能拖着一付巨大的骨架回去，至少“船还是好好的，他想。它是完好的，没受一点儿损伤，除了那个舵把。那是容易更换的”。老人看到的都是有利的一面。希望不灭，力量不竭。即使渺茫的希望也值得最大的付出。笔者认为，正是这种老人的这种坚持，支持他与大马林鱼战斗，与鲨鱼群战斗，与自己的意志战斗，永不言败。3．敢于挑战，永不服输老人捕鱼的过程就像是人生的过程。每一个人都在这个世界上努力的生活着，可能要面对浩瀚无垠的大海，面对尖牙利齿，贪得无厌的鲨鱼，而仅有的只是一只小船和作为人生存在这个世界上的支撑――灵魂。在可敬又可畏的大自然面前，一切的人类都显得渺小。可是作者却向读者提出了这样一个问题：人应该以怎样的姿态在这个世界上生活。同时作者也通过老人在独自面对大海，面对鲨鱼时采取的行动回答了这个问题。“一根挑出在水面上的绿色钓竿猛地往水中一沉”，一条大鱼上钩了。较量的第一回合，老人压抑着自己的渴望，静静的等待鱼儿咬钩。老人无声的诉说，反映了内心强烈的渴望。“吃鱼饵吧，鱼啊。吃吧。请你吃吧。这些鱼饵多新鲜，……”。“‘来吧，’老人说出声来。‘再绕个弯子吧。闻闻这些鱼饵。它们不是挺鲜美吗？趁它们还新鲜的时候吃了，回头还有那条金枪鱼。又结实，又凉快，又鲜美。别怕难为情，鱼儿。把它们吃了吧。’”。老人用耐心度过这大战来临前的宁静。接下来是力量的较量，尽管老人“拿身子的重量作为支撑，挥动双臂，轮换地把钓索往回拉”。可是“那鱼只顾慢慢地游开去，老人无法把它往上拉一英寸”。鱼大得以至于可以把船拉着走，拉向更为广阔的深海。一边是上了年纪的老人，一边是深不可测的大海和未知的伤害，读者可以想象出这幅画面。黑格尔说过：“人格的伟大和刚强的程度，只有借助于矛盾对立的伟大和刚强程度才能衡量出来”。老人令人敬佩的勇气也是通过他对对手――大海，大鱼和后来的大鲨鱼表现出来。 归途中，老人遭遇了更大的挑战，马林鱼血引来了鲨鱼群。 “作者用了大篇幅描写鲨鱼‘又粗大又尖长的蓝色的头，两只大眼和那咬得格崩崩，伸得长长的，吞噬一切的两颊’和‘饥饿时会去咬一把桨或者蛇，咬水里游泳的人，海龟睡觉时把他们的腿和四肢咬掉’。这些描写旨在表现老人的英雄气概。写鱼是为了写人，大鱼越是凶猛不好对付，捕鱼，斗鲨的老人的形象就越高大。”①老人本质是弱的，老人说出声来，“除非有鲨鱼来，……，愿天主怜悯它和我吧”。“他想，但愿这是一场梦，我根本没有钓到这条鱼，正独自躺在床上铺的旧报纸上”。可是老人又说“不过人不是为失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能给打败。”“来吧，加拉诺鲨，再过来吧”。“跟它们斗，我要跟它们斗到死”。“它们如今可把我打败了，他想。我太老了，不能用棍子打死鲨鱼了。但是只要我有桨和短棍和舵把，我就要试试。”老人挑战年龄，挑战生理极限。“他又感到头晕，可是他竭尽全力拽住了那条大鱼”。“‘拉呀，手啊’，他想。‘站稳了，腿儿。为了我熬下去吧，头。为了我熬下去吧。你从没晕倒过’”。这些语言和行为都源于老人对胜利与力量的渴望。老人可以“兴高采烈”地与孩子讲棒球。而老人的梦境中的狮子更加强烈的体现了这一点。―― 狮子，在西方文化中被认为是百兽之王，是力量与权力的象征。老人争强好胜的心态在年青时就已经有了积淀。作者写到老人年青时与人比腕力，“整整一天一夜，他们把手拐儿搁在桌面一道粉笔线上，胳膊朝上伸直，两只手紧握着。双方都竭力将对方的手使劲朝下压到桌面上”，“使出浑身的力气来，硬是把黑人的手一点点朝下扳，直到压在桌面上”。“他认为如果一心想要做到的话，他能够打败任何人”。不可否认，身强体壮，精力旺盛的时代已经过去，老人已大不如前。作者笔下，读者可以看出老人对重新获得力量的强烈渴望。中国有诗“老骥伏枥，志在千里，烈士暮年，壮心不已”，老人身上体现的精神与诗人想表达的意思殊途同归。这也是作者追求的。“他追求的是一种永恒的东西，这就是人的坚毅的品格”②老人捕鱼和斗鲨的部分，作者并不想强调人与自然的对立，事实上，人本生也是自然的一部分。老人将大海当成温柔的女性。老人问不懂语言的鸟儿“你多大了，这是第一次出门吗？”即使是自己想得到的鱼，老人也说“鱼啊，我爱你，非常尊敬你。……”马克思主义哲学告诉我们，矛盾是对立统一的。人与自然的关系更加如此。在与鱼的斗争过程中，老人展现了冷静与睿智的一面。在斗争相持的时候，“别想了，老头儿，”他对自己说。“眼下且轻轻地靠着木船舷歇息，什么都不要想。它正忙碌着。你越少忙碌越好”。他根据钓索的斜度判断鱼儿正往浅处游。老人想“我必须把它拉得极近，极近，极近，……我千万不能扎它的脑袋。我该扎进它的心脏”。这些不仅是老人一生捕鱼的经验，也是老人头脑清晰睿智的体现。恰恰与故事开头作者对老人的交代一致。“他身上的一切都显得古老，除了那双眼睛，它们像海水一般蓝，是愉快而不肯认输的”。眼睛反映内心。只有内心灵动的人才会具有一双明亮的眼睛。4．忍受孤独作者没有交待老人的身世，人们不知道他从哪里来，也不知道他是否有亲人。只知道“他是一个独自在湾流上钓鱼的老人”。孩子曼诺林与他相伴，然而四十天的时候，也被父母叫走了。老人要面对大海，鲨鱼。但这些还不是最恐惧的，老人要面对的最大恐惧是孤独。孤独感比孤独本身更重要。老人排解孤独的唯一办法是自言自语。对老人自言自语，作者有多次描述：“他记不起他是什么时候第一次开始在独自待着的当儿自言自语的了。往年他独自待着时曾唱歌来着，有时候在夜里唱，那是在小渔船或捕海龟的小艇上值班掌舵时的事。他大概是在那孩子离开了他、他独自待着时开始自言自语的。”“‘要是别人听到我在自言自语，会当我发疯了，’他说出声来。‘不过既然我没有发疯，我就不管，还是要说。’”老人甚至对不懂语言的鸟儿说：“鸟儿，乐意的话就住在我家吧。……很抱歉，我不能趁眼下刮起小风的当儿，扯起帆来把你带回去。可是我总算有个朋友在一起了。”在与马林鱼争斗时也深深感叹“但愿那孩子在这儿就好了”。“但愿那孩了在这儿就好了”在作品中出现过多次。笔者认为老人并是期待有人能够帮助他。“只要他愿意，他可以战胜任何人”。老人是期待有人能够看见他的经历，他的勇气与能力。老人渴望得到认同，老人追求自尊的满足。5．小结小说是通过对人物、故事情节和环境的描写反映社会生活。海明威的《老人与海》成功的塑造了一个经典的“硬汉”形象。这个“硬汉”在困难的条件下展现出的在敢于挑战，百折不挠，永不服输的精神恰与海明威的“重压之下的优雅”的精神相一致。“海明威塑造的这种硬汉子形象源自于现实生活，并与海明威的自身经历有着密切的关系。从某一种意义上讲，硬汉子形象是海明威自己的写照。”③鲁迅先生说：“优胜者固然可敬，但那虽然落后而仍非跑至终点不止的竞技者，和见了这样的竞技者而肃然不笑的看客乃正是中国将来的脊梁”。我们的时代仍需要“硬汉”，仍需要“英雄”，本文试图对桑提亚哥的“硬汉”特征进行分析，倡导一种我们时代仍就需要的“硬汉”精神。

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摘要：《老人与海》中的主人公老渔夫桑提亚哥是海明威塑造的最成功的形象之一。本文分析了老人“硬汉”特征的三个方面，即在任何困难的情况下都不放弃，坚忍不拔，永不言败和忍受孤独，并探讨其现实意义。关键词：《老人与海》；桑提亚哥；硬汉特征 1．引言《老人与海》的主人公桑提亚哥，是一个普通的打鱼老人。经过了生活和岁月的洗礼，现在已是“消瘦而憔悴，脖颈上有些很深的皱纹”。老人每天驾着小船在湾流中钓鱼，已是八十四天过去了，一条鱼也没逮住。刚开始，男孩曼诺林跟随他。但连续四十天过去了，他们一无所获，孩子只好离开了他。第八十五天，老人终于钓上了一条大马林鱼。上了钩的大马林鱼拼命逃窜，在与老人三天三夜的周旋后，终于被老人捕获。老人筋疲力尽，伤痕累累。可是作者没有给老人更多喘息的机会。归途中，老人遭遇了更加强大的一群－－鲨鱼。虽然筋疲力尽，虽然伤痕累累，老人仍就选择战斗到底。“跟它们斗，"他说，"我要跟它们斗到死”。最终，老人拖着巨大的鱼骨架回去，令人惊叹！小说发表于1952年，是作者海明威最成功的小说之一。作者笔下的老人虽然羸弱，在严酷的命运的威压下，却保持着一种崇高的“硬汉”精神。这种精神集中体现在处在任何艰难的条件下都不放弃希望；敢于挑战，永不服输和忍受孤独。这种精神对于处在不断参与国际竞争环境下的中人国尤为重要。本文试从分析作品中老人这一形象出发，揭示“硬汉”的特征，倡导一种坚忍不拔，永不言败的精神。2．希望――支撑“硬汉”的力量之源作者一开始便介绍了老人的形象。“老人消瘦而憔悴，脖颈上有些很深的皱纹。腮帮上有些褐斑，……他的双手常用绳索拉大鱼，留下了刻得很深的伤疤。”这样的形象往往引起读者的同情，使读者心情为之一沉。然而，接下去，作者笔锋一转，文字的色彩也明亮起来。“他身上的一切都显得古老，除了那双眼睛，它们像海水一般蓝，是愉快而不肯认输的”。老人的眼光不是混浊的，而是年青人才有的“像海水一般蓝”。若不是老人有着一颗年轻的心，不会具有那样的眼神。“至今已去了八十四天，一条鱼也没逮住”。孩子的父母认为“老人如今准是十足地‘倒了血霉’”，并吩咐孩子离开老人，到另一条船上去。读者可以想象老人的处境，孤独，没有人理解。本来一个老人在这样的条件下选择放弃，也不会有异议。然而老人却“把桨上的绳圈套在桨座的钉子上，身子朝前冲，抵消桨片在水中所遇到的阻力，在黑暗中动手划出港去”。老人坚定的认为自己不会总是倒霉，毅然驶向不可知的深海。是什么样的力量，支持着老人在如此艰难的条件下，做出如此坚强的决定呢？作者通过老人的嘴说了出来――那怕生活再艰难，那怕倒霉透顶。“可是谁说得准呢？说不定今天就转运。每一天都是一个新的日子”。这是对未来的希望，这是对未来希望的永不放弃。作者在后来的文字中也再次强化了老人“硬汉”形象的这一特征。当鲨鱼把大马林鱼吃去大半。“不抱希望才蠢哪，他想”。当最终他只能拖着一付巨大的骨架回去，至少“船还是好好的，他想。它是完好的，没受一点儿损伤，除了那个舵把。那是容易更换的”。老人看到的都是有利的一面。希望不灭，力量不竭。即使渺茫的希望也值得最大的付出。笔者认为，正是这种老人的这种坚持，支持他与大马林鱼战斗，与鲨鱼群战斗，与自己的意志战斗，永不言败。3．敢于挑战，永不服输老人捕鱼的过程就像是人生的过程。每一个人都在这个世界上努力的生活着，可能要面对浩瀚无垠的大海，面对尖牙利齿，贪得无厌的鲨鱼，而仅有的只是一只小船和作为人生存在这个世界上的支撑――灵魂。在可敬又可畏的大自然面前，一切的人类都显得渺小。可是作者却向读者提出了这样一个问题：人应该以怎样的姿态在这个世界上生活。同时作者也通过老人在独自面对大海，面对鲨鱼时采取的行动回答了这个问题。“一根挑出在水面上的绿色钓竿猛地往水中一沉”，一条大鱼上钩了。较量的第一回合，老人压抑着自己的渴望，静静的等待鱼儿咬钩。老人无声的诉说，反映了内心强烈的渴望。“吃鱼饵吧，鱼啊。吃吧。请你吃吧。这些鱼饵多新鲜，……”。“‘来吧，’老人说出声来。‘再绕个弯子吧。闻闻这些鱼饵。它们不是挺鲜美吗？趁它们还新鲜的时候吃了，回头还有那条金枪鱼。又结实，又凉快，又鲜美。别怕难为情，鱼儿。把它们吃了吧。’”。老人用耐心度过这大战来临前的宁静。接下来是力量的较量，尽管老人“拿身子的重量作为支撑，挥动双臂，轮换地把钓索往回拉”。可是“那鱼只顾慢慢地游开去，老人无法把它往上拉一英寸”。鱼大得以至于可以把船拉着走，拉向更为广阔的深海。一边是上了年纪的老人，一边是深不可测的大海和未知的伤害，读者可以想象出这幅画面。黑格尔说过：“人格的伟大和刚强的程度，只有借助于矛盾对立的伟大和刚强程度才能衡量出来”。老人令人敬佩的勇气也是通过他对对手――大海，大鱼和后来的大鲨鱼表现出来。 归途中，老人遭遇了更大的挑战，马林鱼血引来了鲨鱼群。 “作者用了大篇幅描写鲨鱼‘又粗大又尖长的蓝色的头，两只大眼和那咬得格崩崩，伸得长长的，吞噬一切的两颊’和‘饥饿时会去咬一把桨或者蛇，咬水里游泳的人，海龟睡觉时把他们的腿和四肢咬掉’。这些描写旨在表现老人的英雄气概。写鱼是为了写人，大鱼越是凶猛不好对付，捕鱼，斗鲨的老人的形象就越高大。”①老人本质是弱的，老人说出声来，“除非有鲨鱼来，……，愿天主怜悯它和我吧”。“他想，但愿这是一场梦，我根本没有钓到这条鱼，正独自躺在床上铺的旧报纸上”。可是老人又说“不过人不是为失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能给打败。”“来吧，加拉诺鲨，再过来吧”。“跟它们斗，我要跟它们斗到死”。“它们如今可把我打败了，他想。我太老了，不能用棍子打死鲨鱼了。但是只要我有桨和短棍和舵把，我就要试试。”老人挑战年龄，挑战生理极限。“他又感到头晕，可是他竭尽全力拽住了那条大鱼”。“‘拉呀，手啊’，他想。‘站稳了，腿儿。为了我熬下去吧，头。为了我熬下去吧。你从没晕倒过’”。这些语言和行为都源于老人对胜利与力量的渴望。老人可以“兴高采烈”地与孩子讲棒球。而老人的梦境中的狮子更加强烈的体现了这一点。―― 狮子，在西方文化中被认为是百兽之王，是力量与权力的象征。老人争强好胜的心态在年青时就已经有了积淀。作者写到老人年青时与人比腕力，“整整一天一夜，他们把手拐儿搁在桌面一道粉笔线上，胳膊朝上伸直，两只手紧握着。双方都竭力将对方的手使劲朝下压到桌面上”，“使出浑身的力气来，硬是把黑人的手一点点朝下扳，直到压在桌面上”。“他认为如果一心想要做到的话，他能够打败任何人”。不可否认，身强体壮，精力旺盛的时代已经过去，老人已大不如前。作者笔下，读者可以看出老人对重新获得力量的强烈渴望。中国有诗“老骥伏枥，志在千里，烈士暮年，壮心不已”，老人身上体现的精神与诗人想表达的意思殊途同归。这也是作者追求的。“他追求的是一种永恒的东西，这就是人的坚毅的品格”②老人捕鱼和斗鲨的部分，作者并不想强调人与自然的对立，事实上，人本生也是自然的一部分。老人将大海当成温柔的女性。老人问不懂语言的鸟儿“你多大了，这是第一次出门吗？”即使是自己想得到的鱼，老人也说“鱼啊，我爱你，非常尊敬你。……”马克思主义哲学告诉我们，矛盾是对立统一的。人与自然的关系更加如此。在与鱼的斗争过程中，老人展现了冷静与睿智的一面。在斗争相持的时候，“别想了，老头儿，”他对自己说。“眼下且轻轻地靠着木船舷歇息，什么都不要想。它正忙碌着。你越少忙碌越好”。他根据钓索的斜度判断鱼儿正往浅处游。老人想“我必须把它拉得极近，极近，极近，……我千万不能扎它的脑袋。我该扎进它的心脏”。这些不仅是老人一生捕鱼的经验，也是老人头脑清晰睿智的体现。恰恰与故事开头作者对老人的交代一致。“他身上的一切都显得古老，除了那双眼睛，它们像海水一般蓝，是愉快而不肯认输的”。眼睛反映内心。只有内心灵动的人才会具有一双明亮的眼睛。4．忍受孤独作者没有交待老人的身世，人们不知道他从哪里来，也不知道他是否有亲人。只知道“他是一个独自在湾流上钓鱼的老人”。孩子曼诺林与他相伴，然而四十天的时候，也被父母叫走了。老人要面对大海，鲨鱼。但这些还不是最恐惧的，老人要面对的最大恐惧是孤独。孤独感比孤独本身更重要。老人排解孤独的唯一办法是自言自语。对老人自言自语，作者有多次描述：“他记不起他是什么时候第一次开始在独自待着的当儿自言自语的了。往年他独自待着时曾唱歌来着，有时候在夜里唱，那是在小渔船或捕海龟的小艇上值班掌舵时的事。他大概是在那孩子离开了他、他独自待着时开始自言自语的。”“‘要是别人听到我在自言自语，会当我发疯了，’他说出声来。‘不过既然我没有发疯，我就不管，还是要说。’”老人甚至对不懂语言的鸟儿说：“鸟儿，乐意的话就住在我家吧。……很抱歉，我不能趁眼下刮起小风的当儿，扯起帆来把你带回去。可是我总算有个朋友在一起了。”在与马林鱼争斗时也深深感叹“但愿那孩子在这儿就好了”。“但愿那孩了在这儿就好了”在作品中出现过多次。笔者认为老人并是期待有人能够帮助他。“只要他愿意，他可以战胜任何人”。老人是期待有人能够看见他的经历，他的勇气与能力。老人渴望得到认同，老人追求自尊的满足。5．小结小说是通过对人物、故事情节和环境的描写反映社会生活。海明威的《老人与海》成功的塑造了一个经典的“硬汉”形象。这个“硬汉”在困难的条件下展现出的在敢于挑战，百折不挠，永不服输的精神恰与海明威的“重压之下的优雅”的精神相一致。“海明威塑造的这种硬汉子形象源自于现实生活，并与海明威的自身经历有着密切的关系。从某一种意义上讲，硬汉子形象是海明威自己的写照。”③鲁迅先生说：“优胜者固然可敬，但那虽然落后而仍非跑至终点不止的竞技者，和见了这样的竞技者而肃然不笑的看客乃正是中国将来的脊梁”。我们的时代仍需要“硬汉”，仍需要“英雄”，本文试图对桑提亚哥的“硬汉”特征进行分析，倡导一种我们时代仍就需要的“硬汉”精神。

一、象征意义象征的基本含义是用某种知觉或想象的图象标示来暗示某种不可见的意蕴,它可以通过意象来诱发欣赏者的经验和情感的表现,使文学作品产生强盛的生命力和永久的艺术魅力。作为现实主义作家,海明威深知此道,运用象征手法将抽象的思想变成具体的物象,再让读者从具体的物象激发经验想象和Ξ收稿日期:2003-02-24),男,贵州毕节人,贵阳师范高等专科学校英语系讲师。作者简介:蔡凤鸣(1958——42—? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. 情感的表现,去挖掘其中的意蕴。海明威在《老人与海》中通过局部修辞手段的象征手法来赋予这部小说的象征性。(一)故事的主人公圣地亚哥是“生命英雄”的象征。他敢于向人生的种种磨难宣战,向人的生命的极限挑战并超越它,以生命换荣誉、换尊严,从前所未有的角度震撼人心地展示了人的生命价值。在与大海、大马林鱼和鲨鱼的较量中,他以自信、勇敢、强悍的英雄形象奏响了一曲深沉低回的大提琴协奏曲。渔民以捕鱼为生,在茫茫大海上,孤独的老人划着小船连续八十四天没有钓到一条鱼,这真是“倒了血霉”,然而,老人并没有失去信心:Everythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheer2furandundefeated.[2](P12)眼睛是心灵的窗户,这“海水一样蓝的眼睛”跟那象征着厄运的破帆相对照,揭示出了老人圣地亚哥绝不向命运屈服的性格特征,透着老人乐观开朗,一如继往,不达目的决不罢休的精神。他决心在第八十五天“驶向远方”去钓大鱼,这是老人对理想的挚着追求,是人类要征服自身懦弱的表现。在同大马林鱼的较量中,明知对方力量比自己强,却表现出:Minedoesnotmatter,Icancontrol.Buthispaincoulddrivehimmad.[2](P184)Youdidnotkillthefishonlytokeepaliveandtosellforfood,hethought.Youkilledhimforprideandbecauseyouareafisherman.[2](P1101)语言铿锵有力,落地有声,气吞山河。同马林鱼的较量不仅是体力对抗,更重要的是对自我精神力量的确信,这种精神力量是“生命英雄”为捍卫人的尊严,而随着故事情节的发展,海明威又将老人一次次地推向绝境。面对“为所欲为”的鲨鱼,人是无法抗拒的,之苦战,Hehititagoodharpoonwithallhisstrength.Hehititwithouthopebutwithmalignancy.[2](P198)Hejerkedthetillerfromtherudderandbeatandchoppedwithit,holdingitinbothhandsanddrivingitdownagainandagain.[2](P1115)Heleanedoverthesideandpulledlooseapieceofthemeatofthefishwherethesharkhadcuthim.Hecheweditandnoteditsqualityanditsgoodtaste.[2](P1102)圣地亚哥不断承受着不幸命运的挑战,而正是他的勇敢和强悍战胜了一次次的厄运。面对着不断被鲨鱼撕咬的大马林鱼残骸,老人说“,一个人并不是生来给打败的,你尽可能把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他”。透过老人与鲨鱼的搏斗,我们再次领悟到“生命英雄”在精神上是不可摧毁的,是人类取得美好未来的保证。(二)大海象征人生的搏斗场,是人类社会的剪影。海明威并没有只是对大海作客观的描写,许多地方是通过老人圣地亚哥带有倾向性的默想、回忆、自言自语等形式叙述出来的。那有毒的水母是海里最欺诈成性的生物,但却是海龟的美食:Theturtlessawthem,approachedthemfromthefront,thenshuttheireyessotheywerecompletelycarapacedandatethemfilamentsandall.[2](P129)可是,那可恶的鲨鱼对海龟却残酷无情:Itwasthesesharksthatwouldcuttheturtles′legandflippersoffwhentheturtleswereasleeponthe[2](P1104)surface,…这海龟吃水母,鲨鱼吃海龟,还有那“在阳光下闪出银白色光的金枪鱼跳得很远地捕食小鱼”,小鸟被老鹰追捕时发出“微弱而凄惨的叫声”,于是我们便看到一幅从海底到天空的巨型画卷。在这幅画卷上到处是强者的追逐,弱者的逃奔,无处不隐伏着杀机,它所展现的是自然界中真真切切、自亘古又永恒的弱肉强食生存斗争的景象。这象征当时的美国社会,人们靠实力确定自己的地位,等级分明,没有平—43? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. —等、公正可言;有势力者高高在上,为所欲为,而芸芸众生则在社会底层受愚弄,遭鱼肉。大海暗示出只要出现本性同鲨鱼的统治者,哪里有他们,哪里就蒙受灾难。(三)鲨鱼主要代表一切破坏性的力量,是掠夺成性,制造灾难,阻止人们达到理想境界的各种破坏性恶势力的象征。对鲨鱼的强壮、凶悍、残忍,作者这样描写道:(9)Hecamelikeapigtothetroughifapighadamouthsowidethatyoucouldputyourheadinit.[2](P1108)(10)Inthenightsharkshitthecarcassesassomeonemightpickupcrumbsfromthetable.[2](P1116)然而,面对鲨鱼不断残暴地摧残死去的大马林鱼,老人圣地亚哥“感到就像自己挨到袭击一样”,他想“:跟它们斗,我要跟它们斗到死。”这生动地展示了人与自然界的殊死搏斗,更加反衬出人的伟大,同时也凸现了作者以斗争为乐的独特的“硬汉”性格。(四)作者通过多处象征性描写,有意识地把老人比作基督的化身。在故事的全过程中,老人经历了[2](P1103)了一声。作者描两次被钉十字架的过程。如,当老人圣地亚哥看到星鲨(galanos)时,不禁“Ay”述道“:这个词儿是没法翻译的,也许不过是一声叫喊,就像一个人感到钉子穿过他的双手,钉进木头时不由自主地发出的那种喊叫声”。作者在这里暗示的“这一个人”就是“被钉十字架的耶稣”。最生动的一点是老人拖着那巨大的鱼骨架回来后“,肩扛着桅杆开始往堤岸上爬去”时,曾回头望那绑在船边的马林鱼的残骸。这一静止的镜头显示出老人作为一个基督正在开始另一次苦难的历程,而鱼作为另一个基督正被绑在十字架上。这些象征性的描写是在暗示在美国耶稣重又被钉上了十字架,基督精神死亡了。通过这种隐晦的描写表达了作者对美国现实的极度悲观。(五)小说中一个极其重要的象征物,那群狮子”,春,象征着老人对力量的追求和对强者的向往,每次梦见量。群狮象征着同情弱者,仇视邪恶,,。,是海明威笔下硬汉形象的高度概括和升华,,寄托着他的理想及对人类的希望。小说的结尾“Theoldmanwasthelions”,[2](P1124)这是一个富有寓意的回声,体现了海明威的人生哲学与道德理想,即不向命运低头,永不服输的斗士精神和积极向上的乐观人生态度。虽然他拖回的只是一副鱼骨架,但他在精神上却始终是个胜利者。(六)在故事的结尾处,当孩子看到那苍白的鱼骨架和老人那伤痕累累的双手时“,hestartedtocry…andallthewaydowntheroadhewascrying”.[2](P1119)孩子心痛的不仅是老人那双流过血的手,更心痛的是老人历尽艰险才得到的战利品竟然被鲨鱼咬噬得一干二净,更心痛的是老人在历经长达八十四天的凄惶失意和极度紧张艰苦的考验后所换来的却只是更大的失望。孩子的“放声大哭”使读者产生强烈的听觉感,深深地撞击着读者的心弦,甚至掩卷之后仍依稀可闻。这哭声包含着孩子对老人的无限崇敬和深深的同情。这哭声显然是孩子在老人的英雄气概感召下性格走向成熟的起点,象征孩子的回归。这一象征手法的处理昭示出“他是在通过一条相当新的路子返回到他的起点”,表达了作品的乐观主义倾向。[3]二、语言特色(一)简洁的语言风格无论是叙述事实,铺陈景物,对话,还是揭示人物的心理活动,海明威在《老人与海》中的语言是简洁的,而所表达的思想又十分深刻,引人深思;不仅揭示了文体的结构关系,也表现了现代艺术的走向和审(Lessismore);语言的表述方式简练客观而节奏迅速。如:美情趣———“越少,也就越多”Henolongerdreamedofstorms,norofwomen,norofgreatoccurrences,norofgreatfish,norfights,norcontestsofstrength,norofhiswife.theboy.(4)(1)Heonlydreamedofplacesnowandofthelionsonthebeach.(3)(2)Theyplayedlikeyoungcatsintheduskandhelovedthemashelovedtheboy.HeneverdreamedaboutHesimplewoke,lookedouttheopendooratthemoonandunrolledhistrousersandputthem—44—? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. http://www.cnki.neton.(5)Heurinatedoutsidetheshackandthenwentuptheroadtowaketheboy.(7)(6)Hewasshivevingwith(8)themorningcold.(P118)Butheknewhewouldshiverhimselfwarmandthatsoonhewouldberowing.[2]这是海明威描写老人出海前的一段文字,共119个词。现从语音、词法和句法来分析以上这段文字的简洁之处。从语音来看,其中单音节和双音节词竟有115个,而三个音节以上的词仅有四个。(事实上整部小)大量使用单音节和双音节词使得这段文字读起来清新活泼、说也多是单音节和双音节词。简洁有力。从词法来看,1、一词多义,如,wake(vi.醒来,vt.叫醒),shiver(vi.哆嗦,vt.使哆嗦)。这种情况在书中俯拾皆是,如,ship(n.船,vt,把……放进船内),sail(n.帆vi.浮游)。2、词的构成,常用前缀un来表示做相反的动作,使读者能很容易理解其含义。除本段文字中unroll一词外,本书中其它地方,如:Theold[2](P167)Πmanunhookedthefish…Surelyitwilluncramptohelpmyrighthand.[2](P158)ΠHehadunleashedhiseffortandforcedthehandofthenegrodown…[2](P164)书中除了用前缀un外,还常用后缀less来表示相反的意义,如:afishlessdesertΠneedlesstemptationΠhiswing′smotionless.从句子结构来看,多用简单句(句(1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(7)),句(3)和句(8)分别是并列复合句和复合句。可见这段文字结构并不复杂,文笔是简练的,直截了当的。句(1)和句(2)文字铿锵有力,干脆利落,作者七次重复“不再梦见”有力地烘托出老人对“那群狮子”的热烈追求,寄托着他的理想。由于梦狮所产生的精神力量,老人从梦中醒来,接着作者用了三个简单句(句(5)(6)(7)),这些动作动词使读者产生了强烈的视觉感,。此外《老人与海》,1、常用小词。如:good和,,以引起读者的联想。例如:(1)He′sgoodandsoamI.[2](P168)(2)Itwasverygoodagainstallcoldsandgrippesanditwasgoodfortheeyes.[2](P130-31)2、常用省略结构。从语法上分析,这种省略句结构不算完整,但从上下文看意义是清楚的,它使语言更生动活泼,更接近现实生活,表意更突出,能收到言简意赅的强烈效果。例如:(3)Iremembereverythingfromwhenwefirstwenttogelher.[2](P15)(在when前省略thetime)(4)Ibetterputasmalllineoutwithaspoononit…[2](P193)(在better前省略had,小说中有3次省略,见P179,93,113)读完下面的句子,细细咀嚼,更使我们对海明威简洁的写作技巧称口叫绝:(5)Icandonothingwithhimandhecandonothingwithme,hethought.Notaslongashekeepsthisup.[2](P141)(6)“Ishouldn′thavegoneoutsofar,fish,”hesaid.“Neitherforyounorforme.I′msorry,fish”.[2](P1106)句(5)中的“Not”不仅指前面的并列句,而且以“Not”一词开头,明白地告诉读者老人同大马林鱼的较量是谁也奈何不得,充分表达了老人此刻的内心活动,加强了语言表达效果。就句(6)而言,从语法上分析,在“Neither”和“nor”后省略了good一词,这前后的省略表明了老人对这次“远海”钓到大马林鱼后的复杂心理活动。3、含蓄也是这部小说简洁文体的一个特点。它对所提出的事实不加评论、解释,让读者从简洁平谈的叙述中去慢慢品味,猜想。且看老人是如何在清晨喊醒小男孩的:[2](P118)Hetookholdofonefootgentlyandheldituntiltheboywoke…这无声的语言意蕴着无限的温情,然而它丝毫无损于老人的“硬汉”形象,相反,它更充分地表现了老人“重压下的优雅风度”———刚柔共济,相得益彰。—45? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. —(二)比喻手法比喻手法的运用是这部小说的一大语言特色。海明威在描写人物、景物和鱼类时都大量运用这一手法,充分展示了他细腻、精湛、巧妙的语言修辞艺术和独特的写作技巧。通过比喻,折射出许多丰富生动的形象和深层的意蕴,增强了语言在小说中的表意功能,突出了主题。如海明威对老人圣地亚哥左手的比喻模写:(1)Hislefthandwasstillastightasthegrippedclawsofaneagle.[2](P158)(2)Buthislefthandhadalwaysbeenatraitorandwouldnotdowhathecalledonittodoandhedidnottrustit.[2](P165)句(1)的比喻结构是as+adj.+as+名词(喻体),明喻。鹰是人们熟悉的凶猛的飞禽“像紧抓着的,鹰爪”比喻具体、形象,使人们产生种种可怕的联想。句(2)是用一个名词“traitor”作隐喻,比喻他的左手总是不听他的吩咐,总是背叛他。这两句对左手背叛比喻的描写有更深层的含意。海明威创作《老人与海》的年月正值麦卡锡主义在美国猖獗横行,民主与进步力量遭到疯狂的迫害,某些一度左倾的作家“在拼命地向麦卡锡道歉”,告密者成为名利双收的“爱国者”和“民族英雄”。海明威用含蓄象征的比喻手法表示了对这“叛徒似的左手”极大的鄙视。海明威在小说中常用比喻手法的描写以景抒情,以景喻情,充满丰富的象征寓意。例如:(3)Hecouldnotseethegreenoftheshorenowbutonlythetopsofthebluehillsthatshowedwhiteasthoughtheyweresnow-cappedandthecloudsthatlookedlikehighsnowmountainsabovethem.[2](P133)(4)HelookedattheskyandsawthewhitecumulusbuiltlikefriendlypilesoficecreamandhighabovewerethethinfeathersofthecirrusagainstthehighSemptember[2](P155)句(3)的比喻结构分别由asthough+从句和like+(,顶峰上空的云块又像是高耸的雪山,,显示出大海无比的壮美。,,有了雪,山才显得更加深沉与伟岸。句(4)+(喻体)+of+名词(主体)构成。像一堆堆冰淇淋似的积云,,让人赏心悦目,意蕴着老人对大海的热爱。老人圣地亚哥同大马林鱼的搏斗是这部小说的主要情节。海明威作意对大马林鱼身体形象细腻的比喻描写则意味着更多的东西。例如:(5)Hisswordwasaslongasabaseballbatandtaperedlikearapiered…[2](P157)(6)Thewiremusthaveslippedonthegreathillofhisback.[2](P146)(7)Hecouldpicturethefishswimminginthewaterwithhispurplepectoralfinssetwideaswings…Hiseyeishugeandahorse,withlesseye,canseeinthedark.[2](P161-62)(8)Theoldmanwasafraidhewouldcutthelinewithhistailwhichwassharpasascytheandalmostofthatsizeandshape.[2](P143)(8)的比喻结构都是由as+名词(喻体)构成,同时在句(7)中,作者把大马林鱼的眼睛同马的句(7)、眼睛形象地联系起来作了大小的比较。通过以上四句的比喻描写,一条凶猛的大马林鱼形象地展现在读者面前:它的嘴像棒球棒一样长,然后逐渐细如轻剑,脊背像小山一样高高隆起,紫色的胸鳍宽如翅膀,眼像似马眼却比马眼还大,尾巴像大镰刀般锋利而大小和形状都和大镰刀差不多。这些形象精湛的比喻喻体都是具体名词,能使读者唤起对客观具体事物的联想,增强了语言的表现力,而轻剑、大镰刀更容易使人产生可怕的联想。由此可见,这鱼不仅强大凶猛,而且美丽、高贵,这暗示着老人要战胜它是非常艰难的,是一次意志与力量的较量,是一场生死的搏斗。这些精湛的比喻也表明,凭着这鱼庞大的身躯、姿态、威力及美丽的色泽,谁也不配吃它,同时也使人联想到它象征人们渴望创造奇迹,要达到的宏伟目标,甚至是要实现的远大理想。(三)重复手法海明威在《老人与海》中重复和略有变化的重复使用同一个词、短语或句子,一方面使得语句连贯,—46—? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. 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Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. U.S. scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. 2002 Shiyan Vocational Technical College, LU Wei and Sun Yuan published a "how they become wandering soul - On" The Sun Also Rises "in a number of prominent figures in the spiritual world," the novels of a few The main character's spiritual world. Alvin Wang in 2002 published "From the images," The Sun Also Rises "to reveal the theme of" the four characters from the novel image to reveal the theme of the novel. 1996 Journal of Xuchang Teachers College at Choi Wan-sheng, Zhang Hui plant in bloom. "Published prosperity, war, confusion, to avoid -" The Sun Also Rises "Analysis of them from the four analytical point of view," The Sun Also Rises. "1994 Zhejiang University, in a newspaper published by the Health and bamboo, "the two sides were at a loss of life -" The Sun Also Rises, "" once again discussed at a loss of life status. Although Hemingway's novels and "The Sun Also Rises" study at home and abroad have made many achievements, but few three-dimensional, multi-angle analysis of "The Sun Also Rises". In fact, the analysis of Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" theme at the same time, the performance of his existential philosophy of life: the myth of the world, nothing in the environment, people should live actively in the process of discovery and To create meaning, the order of the United States.

老人于海中可能会有。