货代业论文参考文献

物流专业论文参考文献

在学习和工作中，大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。相信写论文是一个让许多人都头痛的问题，以下是我为大家收集的物流专业论文参考文献，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

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[3] 韩影. 春雨公司汽车销售物流模式改进研究[D]. 南京理工大学 20xx

[4] 王福生. 天脊集团销售物流系统的.分析与改善研究[D]. 天津大学 20xx

[5] 李立伟. 制造业销售物流精益设计[D]. 北京工业大学 20xx

[6] 许钢. 宝钢销售物流管理及其信息系统构建研究[D]. 东北大学 20xx

[7] 侍青发. 浅论驰骋集团销售物流[D]. 内蒙古大学 20xx

[8] 殷志宏. 钢材销售物流市场主体功能定位研究[D]. 同济大学 20xx

[9] 邴吉云. 鞍山钢铁公司钢铁销售物流的优化与应用研究[D]. 吉林大学 20xx

[10] 许炜琳. N公司烟草销售物流流程优化研究[D]. 电子科技大学 20xx

[11] 潘瑶. 低碳销售物流网络优化设计研究[D]. 西南交通大学 20xx

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[15] (美) 多纳斯 (Donath,B.) 等，着.物流与库存管理手册[M]. 电子工业出版社， 20xx

[16] 邱菀华等编着.现代项目管理导论[M]. 机械工业出版社， 20xx

[17] 陈荣，吴金南. 建立内部一体化的钢铁企业物流组织模式[J]. 经济管理. 20xx(09)

[18] 杨艳玲，张远利. 钢铁企业降低物流成本方法探讨[J]. 物流技术. 20xx(07)

[19] 张炜，张玉明，邵峰，张勇，孙泽. 大型钢铁企业运输方式的探讨[J]. 河北冶金. 20xx(02)

摘要: 国际货运代理是国际贸易中必不可少的环节。由于货运代理含义及其法律地位规定的不明确，使得其在实践中产生了大量的争议。本文通过简单介绍关于国际货运代理法律性质的不同观点，来探讨如何从法律上识别国际货运代理人在业务活动中的法律地位。

关键词: 货运代理人;法律地位

一、国际货运代理人的概念

国际货运代理人是指为了客户的利益，依据客户的指示承揽货运进行运输的人。虽然国际货运代理人本人并不是承运人，但是在海运实践当中，由于其法律地位的模糊，常常对他们应当承担的法律责任存在很大的争议。本文将要讨论如何判断国际货运代理人的法律地位这一问题。

二、国际货运代理人法律性质问题

根据规模大小和经营范围的不同，通常将国际货运代理分为两种形式:一种是托运人的代理人;另一种是多式联运经营人。由此而延伸的关于国际货运代理人的法律性质，主要有“代理人”说和“无船承运人”说两种。持“代理人”说的人认为，国际货运代理是指接受委托人的委托，在委托人的授权范围内，以委托人的名义办理货物运输，代理关系是其中的核心关系，这也与《民法通则》中关于代理的规定相似。因此有关货运代理人的责任承担问题，应当依据《民法通则》的相关规定，其法律后果由被代理人承担。“无船承运人”说则认为，当下许多货运代理人一方面与托运人签订多式联运合同，另外一方面又与每个区段的`实际承运人分别订立运输合同，在以这种“无船承运人”的身份出现时，应当认定为其具有承运人的法律地位。

三、国际货运代理人法律地位判断标准

作为代理人或者是合同主体，货运代理人常常试图用代理人的身份来逃避自己的责任。这往往容易造成混乱的局面。理论与航运实践当中，主要依据以下四条标准来认定国际货运代理人或者代理企业的法律地位。

(一)根据当事人之间的约定

即根据双方签订的运输合同以及货代在合同或者相关文件中如何描述自己来判断。合同作为当事人意思自治的产物，只要承托双方在合同中对货运代理的法律地位做出了约定，就不会存在关于其法律性质、地位的争议问题。但如果货运合同中没有约定或者约定不明，根据合同解释原则以及航运实务中的通常做法，一般会做出有利于托运人的解释。近年来，随着货代企业实力的增长，国内法院也倾向于做出这种解释。关于在合同中的具体描述，如果货代描述自己为“作为代理人”、“代表”或者“为”并且这样的描述是加在本人签名之后的，那么认为此时仅仅是作为代理人的身份。

(二)根据运输单证的签发

根据FLATA标准规则的有关规定，货运代理人一旦签发了自己的运输单证，则视为其已以明示或者默示的方式作出了以承运人的身份承担责任的承诺。比如，以自己的名义签发提单、公布运价。NSAB标准条款中也有类似的规定“货运代理人在下列情况下应当被认为其是以承运人的身份从事活动:以自己的名义签发运输单证……”。

(三)根据报酬的取得方式

实务中，包干费和佣金是国际货运代理人获得报酬的两种主要形式。其中，佣金很好理解，是货代作为中间人说合介绍业务所获得的酬金。包干费，虽然国际物流领域没有这个叫法，但为了方便交易，货运代理人收取包干费用的情况早已不在少数，并且已经形成行业惯例。包干费，是由货主一次性支付给货运代理人的一笔费用。与海运费不同，包干费用还包括报关费、港口费等路上费用。一般情况下，收取包干费用这一事实，通常被认定为货代在其中具有承运人的法律地位。若收取的是佣金，通常则认定为代理人。在太仓兴达制罐公司与江苏中远公司的纠纷中，买卖双方签订了一个货物运输合同，价格条款中约定的支付方式为包干费支付，但是没有明确该交易中的货代是代理人还是承运人。法院最终认定货代是以代理人的身份履行了合同，既其并不因为包干费用而成为承运人。因为在法院看来，包干费用是代理人事先预收、事后代付的费用，他们已为此承担了一定的市场风险。

(四)法律的相关规定

根据2012年12月27日最高人民法院的相关规定，人民法院应当首先根据书面合同约定的权利义务，并结合货运代理企业取得报酬的名义和方式、开具发票的种类和收费项目、当事人之间的交易习惯以及合同实际履行的其他情况，认定海上货运代理合同关系是否成立。既2012年的规定规范了货运代理合同关系的认定问题。其中可以看到，合同中关于权利义务的约定是首先要考虑的因素。

四、总结

综合上述分析，我们可以发现，关于国际货运代理人法律地位的认定是一个很复杂的问题。尤其是在实务过程中，很大一部分合同是通过口头的方式缔约的，这将会导致货运代理企业的法律地位难以认定。在这里，我认为合同实际履行的其他情况比如以货运代理人实际所参与运输的行为来认定其法律地位就变得至关重要。在现代国际运输过程中，传统货代服务企业为了降低运输成本，储运一体化正在向综合物流服务企业转变。因此，国际货运代理人在对货物的仓储、运输过程中或在对运输工具的使用过程中，都很有可能是其承担承运人所应承担的责任。另外，货运代理企业报酬的取得方式、开具发票的类型以及双方的交易习惯这些判定标准都应当被综合考虑。

参考文献:

［1］郭萍．国际货运代理人含义及其法律地位探析［J］．中国海商法年刊，2001．

［2］孟于群，陈震英．国际货运代理法律及案例评析［M］．北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社，2000．

With costs in China rising, the shipping industry has been investing in Vietnam, and shippers may be ready to join them Technology market leader Intel is due to turn on the switch at its $1 billion integrated circuit packaging and testing plant in Ho Chi Minh City later this year, but there is far more at stake for shipping lines, logistics companies and the rest of the trading world than the work on semiconductors. Intel is inaugurating its plant in Vietnam at the start of what some believe may be the opening of a new era of trade in Asia. China’s decade-long role as the world’s factory floor is being challenged by rising labor costs and budding Chinese consumerism, pushing manufacturers to look for alternatives to models built on China’s low costs. To many, Vietnam looks to be the strongest of those alternatives, with Intel’s move into Ho Chin Minh City serving as a potential signature event. “In effect, we are seeing a very fast transformation of Vietnam’s light industrial base,” said Richard Martin, managing director of IMA Asia, an economic research and forecasting firm. “The big shift in the last two years is the rise of electronics.” Exports of textiles and garments grew percent in the first four months of this year compared to a year earlier, according to IMA Asia, and footwear rose percent. Computer and electronics exports jumped percent in the same period. Electronics still make up a relatively small share of the Vietnam’s exports volume, but that gap in the growth rate amid pressure at China factories to raise wages has more companies looking seriously at the country’s potential for manufacturing and sourcing. In fact, the Gold Rush to take advantage of Vietnam’s low labor costs is picking up again this year as more . and European importers shift production of textiles, apparel and footwear to the rapidly growing country. The shift, which began in 2007 when Vietnam became a member of the World Trade Organization, hit a brick wall last year as new foreign investment all but dried up during the Great Recession, and the country’s torrid trade growth Intel’s plant has been in the works for several years, it’s one tangible sign that foreign direct investment in manufacturing facilities, which grew at a compound annual rate of percent from 2000 to 2008 before falling 73 percent last year, is on its way back. Foreign investment grew in the first quarter with restored interest in textiles and footwear and the long-awaited move up the value chain to electronics. The country’s prime minister told the World Economic Forum in Ho Chi Minh City this month that Vietnam’s economy will grow to 7 percent this year after expanding percent in 2009. The recession didn’t stop container lines from adding new direct services to the . and terminal operators from opening four facilities, all of it built on business that was growing last year and, they believe, has the potential to grow far more. In the 13 months since the Port of Ho Chi Minh City, where the Cai Mep and Thi Vai Rivers meet, was dredged to 35 feet, or deep enough to handle the midsize ships that ply the trans-Pacific, many of the world’s major container lines have started calling at two of the port’s four new container terminals with direct services to the . The recession slowed the growth of the volumes carried by the direct services that have been launched by APL, “K” Line, Hanjin, Maersk Line, MOL, NYK and OOCL, and it is only now that their ships are sailing full.“Vietnam was a mainstay for us in 2009 in what was otherwise a horrible year,” said Goh Teik Poh, president for South Asia at APL. “We saw 7 percent growth (in Vietnam) last year, slower than the 13 to 14 percent growth in 2008, but nevertheless good growth.” APL started two direct services to the . last year, one on its own and the other as part of the New World Alliance. It also started new Vietnam calls by five intra-Asian services. “We intend to launch a couple more depending on timing.”Carriers clamoring to start the first direct services from Vietnam to Europe will be able to do so next March when Japan’s office of Official Development Assistance, the aid agency that is part of the country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, completes dredging the channel to the lower harbor down to 45 feet and two more container terminals open with access to the deeper then, Vietnam’s container trade, which started to revive in the first quarter of this year, should return to double-digit growth rates. The only constraint on growth will be the still-lagging state of Vietnam’s inland road network and the relatively small sizes of the new terminals that the Vietnamese government has even last year, when the recession cut global trade volume 10 percent, Vietnam’s overall trade volume increased 2 percent, although that was down from the average 20 percent annual growth it enjoyed during from 2005 to 2008. Total . containerized trade with Vietnam grew percent last year, according to PIERS Global Intelligence Solutions, a sister company of The Journal of Commerce. . imports from Vietnam fell percent, while exports to Vietnam rose percentVietnam last year surpassed Hong Kong as the No. 2 exporter of women’s and infant wear to the United States, behind China, according to PIERS, and containerized trade volume in that business nearly doubled between 2005 to 2009, to 48,609 TEUs, a compound annual growth rate of percent. Those exports grew percent in the first quarter while shipments from Hong Kong, Indonesia and Cambodia fell. Vietnam is behind China and Hong Kong in footwear, but compound annual growth of 10 percent over the last five years pushed the country’s share of those exports to the United States from 4 percent to 7 percent. With demand recovering quickly, Vietnam’s overall trade volume is expected to resume its double-digit growth this year and continue at that rate in the years to come. PIERS forecasts . imports from Vietnam will jump percent this year, and exports, percent. That will be another accelerator of growth for Vietnam,” said Martin Gaard Christiansen, CEO for APM Terminals’ Asia-Pacific region. “Instead of all European goods being transshipped, now you’ll be able to load them directly for Europe. We’ve seen a high demand from carriers to bring in direct strings for the Pacific trade. But next year, they will be able to bring in Europe-bound vessels.”European imports from Vietnam are transported on feeder ships to Singapore or Hong Kong and transshipped onto Asia-Europe loops that use vessels with a capacity of 10,000 to 12,000 TEUs. Those have a draft that’s too deep for the current terminals at Ho Chi Minh’s City’s Terminals and two local partners are building the Cai Mep International Terminal, which will open in January. The terminal will be able to handle Asia-Europe trade when the dredging to a 45-foot draft is completed in March. Its 656-foot-long berth will have a capacity of 600,000 TEUs, but that will be expanded to million TEUs in 2011 after Phase 2 construction is completed.“In March, every single shipping line that has a service to Europe will want to come in,” said Malcolm Gregory, head of commercial operations at the Cai Mep International Terminal. “The next problem is that only one facility will be open — ours — and we won’t be able to handle them all. That’s a nice position to be in.”A second deep-water terminal, the Saigon SSA International Terminal, also will open next year with access to the 45-foot channel, but not until year-end. If the opening of the new terminals that can handle direct Asia-Europe services does rev up European demand for Vietnamese products, there could be a slowing in the growth of Vietnam’s exports to the . as European importers corner more of the supply. “I expect that we’ll see a slowdown in exports to the .,” said Julia Hughes, executive director of the United States Association of Importers of Textiles and Apparel. “There’s not unlimited capacity for textile and apparel production. Usually, if there is a surge in one market, like Europe, there is a balancing act between the . and EU business.”Over the 12 months through March, . apparel imports from Vietnam were up almost 7 percent by volume. Non-apparel imports, which include yarns, fabrics and furnishings rose 96 percent in the same period. “That’s where the big growth has been, off a smaller base,” Hughes said. “In the past year, no one was growing except Vietnam.”The rapid pace of maritime development is reminiscent of what happened when China’s trade took off 10 years ago. But Vietnam’s terminals, even those under construction, are far smaller than those that have been built in China. “When you look at the number of facilities, it sounds like a lot, but when you look at the number of berth windows, it’s not so much,” Christiansen said. Another constraint on growth is Vietnam’s poorly developed road system. The country has a total road network of 137,944 miles, but only 19 percent of that is paved. Roads are so poor that a lot of the cargo is transported by barge from the factories around Ho Chi Minh City 50 miles down the river to the new ’s government is pouring money into its road network, but getting goods on the road may not be the biggest barrier, trade experts say. The country has notorious red tape. “There are still barriers to doing business in Vietnam because of the way it’s structured and the way it handles business,” said Evan Armstrong, president of Armstrong & Associates, a research and consulting firm in Staughton, Wis. “If you do business in Vietnam, you’re doing business with the government. It’s not like doing business with the United States.”APM Terminals’ Christiansen said his company had no problems getting permits to build the Cai Mep International Terminal, but Armstrong said setting up a reliable supply chain in Vietnam requires a different structure. “Companies that are looking to do business there should make sure they have a good logistics provider with local expertise that can help you manage your supply chain,” he said.

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