毕业论文中西快餐怎么写

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

自改革开放以来,西式快餐涌入中国市场,在各个方面都不断冲击着中式快餐的市场.到底西式快餐有何过人之处能在中国的快餐市场占有一席之地,消费者对中西快餐又有着怎样的看法,而中式快餐又该如何改进以应对西式快餐的冲击呢 对此,本小组成员做了简要探讨及分析. 关键词:中式快餐 西式快餐 质量 环境 正文: 随着社会的进步人们对吃的要求越来越高,对吃的看法也有了很大的改变.中国是一个饮食大国,相比西方国家,中餐也许更注重的是营养,口感和健康,但随着改革开放,对外经济的开放,餐饮,这与民生息息相关的一种行业也随之火暴发展起来,西式快餐,西式烧烤,西式烹饪也渐渐的端进了国人的餐桌上,由刚开始的排斥拒绝到大胆尝试,最后到习以为常.相反,对于那些排斥拒绝的人倒还另眼相看,这其中的过程不算很长,但原因却值得分析.西式快餐风风火火大行其道,而土生土长的中式快餐连锁在国内举步维艰,连而不锁.很重要的一点是中西式快餐连锁对餐饮文化的认同差异,西式快餐不仅注重口味,卫生,质量,便利,同时注重文化,店内的氛围服务及统一形象乃至花样百出的促销. 不同人群对于同一问题会有不同的看法,那么中式快餐与西式快餐分别在哪一年龄层中较受欢迎呢 .同时,从人们对同一产品的不同看法中可以看出产品的优缺点,那么人们喜欢洋快餐与喜欢中式快餐的原因各是什么呢 针对上述情况,我们进行了调查.并制作了以下图表. 不同年龄的消费者对中西餐的喜好 年龄 喜欢西餐 喜欢中餐 5～20 26.50% 18.30% 20～25 28.40% 17.80% 26～32 18.60% 20.40% 33～40 15.70% 21.10% 40岁以上 10.80% 22.40% 以上图表说明, 在西式快餐的消费群体中,年轻人占的比例比较大.同时还可看出西式快餐的发展前景具有很大的潜力. 而在中式快餐的消费群体中,中年人占的比例较大,可以看出这主要是由于中式快餐较经济实惠. 消费者的心理调查 喜欢西餐 认为好的环境和好的服务态度 价钱问题 健康问题 品种和口味 45.00% 23.50% 25.40% 23.10% 喜欢中餐 认为好的环境和好的服务态度 价钱问题 健康问题 品种和口味 37.80% 38.50% 58.80% 56.20% 从以上图表可以看出, 多数消费者认为西式快餐吸引人的主要原因是因为它的环境和服务态度好,而不喜欢西式快餐的主要原因是因为其对身体不好,其次是由于它的价格较中式快餐高. 而在喜欢中式快餐的消费者大多认为其比较健康营养,其次是中式快餐比较经济实惠,品种与口味也较丰富. 根据以上情况与调查分析,我们进行了如下探讨, 首先是卫生环境方面.中式快餐店比较直接,中式快餐店室内墙上通常挂满了各式面,饭,甜品的名称和价格.而且室内较为拥挤嘈杂,卫生不够好,有时甚至蚊虫飞过,让人不想多待,消费者大都就餐完毕就马上离开.顾客的流动量很大,经营为了赚钱.而洋快餐店更注重饮食环境和卫生,卫生环境很好,店内十分整洁干净,室内装修比较简洁但不失优雅,具有现代气息,营造了一种饮食品味,使消费者消费得乐意和享受.这种以人为本的经营理念的确是中式快餐所应该学习的. 其次是食品安全问题.肯德基和麦当劳在中国餐饮业的地位几乎没有中国企业可以动摇,市场的认可和其运作手段的先进性,让其在中国份额保持很高,但是今年来不断有"苏丹红"事件与"滤油粉"事件暴光出来,使肯德基与麦当劳的企业诚信不断遭到质疑,也导致了一部分消费者对西式快餐业的不信任.当然,中式快餐也有类似的问题.比如,"地沟油"的使用.众所周知,"地沟油"对人的身体健康是十分有害的.虽然,在工商执法部门与舆论的共同监督下,情况有所改善.但目前仍有许多中式快餐店为了赢取短暂的利益而使用"地沟油",阻碍着中式快餐业的健康发展.虽然这些问题不至于带来快餐业的灭亡,但是有一点值得思考,安全危机可能会带来民众对餐饮行业的置疑与不信任,最终无论对经营者还是对消费者都没有好处.在我国食品安全问题已经受到人们高度重视,加之媒体舆论的作用,所以不论是中餐还是西餐在加强技术和生产的同时也要十分注重食品安全和产品安全.毕竟真正高质量的安全食品才能在市场中占有大份额. 另外就是食品的健康问题.饮食中的主体是食品本身,西式快餐虽然在环境卫生,供应快捷等方面比较出色,但在食品健康方面似乎得不到更高的认同.一直以来,社会各界对西式快餐食品都有不同的评论.较多的说法认为西式快餐食品不健康,甚至称为垃圾食品.虽然,随着西式快餐不断深入中国市场,西式快餐打出了健康饮食,平衡饮食诸如此类的广告,但其以高能,高热的煎炸食品为主的本质仍没有改变,吃多了还是容易肥胖和致癌.就西方国家的消费者而言,其中绝大多数多出现了肥胖等现象,严重的甚至导致癌症和心脏病.如今,就有许多西方媒体呼吁民众应当合理膳食,减少高能,高热食品的摄入.较之,中式快餐则更营养,同时适合国人的体质与身体需要,能够做到荤素搭配,在补充蛋白质等高脂肪,高蛋白的食品亦有富含维生素的蔬菜,水果等来平衡,是一种比较健康的饮食.的确,西式快餐这种新的饮食选择吸引着不少消费者,但这或许只是前期消费的一种好奇和冲动.但当消费者开始真正熟悉西式快餐这种饮食文化后,所有的消费行为都会变得理智.而中式快餐在此方面的问题就相对较少了,并且较之高能量高热量的西式快餐更健康些. 再者,在口味和食品品种方面,中餐和西餐也略有差异.西方饮食讲科学营养,中国饮食讲求色香味美,因此,西方的单调与中国的丰富形成了鲜明的对比,这是东西方餐饮的最大的区别.汉堡,薯条,炸鸡,西式快餐也就这几样变来变去.来到中国,虽然引进了一些中式的汤,粥,饭,但是这毕竟是中国的东西,他们很难做到位,而且麦当劳,肯德基的价位在中国不便宜.而中国菜千变万化,从天上飞的到水里游的,都可以用来做菜,而且还有几大菜系,让人品不完,吃不厌.有一部分消费者认为中餐味道好,品种多样.他们认为虽然洋快餐的品种也很多,但中国小吃包涵东西南北的不同风情,五花八门,品种变化丰富多彩.这些都是中式快餐深厚的饮食文化的体现. 同时,西式快餐还形成了统一的品牌,有专业化的管理与生产模式,甚至是形成了一种企业文化.在生产上,西式快餐具有专业化,标准化的制作流程.这有益于大规模的生产,易于形成规模市场和加盟连锁经营体系.同时,标准化生产可以摆脱人为因素,使质量和卫生条件处于可控状态,便于复制形成品牌效应. 这样既保证了数量有保证了质量.在服务方面,从容不迫的蒙娜丽莎式的微笑几乎已经成为了西式快餐店服务员的标志.作为服务行业,服务态度尤为重要.西式快餐企业很注重员工素质的培养,在上岗前,他们会对员工进行统一的培训,上岗后,每个月都会评选出个门店内的最佳员工.这就保证了其员工有较高的素质,从而吸引顾客的二次消费,增加其企业效益.同时,西式快餐乐于作广告.广告是很重要的,树立良好形象是关键.有消费者认为商家经常搞活动,打广告,拉进消费者与商家关系是好方法.另外,肯德基,麦当劳的品牌形象经过几十年的时间早已深入国人心中,形成了一种独特的企业文化.如,经过肯德基与麦当劳时我们不时会看到有肯德基(麦当劳)姐姐带着小朋友跳舞,不亦乐乎.肯德基,麦当劳成功抓住了中国家长的心理,孩子喜欢,高兴,就愿意花钱.还有,在买套餐时赠送的精美的小玩具,雨天时为顾客提供的爱心雨伞等.这些在细微之处的关怀都体现这西式快餐企业"以人为本"的企业文化.而这种企业文化早已远远超过了食品本身带给我们的物质享受.而一旦当其超过食品本身,成为一种文化时,它所能传播的范围与途径就就大大地增加了,而不是仅限于食品,形成了一种特有的文化情结,从而为西式快餐企业带来更多的经济效益.而当西式快餐企业在如火如荼地打响品牌时,中式快餐却毫无声响,只是静静地躲在城市的街角,默默地守侯一些老客人,守侯这一间"店",而没想将其变成"企业".殊不知,"西式快餐大军"早已在身后威胁着他们的生存.而正是因为没有统一的品牌,使得中式快餐的生产无法作到标准化,流程化,进而使中式快餐出现了一系列的食品卫生安全问题.也使其没有统一化的管理,因此中式快餐店的员工素质往往较低.同时,也使中式快餐的宣传跟不上.使得其在饮食文化上与西式快餐有了较大的差距. 鉴于以上的分析与调查,我们认为虽然在卫生环境,企业品牌,管理等方面中式快餐不及西式快餐,但中式快餐被中国人广泛接受,经济实惠,更适合中国人的饮食习惯,在中国有着较大的市场基础,它的发展前景还是很广的. 现今,我们在街头亦不难发现一些比较清楚,生意红火的中式快餐.比如,在福州安泰路上的李卿包点店,几乎每到午餐,晚餐时间小店门口总会派着长长的队伍.究其原因就是因为他们的手艺好,食品美味又健康.还有成立于2002年的福州亮嫂餐饮连锁,几年来的用心诚信经营,已逐步成为福州小吃行业的生力军和领头羊,在福州快速餐饮行业中独树一帆. 对于中式快餐,它的主要问题是由于消费环境不好,管理太乱所造成的.因此,中式快餐店应当尽可能的为顾客营造出一种较为温馨的用餐环境,在装潢上做到简洁大方,在环境上做到宁静整洁,让顾客能够更愉悦的享用中国的传统美食.同时,中式快餐应当有统一的品牌,实行专业化的管理.作为中式快餐店的管理者还应当制定适宜的管理方案及市场营销策略,加强企业管理,使之有序不杂乱,如可以集中培训厨师与员工,提高员工的素质与培养良好服务态度.也要加大宣传,让人们更多的了解现代中式快餐.同时,中式快餐还可借鉴西式快餐的先进技术,实行具体标准化的制作流程,大规模地批量出产,如比如可在工厂中批量生产半成品,然后拿到门店进行加工,加热等这既保证数量又保证质量还解决了卫生问题.我们要有属于我们自己的快餐品牌,形成一定的管理体系,这样易于形成规模市场和加盟连锁经营体系.我们还应利用中式快餐已有的优势,如口味,营养,做工方面都独具特色,更适合中国人的饮食习惯,有较大的市场基础等,提高中式快餐的市场竞争力,打造出一个属于国人自己的特色快餐品牌.另外,还应利用已有的价格优势,以价格来吸引顾客,从而占有更多的市场份额. 当然,西式快餐的发展势头亦不可小觑.肯德基和麦当劳作为两大西式餐饮品牌,在中国的餐饮市场有着不可动摇的地位.近年来,西式快餐不断力图融入中国的传统饮食文化中,推出了一系列如,安心油条,蛋花粥等早餐,想要进一步吸引更多的中国客源. 对于此,综合以上调查,我们认为,从食品的健康与否上讲,西式快餐应当做得更营养,尽量减少高温高热食品对顾客身体健康的影响,以人为本,从食品本身出发来吸引顾客.同时,西式快餐对此的定价不能太高,应当在符合消费者心理承受范围内予以合理的定价,以吸引更多的消费者.以及,西式快餐应当将这些中国传统美食做的更正宗些,这样才能赢得消费者的青睐. 但无论是中式快餐还是西式快餐,相信只有真正提高其质量,让消费者吃的舒心,安心,放心才能最终赢得市场.

中西餐饮文化差别分析 中国和西方(以美国为代表)社会文化、历史发展的不同造就了中西餐饮文化的差别。有人形象地说：如果说中餐大餐文化像是一首混声大合唱，那西餐(大餐)就像是一支浪漫的小夜曲；如果说中餐馆充满了一股阳刚之气，那西餐厅则富有一种阴柔之美；中餐馆营造的是一种公众交友的场所，而西餐厅则是在制造私密幽会的空间，可见中西餐饮文化本质的差异。理解这些差异，分析比较这些差异，在经营管理中巧妙地处理这些差异，是中餐连锁企业面临的一个重要的问题。 (一)中餐餐饮文化 中国餐饮文化源远流长，是中华民族文化宝库的重要组成部分，与法国、土耳其烹饪并称世界三大烹饪体系，也是我们中华儿女为之骄傲和自豪的地方。中餐文化具有绚丽多彩的文化内涵和雄厚坚实的技术基础，以味为核心，以养为目的，是文化、科学、艺术的结晶，不同的地理位置，不同的民族，有着不同风格但同样是无与伦比的餐饮文化。品种众多、风味独特的地方佳肴，香飘四海，风靡万方，深深地吸引着无数的海外爱好者。还可以说，饮食功夫也是一种学问，一种特色的突出，一种交流的途径。 内涵文化 中华饮食文化历来讲究色、香、味，讲究餐饮的形式，可以用“精”、“美”、“情”概括。这几个字，反映了饮食活动过程中饮食品质、审美体验、情感活动、社会功能等所包含的独特的文化底蕴，也反映了饮食文化与中华优秀传统文化的密切联系。 精，是对中华饮食文化的内在品质的概括，这种精品意识作为一种文化精神，渗透、贯彻到整个饮食活动过程中。选料、烹调、配伍乃至饮食环境，都体现着一个“精”字。 美，体现了饮食文化的审美特征。中华饮食之所以能够征服世界，重要原因之一，就在于它美。这种美，是指中国饮食活动形式与内容的完美统一，是指它给人们所带来的审美愉悦和精神享受。中餐之美不仅表现在味道上，而且在形式上、颜色上、器具上，甚至在服务人员的服饰上，都透着美的成份，让人时时刻刻感觉到美的冲击和享受。可见，美作为饮食文化的一个基本内涵，是中华饮食的魅力所在，贯穿在饮食活动过程的每一个环节中。 情，中华文化历来以情为纽带，同样，中华饮食“情”为重要的功能。在中国，吃饭实际上是人与人之间情感交流的媒介，是一种别开生面的社交活动。一边吃饭，一边聊天，一边谈生意、交流信息、采访。古往今来，中国人习惯在饭桌上表达惜别或欢迎的心情，感情上的风波，人们也往往借酒菜平息。随着社会生活节奏的加快，饮食活动的社会调节功能和心理按摩作用越来越受到人们的重视。 精、美、情、礼，分别从不同的角度概括了中华饮食文化的基本内涵，换言之，这四个方面有机地构成了中华饮食文化的整体概念。精与美侧重于饮食的形象和品质，而情与礼，则侧重于饮食的心态、习俗和社会功能。但是，它们不是孤立地存在，而是相互依存、互为因果的。惟其“精”，才能有完整的“美”；惟其“美”，才能激发“情”；惟有“情”，才能合乎时代风尚的“礼”。四者环环相生，完美统一，形成中华饮食文化的最高境界。我们只有准确地把握“精、美、情、礼”，才能深刻地理解中华饮食文化，才能更好地继承和弘扬中华饮食文化。 形式文化 中餐往往注重配料精细而考究，千变万化，技巧繁多。从刀功来看，就要求眼、刀、心的一致配合，才能达到一定的境界。在烹制过程中还要做到火候、味感的把握，中国文化的博大精深可见一斑。出盘则是圆盘相托，一团和气，又可反映出中国人的聚气而生, 以圆为主，平和而儒涵，往往是大家共享，以筷进食，灵巧而善于思考，理性而知性的中国人形象在饮食中被表现得淋漓尽致。 合餐文化 中式餐饮一般采取圆桌共餐的形式，这是中国餐饮文化的重要表现形式，往往能够制造和谐融洽的气氛。餐饮文化是一个国家或民族在长期历史条件下形成和保留下来的一种生活习惯和文化传统(中式餐饮的就餐形式即体现了中国餐饮文化传统的某些特点)，国人长期习惯了这种就餐方式。 (二)西餐餐饮文化 西餐文化与中餐文化有很大的区别，西餐文化是在西方传统文化的基础上，经过现代工业文化的不断改进而形成的，其中无形地渗透着西方文化传统的一些方面，如，“平等”、“自由”、“卫生”、“隐私”等文化内涵。 休闲文化 美国最多的还是快餐店，美国的快餐文化体现的是休闲文化。薯条、炸鸡、饮料之类都是西方食谱中最平常的玩艺儿，正是这些在中餐看来上不了大台面的寻常东西做成了世界上的大企业，像麦当劳、肯德基等。这可能是与美国人的时间观念、生活方式有关。美国来讲究效率，也最不拘小节。快餐文化在美国的蓬勃兴起大概也和他们的这种秉性有关。快餐的卫生、高效、节约时间和休闲浪漫是西方快餐发展壮大的文化基础。 平等、自由文化 在中餐中，席位的摆放、餐具的摆放、吃饭的规矩以及饭桌上的行为都是受传统文化约定俗成的条条框框制约的，更别说来宾的身份、尊长、兴趣爱好等因素限制着用餐的形式。而在西餐中，饮食的时时刻刻都是人人平等自由的表现，每个人自主决定食物的种类、分量，分餐适用，丰俭由己，在大多的场合实行“AA”制。吃饭是自己的事情，大家平等自由地坐在一起享受食物，随便自由。 分餐文化 西方用餐习惯于在长条桌上进行，实行分餐制，即各自点菜，各持一份。最普遍的盘式服务是将餐食在厨房分装到每一只餐盘中，由服务员从厨房端出，再迅速、礼貌地送给每位客人。西餐形式从表面上看似乎少了些热闹，多了些客气和独立，但实质上最重要的是体现了卫生。分餐制还可以体现适度节俭、合理饮食的理念，克服中餐讲究排场、铺张浪费的缺点。分餐制的菜肴和主食由人定量，可以减少浪费。不管是餐前小吃还是正餐主食，所配原料都是与就餐者的食量挂钩的，菜肴道数尽可能少，但保证每餐吃完。分餐制使每位宾客对个人的用餐数量有了明确的量化概念，在减少浪费的同时又益于身体健康。我们现在的自助餐、冷餐会也都体现了这个宗旨。

檫，我今年也是这题目

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。