燃料供给系统毕业论文

现代的轿车发动机大多是电子控制燃油喷射型的汽油发动机，自动熄火的原因很多，首先要分析自动熄火的症状。汽车发动机经过长期的使用后或者人为的原因导致发动机自动熄火，那是什么原因导致发动机自动熄火呢？那就要我们带着问题来探研问题的所在，从中认我们知道发动机为什么自动熄火，这样我们才可以以后避免发动机自动熄火后带给我们的麻烦，防范于未然。关键词: 发动机 自动熄火 诊断分析 检测 维修 熄火故障原因绪论在汽车技术日新月异的今天，电脑控制技术已经应用到汽车的各个系统，各种新结构、新技术的不断涌现，使汽车维修人员面临着更加大的挑战。现代汽车维修技术的特征表现为“七分诊断，三分修理” ，发动机常见故障现象、故障原因、诊断方法和思路、诊断与排除等发生了很大的改观，因此，我通过长时间的在校学习，并参考了大量的维修资料写下了该文。一 发动机的概述发动机的简介发动机机体是构成发动机的骨架，是发动机各机构和各系统的安装基础，其内、外安装着发动机的所有主要零件和附件，承受各种载荷。因此，机体必须要有足够的强度和刚度。机体组主要由气缸体、曲轴箱、气缸盖和气缸垫等零件组成。发动机的工作原理（配图）发动机是一种能量转换机构，它将燃料燃烧产生的热能转变成机械能。要完成这个能转换必须经过进气，把可燃混合气(或新鲜空气)引入气缸；然后将进入气缸的可燃混合气(或新鲜空气)压缩，压缩接近终点时点燃可燃混合气(或将柴油高压喷入气缸内形成可燃混合气并引燃)；可燃混合气着火燃烧，膨胀推动活塞下行实现对外作功；最后排出燃烧后的废气。即进气、压缩、作功、排气四个过程。把这四个过程叫做发动机的一个工作循环，工作循环不断地重复，就实现了能量转换，使发动机能够连续运转。把完成一个工作循环，曲轴转两圈(720°)，活塞上下往复运动四次，称为四行程发动机。而把完成一个工作循环，曲轴转一圈(360°)，活塞上下往复运动两次，称为二行程发动机。常见发动机的结构（图）发动机的结构主要由以下的两大机构和五大系统组成。曲柄连杆机构：包括活塞、连杆、曲轴、飞轮、活塞环及活塞销等；配气机构： 包括凸轮轴、进排气门、正时齿轮、气门弹簧及气门座等部份；燃油供给系：包括汽油箱、汽油泵、汽油滤清器、燃油喷射系统、空气滤清器、进排气管及消声器等部份；冷却系：包括水泵、散热器、风扇、节温器及水管等部份；润滑系：包括机油泵、机油滤清器、机油集滤器及油道等部份；点火系：包括蓄电池、发电机、点火线圈、火花塞及高压线等部份；起动系：包括起动机及其附属装置。其中气缸盖、气缸体、进气歧管由铝合金制成，而气缸套及凸轮轴则由铸铁制成；并采用平衡轴的方式平平衡因曲柄连杆机构产生的旋转惯性力和往复惯性力，以降低发动机的振动。二 发动机的检修发动机的拆卸（步骤）拆下蓄电池的负极接线，把发动机室机盖提起到垂直位置，再卸下空气滤清器。放掉冷却液，然后拆下散热器。对装有空调的发动机，卸下空调压缩机的动皮带，然后拆下压缩机，并在不拆软管的情况下把它移到一边。松开动力泵储液罐的注液盖，然后用注射器抽净罐中的液压油，再拧上储液罐盖。拆下油门拉线，拆下液压制动助力器的固定螺栓或在进气歧管上的固定螺母，撒下安装接头用的两个密封垫圈。从缸盖后面的支架上松开真空助力器软管。拆下水泵上的散热器上软管和节温器壳上的储液罐软管。拆下水泵出水口右侧的暖风水箱软管和缸盖后面的左侧的软管。对装有液压气动悬架的车辆，从缸盖的右侧卸开液压泵。拆下燃油分配器和燃油压力调节器上的软管，然后用干净的抹布在装配螺栓处堵住油管以防燃油外泄。拆除全部影响发动机拆卸的导线和软管以及与此有关的例如冷启动阀、电磁压力调节器、空气流量传感器、节气门壳、辅助空气装置、冷却液温度传感器和缸盖温度开关、油底壳油位传感器、交流发电机、起动机和点火线圈等零部件、元器件和总成。拆下点火系统电子开关装置的两个电气连接器。然后拆下诊断插座与翼子板的固定螺栓，从插座的后面拆下电气导线连接器。拆下进气歧管上的机油滤清器导线护罩支撑与安装支架的固定螺栓。从各个连接件和电缆夹上松开导线和电缆并把拆下的导线和电缆与发动机分离开来。提升车辆并把它可靠地支承在支撑台架上。对装有发动机下托架的车辆，卸下前支撑、螺栓、后凸缘螺母和螺栓，然后拆下下托架。对于早期的车辆，松开座架并拆下发动机前减震垫。拆下凸缘螺母或螺栓，然后把排气管与歧管分离开来。松开软管夹，拆下螺母以松开发动机右侧连接件上的动力转向软管，并用干净抹布堵住软管和金属管。拆下发动机搭铁线的固定螺栓和螺母，然后取下搭铁线。拆卸下传动轴，拆下发动机支架与托架的固定螺栓。用提升装置把发动机连同变速器一起从发动机室中提。发动机的安装发动机组装程序与要求如下：（步骤）在组装发动机时要全部使用新垫和新油封，并且保证全部零件都涂有适量的机油以及在缸筒中和曲轴箱内不残留金属多余物。在安装活塞与连杆组件时，要翻转缸体使之右侧面朝上，然后把连杆伸进缸筒中，再用活塞环夹紧器夹紧活塞环并把活塞引进到缸筒中，再用木锤把或类似的硬木棒把活塞与连杆组件顶到位。用规定的力矩拧紧连杆轴承盖螺母和主轴承盖螺栓，然后用手转动曲轴以确定其转动阻力适度。对于拉伸螺栓的连杆，不要使用扭力扳手拧紧，而要用转角器拧紧，而且要确保拉伸段的直径大于、被连杆轴承盖挡住部分的直径应不小于。出于标准化上的原因，对于全部连接用螺栓相对于转角器的拧紧转角为90°+10°，也就是在以··m的扭矩拧紧后再拧转90°；请注意对于190E款型，在第三个主轴承盖处装有曲轴止推垫。此止推垫的两个凸耳放在主轴盖的凹槽中以防止其转动，在安装时应使止推垫带有槽的一面面向曲轴的止推面。分解机油泵并检查齿轮的齿隙，然后检查泵盖安装面的翘曲量，若超过规定，则用机械加工的方式使其平整，若泵盖的内表面磨损严重，则予以更换。安装上机油泵。再安装上油底壳、下曲轴箱，并按规定的力矩拧紧固定螺栓，然后把缸体的上表面转动向上，装上缸垫和缸盖，按规定顺序和力矩拧紧缸盖固定螺栓。安装上气门室盖，并按规定的力矩拧紧固定螺栓，最后把余下的全部零部件安装到发动机上。利用吊装设备把发动机装入发动机室中。2．3发动机的磨合发动机总成装配后,一般要求经过冷磨合与热试后才能投入使用,通过冷磨与热试对提高零件配合质量,保证正确的间隙(如气门间隙和准确的正时),从而提高发动机的动力性,经济性,工作可靠性和使用寿命. 发动机的冷磨合发动机的冷磨合是指以发动机或其他动力带动发动机运转磨合的过程.其功用是使相对配合的零件之间进行自然磨合.由于冷磨合后,还必须对发动机进行拆检与清洗,所以冷磨时可不安装燃油供给系统和点火系统各附件,如果已安装上,则应拆下汽油机活塞,以减小冷磨合汽缸内的压力,减小发动机零件的机械负荷. 发动机的热试将装配好的发动机,以其本身产生的动力进行运转试验的过程,热试可将发动机安装到车上后进行.热试时,发动机工作温度达到正常后,应使发动机在不同的转速下运转.此外,还应该检查有无漏水,气及油现象,检查调整气门间隙,点火正时,怠速转速等,观察电流表,冷却液温度表,机油压力表指示灯是否正常,听该发动机工作是否有异响,检查发动机汽缸是否符合规定标准,热试的时间为小时。三 发动机自动熄火的故障维修故障现象故障现象 发动机运转或汽车行驶过程中自动熄火，而再起动并没有多大困难的现象。常见故障原因进气管路真空泄漏；怠速调整不当、节气们体过脏、怠速系统控制不良等造成的怠速不稳；燃油压力不稳定，例如电动燃油泵电刷过度磨损或接触不良，或燃油泵滤网堵塞等；废气再循环阀门阻塞或底部泄漏；燃油泵电路、喷油器驱动电路等电路有接触不良等故障；燃油泵继电器、EFI继电器、点火继电器不良等；点火系工作不良。例如高压火弱，火花塞使用时间过久，点火正时不对，点火线圈接触不良或热态时存在匝路导致没有高压火花或高压火花弱，低压线路接触不良，绝缘胶损坏间歇搭铁等；节气门位置传感器不良；空气流量计或进气压力传感器有故障；冷却液温度传感器、氧传感器有故障；曲轴位置传感器有故障，如无转速信号（插头末插好、曲轴位置传感器信号线断、传感器定位螺钉松动、间隙失调、传感器损坏等）；曲轴位置传感器信号齿圈断齿，会引起加速时熄火，曲轴位置传感器内电子元件温度稳定性能差，会导致信号不正常，会引发间歇性熄火故障；ECU有故障。故障诊断的一般步骤（步骤次序）先进行故障自诊断，检查有无故障码出现。如有，则按所显示的故障码查找故障原因。要特别注意会影响点火、喷油、怠速、配气相位变化的传感器和执行器（如发动机转速及曲轴位置传感器、凸轮轴位置传感器、冷却液温度传感器、节气门位置传感器、怠速控制阀等）有无故障。如发动机自动熄火发生在怠速工况，且熄火后可立即起动可按怠速不稳易熄火进行检查。采用故障模拟征兆法振动熔丝盒，各线束接头，看故障能否出现。然后进一步检查各线事业接头有无接触不良，各搭铁线有无搭救铁不良，目视检查线事业绝缘层有无损坏和间歇搭铁现象。采用故障模拟征兆法改变ECU、点火器等工作环境温度，重现故障，进而诊断故障原因。试更换点火线圈、火花塞等。在不断试车过程中，有多通道示波器同时监测发动机转速及曲轴位置传感器、空气流量计、电脑的5V参考电压等信号。如果在熄火前有喘振、加速不良的现象再慢慢熄火的话，故障可能发生在供油不畅上。可接上燃油压力表，最好能将压力表用透明胶固定于前挡风玻璃上，再试车确定。如存在熄火时油压力过低的现象，则应检查油箱、电动燃油泵、燃油滤清器、油压调节器及燃油泵控制电路。试车时接上专用诊断仪，读取故障出现前后的数据，进行对比分析，从而找出故障。按故障逐个检查排除。故障诊断的相关要点（分点讲出来）在对电控系统引出的故障诊断时，千万不要忘记先进行基本检查。例如：在试图诊断电控单元控制的燃油喷射系统故障之前，一定要确保进气管路无泄漏，配气正时、点火正时。如果存在这些不良现象，发动机的抗负荷交变能力就差，在工作状况突变的情况下可能熄火，如加速熄火、制动熄火、开空调熄火、挂档熄火等。有些汽车的间歇性故障是难于诊断的，除非是检查汽车时正好显示故障。因此，当进行诊断测试时，故障症状不出现，故障就难以诊断。解决方法是放车到维修站，由技师驾车在可能出现出问题的状态下行驶，直到故障出现。这种方法就不凑巧了，因为这样故障短时间不出现，就得无休止地驾车。还在一种方法就是故障出现就打电话给维修站，这一方法对长时间熄火无法起动很受用。一般就来这种现象只会越来越严重，如一时无法确诊，也可待故障明显后再作检查。检查不定时的怠速熄火故障时，有时换火花塞是必要的。当怀疑空气流量计不良（如空气流量计热线过脏；内部电路连接焊点脱落、接触不良等）时，可用示波器检查空气流量计信号电压波形。当怀疑进气压力传感器不良时，应先检查传感器真空胶管，看是否破裂，弯折，是否有时漏气，有时不漏气，使进气压力传感器信号时而正常，时而不正常，造成发动机收加速踏板时熄火。还应检查对喷油量影响较大的传感器。冷却液温度传感器不仅对喷油量有影响，也对修正点火提前角的信号之一，应要重视。有时某些车型的氧传感器信号电压无变化，容易造成发动机加速时熄火。如果在较高速行驶中先出现加速不良而造成的熄火，要重点检查油路；如果较高速过程中突然熄火则重点检查电路方面，高压火花是否过弱是必要检查项目之一。突然熄火、间歇熄火还应该对控制点火的主要传感器发动机转速用曲轴位置传感器进行检查。故障模拟试验方法。在故障诊断中最困难的情形是有故障，但没有明显的故障征兆。在这种情况下必须进行彻底的故障分析，然后模拟与用户车辆出现故障时相同的条件和环境，进行就车诊断。这样有助于故障处理。四 故障实例道奇车自动熄火故障故障现象一辆三星道奇乘用车，在行使了一段路程后其发动机突然自动熄火，再起动时发动机不能着火，但过了大约15min后起到发动机时又能正常起到，且怠速平稳，加速性能良好。故障分析在冷机状态下测量燃油系统压力，压力正常；在发动机自动熄火后测量燃油系统压力，该系统的压力明显低于正常值；进一步检查时发现在冷机时燃油泵输出的燃油压力正常，在热机时燃油泵输出的燃油压力偏低，因此燃油泵本身油问题。排除方法更换该燃油泵。康明斯发动机自动熄火故障Cummins康明斯发动机-自动熄火-的故障原因分析与处理方法1：燃油用完或燃油关断阀切断油路处理：检查燃油关断阀，看它是否开启。如系关闭，应予打开。检查油箱中有否燃油。如果油箱无油，则加油原因。2：燃油质量低劣处理：检查更换燃油原因。3：燃油输油管道漏气处理：检查连接件有无松动，管道有无破裂，滤清器是否未上紧等，并一一校正原因。4：内输油路或外输油路漏油处理：对所有滤清器、密封垫、管道和连接件作外油路漏油检查。用加压办法作内油路漏油检查。修理或更换原因。5：燃油泵驱动轴断裂处理：检查齿轮泵驱动轴是否断裂。重新调校或更换原因。6：节气门传动杆调整不当或磨损处理：检查磨损情况，更换并调整传动杆原因。7：怠速弹簧装配不对处理：重新装配调整原因。8：限速器离心锤装配不当处理：重新调校原因。9：燃油中有水分或蜡质处理：更换燃油，更换所有滤清器，装设燃油加热器原因。10：燃油泵校准不正确处理：重新调校燃油泵原因。11：密封垫漏气处理：进行压力检查，找出漏气的气缸，更换并修理。奔驰轿车自动熄火故障故障现象一款1996年产奔驰豪华型W140 S320轿车。该车在行驶中突然熄火，再次着车，ABS、ASR、驻车制动报警灯和制动蹄片报警灯都同时点亮，并且着车几分钟后，车辆再次熄火。故障原因及分析接车后，打开发动机舱盖，发动机及线束一切都十分整齐，看来此车保养得非常好，车主说此车从来没出现过大毛病，所以不必考虑发动机有什么问题。打开点火开关，仪表灯微亮，将点火开关旋至起动挡，起动机“哒哒”作响不运转，好像蓄电池严重亏电。用万用表测起动时电压，只有9V，利用强起动蓄电池着车后，ABS、ASR、驻车制动灯及制动蹄片报警灯都常亮不灭，取下起动蓄电池，不一会儿发动机又熄火。再次强起动，测发电机的电压为蓄电池电压，说明发电机不发电。测量发电机D+端子，有＋14V电压输出，证明发电机良好。为什么发电机良好却不发电，而且发电机充电指示灯也不亮。于是拆下组合仪表，取出充电指示灯灯泡，没有烧坏，线路也没有问题。无奈之下，只有人为强行让发电机发电。这样做有一定的危险，但为了进一步验证发电机是否真是好的，只好采取此办法。方法是：取一个点火开关处火线，接在一个二极管的正极上，二极管负极接在发电机D＋端子上，人为给一个激励信号；利用这种办法着车，测发电机电压果然能达到—，加油时也正常，说明发电机是好的。虽然发电机电压正常了，但4个故障灯仍然常亮不灭，利用奔驰专用电脑STAR2000专用诊断仪准备进入ABS系统，发现通信错误，根本无法进入。取下ABS电脑盒，按资料电路图，找到电脑端子的火线和地线，发现ABS电脑缺少一个常电源。从蓄电池上取一常电源接入后，ABS、ASR灯熄灭，诊断仪也能进入且无故障，但驻车制动及制动蹄片报警灯仍然亮。逐个进行检查，驻车制动制动开关正常，制动蹄片及制动油液位都正常，再次从ABS电脑端子常火入手查看电路图。此常火是从基本电脑内部输出供给，检查基本电脑上的4个10A熔丝，结果3号10A熔丝烧断，取一个10A熔丝插上后又被烧断。仔细检查，发现3号熔丝上被人接了一根线，顺线找到一个防盗报警喇叭。此喇叭是后加装的，取下此线，再接一个10A熔丝，没有再烧断，原来防盗喇叭负载电流过大，只要一工作就会烧断10A熔丝。再测ABS电脑端子电源线，恢复正常，着车观察，驻车制动报警灯及制动蹄片报警灯也不亮了，一切正常。难道不发电也是此熔丝造成的吗？于是把发电机线恢复成原车线，测量发电机发电机电压正常，至此故障全部排除。一个小小的熔丝竟然惹出这么大的麻烦，使维修走了不少弯路。基本电脑是给其他电脑模块及仪表供电的一个中转站，所有模块的电源供给都从基本电脑输出，所以基本电脑上的4个熔丝十分重要。在此提醒维修界人士，千万不要胡乱改动原车线路，给维修带来困难，此例故障就是因加装防盗器的那个修理工，没有找到常电源，（奔驰车蓄电池在行李舱）就从电脑处取一个电源，但此10A熔丝无法带动防盗器喇叭，故防盗器喇叭一工作就把10A熔丝烧了，所以提醒朋友们检修车辆一定要找到根源，才能根治故障。阳光车发动机自动熄火故障现象一辆东风日产阳光乘用车，在行驶万km时到专营店进行正常维护，但两天后出现怠速转速较低，当车速达到100km/h—120km/h的条件下紧急制动时发动机会自然熄火，而且该现象出现的频率越来越高，每天达到五次以上,根据以上故障现象得出下列分析。故障原因分析利用CONSULT-Ⅱ故障检测仪进行故障检测，检测到“CMP SEN/ CIR-B1[P0340]”，即曲轴位置传感器及其故障线路故障。清除线路代码后，重新调取故障代码，该故障代码不再出现，但仍有紧急制动时熄火的现象。检查曲轴位置传感器（位于分电器内）及其线路，未见异常。利用替换法更换了分电器总成，故障未能排除。后经进一步检查发现，该车没有冷机提速功能，在发动机温度为37℃时，其怠速转速只有450r/min，但发动机运转平稳；当发动机达到正常工作温度后，在接通前照灯、空调等负荷的情况下行驶紧急制动，才会出现熄火现象，在熄火前发动机转速先将到400r/min以下，然后再慢慢熄火，不是立即熄火。熄火后发动机可立即起动。根据以上故障特征，判断故障发生在发动机的燃油系统或进气系统上，因为如果点火系统出现了故障，导致发动机熄火，其熄火具有突然性，并且熄火后发动机不易重新起动。为找到故障的原因，又做了以下检测：1、测量燃油系统压力。在发动机熄火时，燃油系统的油压始终保持在250kpa，说明燃油系统正常；2、检测发动机的基本怠速状况。热机后拔掉节气门位置传感器（TPS）线束侧连接器，发动机怠速在788r/min左右，说明发动机基本怠速正常；3、利用检测仪测试发动机加速后迅速松开加速踏板时的转速特性曲线，发现该车发动机在怠速补偿方面不良，就重点检查怠速控制系统。利用检测仪读取乘用车的数据流，并与其正常值进行比较。通过比较发现，该车在37℃时发动机转速只有450r/min，但发动机ECU向怠速电动机却已经下达了转动54步的指令；而在正常情况下，怠速电动机只要转动15步，发动机转速就能达到513r/min。由此断定怠速电动机或其控制线路可能存在故障。利用检测仪对怠速电动机进行执行测试。正常情况下，热机后当怠速电动机达到100步时，发动机转速可达到2000r/min左右，但该车在改变怠速电动机转动的步数时，发动机转速没有改变。从而进一步确认怠速电动机或其控制线路存在故障。更换怠速电动机，该故障无法排除。拔下怠速电动机线束侧连接器，接通点火开关，检查怠速电动机线束侧连接器的电源端子，其电压正常。（注意：必须用测试灯进行测量，这样可以排除电源线路接触不良或虚接电阻过大的现象，如果用万用表检测，容易忽视这方面的故障。）经测量发现怠速电动机线束侧连接器上各端子与ECU线束侧连接器上相应端子的导通性良好，怠速电动机控制线路中没有塔铁现象；进一步检查发现，在ECU线束侧连接器上有一个端子脱出，将其重新装复到原位，用检测仪测试乘用车在加速后迅速松开加速踏板时特性曲线，发现该曲线恢复正常，对怠速电动机进行执行测试，也正常，路试过程中没有出现发动机自动熄火的现象。该故障排除。捷达王突然熄火故障原因故障原因行驶中突然慢慢熄火，再启动后发动机工作不稳，接着很快又熄火。诊断与排除发动机慢慢熄火与燃油系统有关，但经检查燃油系统工作正常。拔下中央高压线做跳火试验，发现火花很强，说明点火系统正常。再检查点火正时，发现分电器固定螺栓松动，上下活动分电器，分电器可上下窜动。将分电器固定好后，发动机能顺利启动。但发动机工作不稳定，加速时排气管放炮。从新出现的故障现象分析，该车可能是点火错乱。检查分电器盖、分火头，均无故障。检查正时皮带，松紧合适，不可能发生跳齿现象。这时想起分电器固定螺栓曾松动过，会不会发生分电器齿轮折断现象呢？由于分电器固定螺栓松动，造成分电器向上窜动，齿轮不规则折断，同时螺栓松动使分电器左右转动，造成发动机熄火。重新启动发动机时，由于分电器齿轮断齿，使点火正时错乱，发动机工作不稳，加速不良。这时，再怎么调分电器，也调不出正确的点火正时。折下分电器，结果发现分电器齿轮有不规则断齿现象。更换分电器后，故障排除。时代超人发动机自动熄火故障的诊断与排除故障现象一辆桑塔纳2000时代超人，发动后不能正常运行，运转几分钟后就自行熄火，并且熄火后短时间内无法再启动着车；停放十几分钟后又能正常启动了，但过几分钟后又自动熄火。故障如此反复，无法正常使用。故障诊断与排除接修此车后，首先试启动发动机，发动机启动成功，运转较为平稳；原地加速试验，感到发动机很闷，响应不够灵敏，加速性能较差；运转大约3min左右，发动机怠速出现不稳且抖动了几次就自行熄火了；立刻再次启动发动机，没有任何着车的迹象。接上VAG1552诊断仪，读取发动机故障码，没有故障代码。随后又对汽油压力、高压线、火花塞进行了检查，未发现异常。检查配气正时的情况，也未发现问题。经过以上几项检查，时间大约已用了十几分钟，而后再次试启动发动机，发动机居然又能正常启动运转了。趁着发动机尚能运转的时机，立刻读取了该车的数据流，也未发现明显的异常。大约3min后，发动机再次自行熄火，仍旧是当时无法立即启动着车。这个故障确实很奇怪！各项检查和数据都显示该车没有任何能造成发动机不着车的问题，那么问题究竟出在哪里呢？仔细回想一下之前的一系列检查过程，再结合加速性能较差的现象，最后把问题的焦点集中在了排气系统上。笔者让一名员工启动发动机，自己到车尾观察消声器的排气情况，发现在启动过程中，消声器处竟然一丝的尾气也未排出，由此可以断定问题的确出在排气系统上。将车辆架起，断开排气管与三元催化器的接口，再启动发动机，发动机顺利着车，怠速运转较长时间，也未出现自行熄火的现象。拆下三元催化器检查，发现三元催化器的内芯已经被严重堵塞。由此断定，这个怪病的根源就在这个堵死的三元催化器上。更换新的三元催化器后，试车，运转平稳，加速有力，故障彻底排除。当三元催化器完全堵死后，发动机运转时的废气无法正常排出；当排气侧的废气压力增大到和作功压力相近的时候，发动机就自动熄火；熄火后排气管内的压力无法马上消除，所以在熄火后立刻启动时，无法再次着车。当排气管内的废气通过三元催化器内芯上残存的微小缝隙逐渐缓慢的卸压后，又能再次启动着车，这就出现熄火后等待十几分钟又能启动的现象。通过这个故障让我们认识到，对于一个故障的诊断，要全方位地去分析和思考，不能只局限于依靠仪器诊断的数据来判断。结论： 发动机是汽车的动力装置,其作用是将燃烧产生的热能转变为机械能来驱使汽车行驶的.它是汽车的唯一动力输出源，发动机自动熄火的诊断分析是对汽车发动机维修的一种技术要求，由于发动机维修复杂、涉及面广，对我们的诊断与维修造成一定困难。因此对汽车维修人员需要更高的要求。但在我们许多的维修人员中，对发动机的理论知识、各系统的工作原理不够了解，在分析问题时考虑不全面，同时在自动熄火的诊断分析问题的过程中条理不清晰，不能对症下药，常带一种漫无目的碰运气的心理进行维修，往往花了大钱、更换了许多零件却仍不能解决问题。本文对发动机自动熄火诊断分析进行了全面的分析，优化了维修工艺的程序。更进一步提高了维修人员的维修技能。

Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile． In most automobile engines，the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons．The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn．Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine，known as the rotary valve，rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt．A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft，Which finally drives the rear wheels．In most automobiles．the engine is mounted at the front end of the car，with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it；the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit A number of systems are necessary to make an engine work . A lubrication system is neededto reduce friction and prevent engine wear. A cooling system is required to keep the engine’s temperature within safe limits .The engine must be provided with the correct amount of air and fuel by a fuel system． The mixture of air and fuel must be ignited inside the cylinder at just the right time by an ignition system．Finally, an electrical system is required to operate the cranking motor that starts the engine and to provide electrical energy to power engine accessoriesLubrication System An engine has many moving parts which eventually develop wear，as they move against each other．The engine circulates oil between these moving parts to prevent the metal-to-metal contact that results in wear． Parts that are oiled can move more easily with less friction and hence power loss due to friction is minimized．The secondary function of lubricant is to act as a coolant and also as a sealing medium to prevent leakages．Finally，a film of lubricant on the cylinder walls helps the tings in sealing and thus improves the engine’s compressions．Cooling System Due to the combustion of fuel with air inside the cylinder，the temperature of the engine parts increases．This increase of temperature directly affects the engine performance and the life of the engine parts．The cooling system keeps the engine operating at the efficient temperature．Whatever the driving conditions, the system is designed to prevent both overheating and overcooling．Fuel System The main function of the fuel supply system is to provide fuel to the carburetor or injection system at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet engine demands under all conditions of load，speed and gradients encountered by the vehicle．The fuel system must also have enough reserve fuel for several miles of vehicle operation．Ignition System The purpose of the ignition system is to provide assistance for the combustion of fuel either by a high voltage spark or self-ignition in each of the engine’s cylinder at the right time so that the air-fuel mixture can burn completely． The fuel supplied to the combustion chamber must be ignited to deliver power．In a spark—ignition engine an electric spark is used for this purpose．The compression—ignition engine does not require a separate ignition system because the ignition is affected by compression of the mixture to a high pressure． Electrical System The engine’s electrical system provides energy to operate a starting motor and to power all the accessories．The main components of the electrical system are a battery，an alternator, a starting motor, ignition coil and heater．Frame The frame provides a foundation for the engine and the body of the vehicle . The flame is constructed from square or box-shaped steel members strong enough to support the weight of the body and other components. The automobile frame is usually made up of a number of members welded or riveted together to give the final shape．The engine is mounted on the frame with rubber pads which absorb vibrations and also provide damping of these vibrations．Absorption and damping of vibrations protects passengers from discomfort caused by shocks． The frame is supported on wheel axles by means of springs．This whole assembly is calledthe chassis． Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels．caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages．and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle．The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends．DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles．WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort．Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads．The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i．e．to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle．The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members．one rotating and the other stationary．There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact，thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are：brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe，brake shoes．brake packing plant and linkages．As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends．in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred．Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备．它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中．空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的，这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气，混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴，这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中，发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的，离台器和变速箱在它后面，发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后，电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件，因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环，以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动，因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后，气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧，从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何，发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料，并在汽车遇到的所有情况下，满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。点火系统点火系统的作用是在适当的时间使燃料燃烧，不管是高压电火花还是在每个发动机气缸中的自燃，以便于气体混合物的完全燃烧。提供给燃料室的燃料必须被点燃以提供能量。在一个火花点火发动机中，电火花就是用于这个目的。压缩点火发动机不需要一个独立的点火系统，因为点火会受混合气压缩压力的影响。电气系统发动机的电气系统提供能量给起动电动机并给所有附件提供电能。电气系统的主要构件是蓄电池、交流发电机、起动电动机、点火线圈和加热器。车架车架为汽车发动机和车身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造，有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成，从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动，也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型：(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中，弹簧被系在刚性横梁上，这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮，把由发动机产生的转矩增强．推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时，把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮，这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时，它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴，通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车．并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的，在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制，同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构，通常认为是转向齿轮，在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力，这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易，驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向，在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95％都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件，一种是旋转零件，另一种是固定零件，有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分：制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大，目前制动系统的重要性也在增大，并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。

很高兴你向我求助提问这个题，我之前帮别人找过的关于发动机的许多英文文献，我发给你，十来篇吧，也不是很多，主要关键词为mobile engine，不过没有英语翻译，一般而言由于这些论文都是高质量的都是没有现成翻译的，因为毕业论文，自己翻译下也好，这样出来的论文也更有说服力些。已经发到你邮箱，注意查收下。如果觉得好，不要忘记了采纳哦。

Motorvehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to otherproperties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachmenthave a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elasticcomponents (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as wellas shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of thesuspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role ofthe three. Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on atotal-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds ofshock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality offlying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibrationof a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used fortrucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independentsuspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body orsuspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixedframe or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shockHubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strongshock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better thannon-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but italso drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of suchsuspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses andpassenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when drivingthe car to improve stability. Off-road vehicles, military vehicles andmining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we canmake sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability anddriving the car attached, to play a speed of the car. for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip andcurvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of thenatural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is acertain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexiblecomponents, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. Inthe absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped withspecial shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexiblemedium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffercapacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of ahigh degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles andbuses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springsfixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connectedto the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformationplayed the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension. use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the smallrole to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper bodyframe or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most ofthe trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can onlytransfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, mustbe a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontalstabilizer, and so on. suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independentsuspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after thebridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair byhoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of theleaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with thefront end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through theear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with ashock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rearaxle and more without shock types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexiblecomponents. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also dividedinto vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of theadvantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, theDepartment of driving and driving more complicated structure of the of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on theperformance of motor vehicles. First, the use of fuel by the differentcategories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is dividedinto two major categories of diesel Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, lightweight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in asmall vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car inparticular, the use of high-speed deflagration due to the restrictionscan not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form overinto the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. Thedriver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of thegas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume ofregulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline enginefailure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions ofharmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogenoxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlledfuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which havegreatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’storque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantlyreduce the labor intensity of the and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy tooverload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by: 1)the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of thespontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermalefficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine. 2)the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for theuse of the truck. 3)is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, theintake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuelinjection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation ofquality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons andcarbon monoxide content of less than )In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failurerate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine. 5)diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycleneeds, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot laborintensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles. Second, the number of engine cylinder andarrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of workand. Increasein the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve theengine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine toreduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars andmedium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck Generalof 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-linemode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order toreduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-caruse of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simpleand cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but thestructure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scaleengine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines usedaluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinderhead bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute aclosed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, andspark plug valve, and so on. Third,the gasoline engine’sfuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supplyline into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor mainoil installations operating principle is: the work of the engine when the outside air Inthe cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in thevelocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on theinterior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into thespray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form ofevaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to openaround the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle openinggradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not onlyreduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is alsobeneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuelinjection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can notbe precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incompletecombustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringentrequirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to theexistence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also thecylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice andso on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuelinjection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuelinjection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages: matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine canaccurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burncompletely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components ofcontent, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy. supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the workof the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuelconsumption. engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditionsso that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic. 4. In the absence of pipes, a small airresistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution ofgas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection systemis the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on. electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification: 1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories. 2) by way of fuel injection, the following twocategories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet. MPI iscurrently widely used in the is currently widely used in theway. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system aregenerally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignitionsystem, computer-controlled ignition system.车辆悬架系统中的机动车辆悬架系统是一种非常重要的系统。它不仅对乘坐汽车的舒适度有影响，而且对附件的稳定性等其他性能有着显著的影响。每个悬挂的弹性元件(弹簧),是车架(起稳定作用)， 以及减振器的角色(减震)组成然而,并非所有的悬架必须有三个组成部分。只要我们能发挥三个作用。汽车的维护，悬架分类：一 非独立悬架：两侧车轮安装在一根整体式车桥上，车轮连同车桥一起通过框架与车身相连。但这种悬架结构简单，可靠，制造方便，而是由两个轮冲击和振动轮互相影响。在载重汽车上被广泛应用。 但减震器的表现不佳，汽车行进中的震动越大，影响越严重，所以这种悬挂通常被用在卡车、客车和其他的普通车辆。 独立悬架:每个元件通过两侧车轮安装或悬挂在车架上，并且采用断开式车桥。安装了这种减震系统的车轮不易失重飞起，具有强大减震能力的缓冲器更是提供了舒适的乘驾感受。若一侧车轮相对于车架(或车身)的位置发生变化时，另一侧车轮不受影响。这种悬架结构复杂，且车身的平稳性和高速行驶的稳定性较好，因此在轿车和小客车上得到普遍采用。以上指标均优于非独立悬架，但是悬架的结构越复杂，驱动桥和转向系统也就越复杂。使用这种悬架的交通工有以下两种：1汽车和客车等客运车辆：可以提高乘驾舒适度，并且当高速驾驶时能提高稳定性。mining vehicles.越野车，军用车和采矿车。在路况不佳时，可以确保所有的车轮接触地面并提高稳定性，避免汽车起伏，发挥出汽车的速度。二.弹性元件类型：1 钢板弹簧：它是由若干片长方形的钢板组合成的复合板，呈弯曲形。安装在自然向上的曲线两端。此外,钢板弹簧通过减震器起到某种程度的减震、传递垂直载荷的作用。在非独立悬架和导向机构中，也使用钢板弹簧这种弹性元件和减震器这样简单的结构。2螺旋弹簧；只为多汽车独立悬架缓冲，在缺少阻尼力和质量职能的情况下，还必须具备特殊的减震器和导向装置。 3油气弹簧: 使用油液和高压气体作为弹性材料，不仅有很好的减震能力，可以吸收冲击。在同样情况下能够提供更好的调节作用，适用于重型车辆和客车。4扭杆弹簧：汽车车架与车轮用扭杆弹簧，其一端固定在车架上而另一端与车轮连接，车轮上下跳动时扭杆产生扭转变形，靠扭转弹力来吸收振动能量适合独立悬架系统。三.减震器减震筒的使用，油的使用可以切断震动造成的能里损耗。减震器上端与车底架相连，下端与车桥相连。减震器在大部分的行程可以起到压缩的双重作用四.导向机构：独立悬架的弹性元件，大多数只能传递垂直载荷，并不能传递水平载荷，必须是分离的导向机构。如上所述，在力臂和垂直和水平稳定器等。五.非独立悬架：非独立悬架位于卡车的前部和后部，像客车，汽车等一些车辆的后桥也是非独立悬架。每个轿车均由两个独立的非垂直的钢板弹簧构成。钢板弹簧固定在车桥中间,其前后端车架或车身通过耳朵悬铰链或使用滑板连接的。上面的框架用减振器的下端连接轴。车后桥一般无减震器。六 .螺旋弹簧作为弹性元件被用在多种类型的独立悬架。 扭杆弹簧torque Cup two-under.为独立悬架分成纵向和横向扭力矩杯两杆。 虽然独立悬架具有许多优点，但汽车将会通过更复杂的桥结构改进系统，驱动和驾驶。 关键词：发动机的结构发动机的性能对机动车辆的性能有着直接的影响。首先，燃料使用不同类别根据发动机的燃料，分为汽油发动机和柴油发动机。1网络汽车养护维修，汽油发动机体积小，重量轻，价格低；当最大速度运行是，启动好；运行时震动小，噪音小，适合小型和中型汽车，尤其是高速车。由于爆燃的限制，汽油机不可以有过高的压缩比，热效率，而且不如柴油经济。汽油是一种进入气缸中的主要气体管道的混合物，在压缩到接近底部的火花塞时点火。驾驶者加速踩油门时混合气体进入气缸来控制发动机的负载，这是常规。汽油发动机的燃料供给系统和点火系统是发生汽油发动机故障的比例较高的一部分。虽然汽油发动机比柴油排放更多的一氧化碳，碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物质成分，但是,现在的电控燃油喷射系统和其他废气净化装置却有了很大的改善。但与目前的电控燃油喷射系统和其他尾气净化装置，极大地改善。此外，汽油发动机的扭矩特性非常适用于汽车，可以大大降低司机的劳动强度。2柴油发动机和汽油发动机，柴油发动机的大小，重量，价格高，启动差（尤其是低温时），运行时震动和噪音大; 有黑烟，容易超负荷。柴油发动机机的特点是：1）没有爆燃的限制，但柴油需要自燃，所以柴油发动机压缩比很高。 .热效率和经济性比汽油发动机更好。2）柴油发动机适用于卡车，因为同样的功率，扭矩大，最大功率也大。3）柴油发动机汽缸内的内部是的混合物，没有进油门，小阻力的进气管。 司机.司机加快采用燃油喷射控制板，通过改变发动机负荷，作为规管的质量，因为不存在缺氧问题，碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放量低于汽油。4）由于没有点火系统，燃料供应设备故障率低。 因此，不低于汽油发动机。5）柴油发动机扭矩特性并不适用于汽车驾驶循环的需求，移动的摊位，经常使用，是适合飞行员劳动强度的增加。主要适用于中型和重型车辆。第二，发动机缸体及发动机缸体位移量相等的工作。因此，增加汽缸发动机的数量，不仅能增加容量，提高发动机输出功率，而且能够使发动机顺利运作，以减少噪音和振动。现代汽车公司已采用多缸发动机。微型车超过3缸发动机，小卡车，客车和中型以下超过4缸发动机;中型卡车，大型轿车和客车超过6缸发动机;重型卡车一般6-8缸。6缸下单列多缸模式下，8缸V型直列发动机，有些的汽车，为减少发动机的高度，将长度缩短，安装使用V6发动机，V8发动机类型。微型汽车使用3缸发动机，大多是倾斜的。 .在直列发动机结构简单，便宜。 .缺点是，发动机的高度更高，长度更长。更是一个方式。.V型发动机高度低，长度短，但其结构复杂，价格更昂贵，适用于大型发动机。.水冷式发动机缸体采用整体铸造。小型发动机采用铝合金材料，而大型发动机多采用铸铁材料。 and so on.气缸盖螺栓是用在飞机上的固定块，除了构成一个封闭的汽缸燃烧室，进入排气管，阀门和火花塞等。第三，汽油发动机的燃料供应1，燃料供应系统汽化器汽油发动机燃料进入汽化器和燃油喷射器两种主要设备工作原理：发动机工作时，外界空气被吸入空气过滤器，通过过滤器进入气缸。当空气流过管道部分由于较小的增长速度及压力的减少导致了真空。

Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile． In most automobile engines，the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons．The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn．Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine，known as the rotary valve，rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt．A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft，Which finally drives the rear wheels．In most automobiles．the engine is mounted at the front end of the car，with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it；the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels．caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages．and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle．The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends．DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles．WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort．Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads．The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i．e．to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle．The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members．one rotating and the other stationary．There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact，thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are：brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe，brake shoes．brake packing plant and linkages．As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends．in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred．Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备．它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中．空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的，这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气，混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴，这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中，发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的，离台器和变速箱在它后面，发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后，电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件，因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环，以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动，因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后，气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧，从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何，发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料，并在汽车遇到的所有情况下，满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造，有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成，从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动，也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型：(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中，弹簧被系在刚性横梁上，这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮，把由发动机产生的转矩增强．推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时，把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮，这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时，它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴，通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车．并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的，在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制，同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构，通常认为是转向齿轮，在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力，这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易，驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向，在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95％都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件，一种是旋转零件，另一种是固定零件，有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分：制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大，目前制动系统的重要性也在增大，并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。