《老人与海》中桑提亚哥主体形象分析一、内在力量桑提亚哥是位以打鱼为生的古巴老渔夫,他历经风霜饱受艰难,岁月的流失在他身上留下了深刻的痕迹。他已连续84天没钓到一条鱼了,前几十天有一小孩陪着他出海,由于他的失败和背运,那个小孩被父母逼着跟另外的渔船钓鱼。如今老头孤独无援,厄运缠身。但他老而不衰,苍老的容貌与他充满活力的内心形成了鲜明的对比。海明威在描写桑提亚哥这一人物时,通过描述他的体貌和眼神,体现出了老人外表的苍老与内在的力量:The old man was thin and gaunt,with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep – creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of the scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless about him was old except his eye and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.除了老头那双充满活力的眼睛,海明威还通过小孩曼诺林的眼睛让读者看到桑提亚哥身体上其它有力的部分,从而使读者期待而不幻想,把注意力集中到桑提亚哥身上,他有力的肩膀,壮实的头颈无一不显示出他所蕴含的力量: They were strange shoulders,still powerful although very old,and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward. 也正是这种老而不衰的体力构成了桑提亚哥支撑自信的基本力量之一。作为一个经常处于与大自然力量相抗争状态的渔夫,他知已至深,十分清楚自身的优势和胜算;对于他要面对的大鱼,他亦知彼至深,懂得如何运用技巧和耐力赢得一场公平的战斗。他对自己的能力不抱幻想,也不狂妄地自我吹嘘。只是等待机会证实自己的能力,所以,他对曼诺林的称赞反应并不十分强烈,只是淡淡的一句 “Thank you. You make me happy. I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.” 显示出一个知已知彼的钓鱼高手在临战前的冷静和镇定,话说得虽少,却字字千钓,自有一股震人心魄的力量。 桑提亚哥的行动正如他的言语一样,简洁而精确,没有多余的动作。他的每个动作似乎经过精确计算,决不多浪费一点精力。如他脱衣睡觉的动作,轻捷而实用,读起来让人如身临其境: He rolled his trousers up to make a pillow,putting the newspaper inside them. He rolled himself in the blanket and slept on the other old newspapers that covered the springs of the bed. 他简朴,贫困而不寒酸,谦卑而不低贱,动作之中自有一股尊严,令人敬仰。海明威在这一人物身上寄托了他对人性的深刻理解和信念。无论环境多么困苦艰难险恶,无论一个人的地位高低,保持人的尊严是最重要的。这种尊严不会由于财富的多寡,运气的大小而增减,它是真正美好的人性必不可少的一部分,Young指出这种认识境界也是海明威本人所能达到的高度,也是他这一作品最成功之处。 “The knowledge that a simple man is capable of the decency, dignity, and even heroism that Santiago possesses and that his battle can been seen in heroic terms is itself perhaps the greatest victory that Hemingway won.” 二、硬汉本色如果说桑提亚哥在其行动中显示了尊严,在遭到失败后还继续保持不败的精神则显示了他的硬汉本色,他与小孩曼诺林的友谊则显示了他性格中温暖的一面。他的忠诚和激情通过他的行动表达出来,如他独自一人在海上的时候多次提到小孩曼诺林,使人感觉到他对友谊和帮助的渴求。 但桑提亚哥这一人物的性格并非不存在任何缺陷,如他允许自己和曼诺林不断重复那段关于子虚乌有的米饭和鱼网的对话,暴露了他性格中非理智的一面: “What do you have to eat?” the boy asked. “A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?” “No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?”“No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” “May I take the castnet?”“Of course.”“硬汉子”桑提亚哥在与马林鱼和鲨鱼的冲突中把自己的体能发挥到了极限。但在小说的结尾处,我们听到桑提亚哥和Manolin在谈论下次出海打鱼的计划: “Now we fish together again.” “No. I am not lucky. I am not luck any more.” “The hell with luck,” the boy said “ I’ll bring the luck with me.” ...... “We must get a good killing lance and always have it on board. You can make the blade from a spring leaf from an old ford. We can grind it in Guanabacoa. It should be sharp and not tempered so it will break. My knife broke.”桑提亚哥并没有被打败。此次捕鱼的失败只给他留下了疲劳和更多的经验或诀窍。同时,曼诺林的存在使他的失败又被赋予了一层新的意义。他发现他可以从自己失败的地方找到可以教导曼诺林的教训,现身说法,使这次失败在曼诺林身上产生更深远的价值,桑提亚哥的“硬汉”精神会在曼诺林身上得到延续和弘扬。正如Baker所言: “The winner takes nothing but the sense of having fought the fight to the limits of his strength,of having shown what a man can do when it is necessary like many of the rest of us,he is undefeated only because he has gone on trying.” 三、海明威主角模式卓绝的特质与阔远宁静的心理素质在桑提亚哥这一主体形象身上,不仅凝聚了海明威主角模式卓绝的特质,如压力下的冷静和优雅风度以及产生这种优雅感的自我控制力,还显示出了一种更加阔远宁静的心理素质。桑提亚哥对失败的反应已不再像其主角模式那样愤世嫉俗,他平静而坚定地接受了自己的命运,内心的信念并未因此而丧失。作为一个渔夫,连续数月捕不到鱼这种挫折对他来说既不是第一次,也不是最后一次。这一点从曼诺林口中说出,也说明了曼诺林对老人桑提亚哥的信心基础。在曼诺林的眼中,桑提亚哥是经受过考验的。对读者来说; The man who never encounters death,who never faces any danger at all, this man has not yet been tested; we don’t know whether he will withstand the pressures,whether he will prove to be a true Hemingway man.对桑提亚哥来说,更富有意义的是他已不止一次经受住了考验,他无论在道德上还是在勇气上都属于胜利者。 “He fights with dignity,against great odds,and though he loses the marlin,he survives and wins and moral victory for himself by daring the sea and the great fish. The fullest expression of his courage and his strength are tested-- and are triumphant.”另外,桑提亚哥作为胜者的意义不仅仅在于他在压力下所显示的巨大勇气和凛然的尊严,还在于他强大的意志力与其衰老的肉体强烈的反差对比,他体能上的弱势由于其娴熟的技巧得到部分弥补,但他作为一个个体在与生存环境的抗争中更富有深刻的寓意。桑提亚哥所显示的勇气和意志力于全人类无疑具有深刻的意义。四、结语作为文学作品中一个虚构的人物,桑提亚哥是“浑圆”的人物,他的内心和态度经历了变化,性格得到了进一步的发展。他意识到在向自己的极限的挑战中,他所能取得的成功由于其它对抗力量的制约而不能圆满,当他发现自己一直寻找或猎取的大鱼被毫无意义地吞食时,他意识到不仅伤害了对手,也伤害了自己。而在这以前,他还一直以为自己在一场公平的竞争中赢得了胜利,遭遇鲨鱼之后他才发现自己为这一胜利付出的代价多么惨痛。在他出海前,他满怀信心,认为凭借一已之力就可以捕到大鱼,但在与大鱼正面对抗时,他才意识到人与人之间的帮助是珍贵而必需的,这种帮助的意义还不仅仅在于体力上的帮忙,更重要的是给他以精神上的支撑。
《呼啸山庄》人物关系结构 Title:Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights——The Psychoanalysis of love triangle relationship with Freud’s theory of personalityAbstract:Wuthering Heights tells a story of superhuman love and revenge enacted on the English moors. In this thesis, an attempt is made to analyze the love triangle relationship which leads to Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights by virtue of Freud’s theory of words:Wuthering Heights Freud’s theory of personality love triangle relationshipIn Catherine's heart she knows what is right, but chooses what is wrong. It is her wrong decision that pushes her into the inextricable []dilemma between her love and marriage; it is her wrong choice that plunges the two families into chaos. In the mind, she is truly out of her to Sigmund Freud(1856—1939), the structure of the mind or personality consists three portions: the id, the ego, and the superego.“The id, which is the reservoir of biological impulses, constitutes the entire personality of the infant at birth. Its principle of operation, to guard the person from painful tension, is termed the pleasure principle. Inevitable frustrations of the id, together with what the child learns from his encounters with external reality, generate the ego, which is essentially a mechanism to minimize frustrations of the biological drives in the long run. It operates according to the reality principle … []The superego comprises the conscience, a partly conscious system of introjected moral inhibitions, and the ego-ideal, the source of the individual's standards for his own behavior. Like external reality, from which it derives, the superego often presents obstacles to the satisfaction of biological drives.”“In the mentally healthy person, these three systems form a unified and harmonious organization. Conversely, when the three systems of personality are at odds with one another the person is said to be maladjusted.” Here Catherine's tragic psychological process may be well illustrated by Freudian psychoanalysis.“I cannot express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here?” Catherine's strange words reflect that the intelligent Emily Bronte had been earlier pondering over a same question in her work. What on earth is“the existence of Catherine's beyond Catherine”?Here we may believe that Heathcliff stands for Catherine's instinctual nature and the strongest desire—her “id” in the depths of her soul; Edgar, her ideal “superego”, represents another part of her personality: the well-bred gracefulness and the superiority of a wealthy family; and she, herself is the “ego” tortured by the friction between the two in the disharmonious the light of Freud's theory of personality, “the superego is the representation in the personality of the traditional values and ideals of society as they are handed down from parents to children.” Catherine's choice of Edgar as her husband is to satisfy her ideal “superego” to get wealth and high social position, which are the symbol of her class, on the basis of the education by her family and reality from her early childhood. She is a Miss of a noble family with a long history of about three hundred years. Only the marriage well-matched in social and economic status could be a satisfaction for all: her family, the society and even her practical self. “It would degrade me to many Heathcliff now ... if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars?” This is her actual worry for her future. Catherine yields to the pressure from her brother, and alike, in truth, she is yielding to the moral rules of society, without the approval and identification of which, she could not live a better life or even exist in it at , Catherine underestimates what her other more intrinsic self would have effect on her. The most remarkable claim by Catherine herself may be the best convincing evidence to distinguish the different roles of Heathcliff and Edgar—her “id” and her “superego”:“My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else perished, and he was annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like foliage in the woods: time will change it. I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I'm Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure and more than I am always a pleasure to me, but as my own being. So don't talk of our separation again: it is impracticable.”It was a happy thought to make her love the kind, wealthy, weak, elegant Edgar, yet in submission to her superego to oppose against her id, she would fall into a loss of the self. Since the id is the most primitive basis of personality, and the ego is formed out of the id, Catherine's life depends wholly on Heathcliff, as the whole connotation and truth of her life in the cosmic world, for its existence and further more for the significance of her existence. Heathcliff is the most necessary part of her being. She marries Edgar, but Heathcliff still clutches her soul in his passionate embrace. Although she is a bit ashamed of her early playmate, she loves him with a passionate abandonment that sets culture, education, the world at defiance. Catherine's wrong choice for marriage violates her inner desires. The choice is a victory for self-indulgence—a sacrifice of primary to secondary things. And she pays for one hand, Catherine doesn't find the heavenly happiness she was longing for. Though as a girl “full of ambition”and “to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood” would be her pride, the enviable marriage could only flatter her vanity for a second. After her marriage, the comfortable and peaceful life in the Grange was just a monotonous and lifeless confinement of her soul. She feels chocked by the artificial and unnatural conditions in the closed Thrushcross Grange— a world in which the mind has hardened and become unalterable.“If I were in heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ” Catherine eventually knows that the Lintons' heaven is not her ideal heaven. She and Heathcliff really possess their common heaven. Just as Catherine says,“Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.”Catherine doesn't want to live in the Lintons' heaven; on the other hand, she has lost her own paradise that she ever had with Heathcliff on the bare hard moor in their childhood. The deepest bent of her nature announces her destiny—a wanderer between the two worlds. When she is alive, she occupies a position midway between the two. She belongs in a sense to both and is constantly drawn first in Heathcliff's direction, then in Edgar's, and then in Heathcliff's again and at last she loses herself completely. Her childish illusion to use her husband's money to aid Heatllcliff to rise out of her brother's power has vanished in thin air. And her constant struggle to reconcile two irreconcilable ways of life is in vain too, which only caused more disorder in the two worlds and in herself as Freudian principles, should the ego continually fail in its task of satisfying the demands of the id, these three factors together—the painful repression of the id's instinctual desires, the guilt conscience of revolt against the superego's wishes, and the frustration of failure in finding outlets in the external world- would contribute to ever-increasing anxiety. The anxiety piles up and finally overwhelms the person. When this happens, the person is said to leave hallucinatory wish-fulfillment, then a nervous radical breakdown, and in the end may finish the person off. Catherine is destroyed into psychic fragmentation by the friction between the two. At the height of her Edgan-Heathcliff torment, Catherine lies delirious on the floor at the Grange. She dreams that she is back in her own old bed at Wuthering Heights “enclosed in the oak-paneled bed at home, and my heart ached with some great grief…my misery arose from the separation that Hindley had ordered between me and Heathcliff.”Still dreaming, she tries to push back the panels of the oak bed, only to find herself touching the table and the carpet at the Grange:“My late anguish was swallowed in a paroxysm of despair. I cannot say why I was so wildly wretched ... and my all in all, as Heathcliff was at that time, and been converted at a stroke into Mrs. Linton...the wife of a stranger: an exile, and outcast.” She attempts to forget the lengthy days of years of life without her soul even in her temporary derangement.“Most strangely, the whole last seven years of my life grew a blank! I did not recall that they had been at all.” Her mental and physical decay rapidly leads to the body's mortal end. She dies and seems to have none into perfect even after her death, she is still a wandering ghost. In Chapter 3, Lockwood, the lodger in Catherine's oak-paneled bed at Wuthering Heights dreams about the little wailing ghost:“The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, ‘Let me in-Let me in’.‘ Who are you?’…‘Catherine Linton’, it replied, shiveringly…‘I'm come home: I'd lost my way on the moor!’…Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till then blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes: still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’…it is twenty years, twenty years. I've been a waif for twenty years!”Catherine aspires to be back in her heaven even being a spirit. But leer self-deceptive decision has made her fall from her and Heathcliff's heaven full of demonic love and her never docile or submissive nature has drawn her out of her and Edgar's heaven filled with civilized emptiness in the meantime. She pushes herself into her tragedy, the endless dilemma between her love and marriage, which won't end up with her : Emily,Wuthering Heights,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,London:Oxford University Press Sigmund,Interpretation of Dreams,Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press Trysh,Heathcliff and Cathy,the Dysfunctional Couple,The Chronicle of Higher Education,Washington, Rebecca,Diaries and Displacement in Wuthering Heights,Studies in the Novel,Denton,2000 里面有你需要的英语论文,我载老一篇,不合适切看下嘛,呵呵!!!
英美文学,是指英国的文学和美国的文学代表作品,长期以来,英美文学在世界文学史上占有重要的意义,也给现代文学的发展指引和引导了重要的方向。下面是我为大家整理的英美文学论文,供大家参考。
我国自1953年开始在高校英语专业学生中开设英美文学课到现在已有近60年的历史,英美文学课作为英语专业学生的高年级主干课程,在整个课程体系中占有重要地位。2000年 教育 部颁发的《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》规定:文学课程的目的在于培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力、掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法,通过阅读和分析英美文学作品,促进学生语言基本功和人文素质的提高,增强学生对西方文学及 文化 的了解。由此可见,文学课教学在提高学生的语言功底,全面提升大学生人文素质方面起着重要的作用。然而,英美文学课对于学生的“内在”气质培养是需要花费一定时间的,需要学生在课上积极参与,课下静心研读经典并吸收其中的人文知识财富。然而,随着商品经济的触角不断深入到社会的每个角落及其网络文化的迅速崛起,高校学生越来越重视诸如 英语口语 、 商务英语 、 旅游英语 等实用性课程及其网络上的快餐文化,社会导向使得学生越来越不屑于花时间潜下心来认真研读经典的文学作品。笔者曾在我省六所理工科院校做过一项调查,结果显示,能在课余时间阅读文学经典作品的学生只占被调查学生总数的8%,而62%的学生将诸如 演讲技巧 、交际能力、创业秘诀之类的书放在了课余阅读的首位。在这种背景之下,文学课教学也遇到了诸多困难,甚至一些高校为了迎合社会上的这种趋势竟压缩英美文学课时,使得英美文学课呈现出被边缘化了的趋势。不少著名语言学者感慨:现在的语言专业学生的口语表达能力很好,但内在修养素质欠佳,对所学语言国家的思想观念、价值取向、风俗文化知之甚少,学生几乎成为了一个个语言与翻译的机器。为了有效激发学生对英美文学课的兴趣,充分发挥英美文学的教学及其育人作用,不少学者对高校英美文学的教学现状做出过富有成效的调查,本文结合前期的英美文学教学调查 报告 成果,提出了多元、复合式的英美文学教学方法不仅能够有效提高课堂教学质量,激发学生对英美文学课的热爱,而且能够提高学生的整体素质和思辨能力,并进一步探讨了复合式英美文学教学方法的意义及与传统“四段论”的教学方式作出了比较。
一、“四段论”的英美文学教学方式
南京师范大学英美文学学者程爱民教授曾对目前我国英美文学课的教学方法做出过一项调查,调查显示:绝大多数英美文学课教师仍然沿用较为传统的教学模式,即只注重教师的讲解,对学生参与的要求不高。在讲一个作家或一部作品时,先从时代背景、作家生平讲起,接着是作品的思想内容、艺术特点。这种“时代背景”“作家生平”“作品的思想内容”“艺术特点”式的四段论程序化教学方法基本是“以本为纲”,即以课本为主要教学素材,教师在课堂上主要根据英美文学史的发展过程,按照教学计划安排教学进度;教学方法基本上是按照英美文学史的发展过程,将英国文学史和美国文学史划分为几个主要阶段,上课时教师首先介绍某一历史阶段的文学时代背景、总体文学特征,然后逐个介绍、讲解作家的生平、创作经历和主要文学作品。并对课本中作家代表作的摘选部分进行讲解。在课堂上,教师也会对学生提问,但是提问次数不多,主要是教师在讲台上讲解、学生在座位上听讲。这种“填鸭式”而非“启发式”的教学方式极易使课堂气氛变得较为沉闷,所造成的结果就是老师一个人在讲台上唱独角戏,而讲台下的学生却不能真正融入到老师的讲解当中。用这种方式进行英美文学教学,很难对学生形成较大的影响。这种单一的“四段论”程序化教学有其形成的背景。在多媒体教学尚未在中国大学大面积铺开的时刻,英美文学教学也依赖传统的教室黑板教学,英美文学教师很难依赖教学硬件设备给学生提供大量的相关信息。而鉴于英美文学课时较短,无法抽出太多的时间来进行课上的讨论,所以这种“填鸭式”的教学方式在所难免。
二、多元复合式的英美文学教学方法
北京大学博士生导师李赋宁说:英美文学课属于人文科学门类,它的目标是培养学习者的人文精神,提高其文化修养和素质,树立社会责任感,造就德才兼备的外语人才。从本质上看,文学作品是作者对人生和社会的体验、感受和思考的记录,读者对文学作品的理解只有靠融入性的交流——将个人经历融入到作者的世界中与作者进行交流时才能实现。因此,文学课教师应该多启发和引导学生,唤起学生的心理感受和参与热情,而不仅仅是用透彻的讲解来主宰课堂并且替代学生的思考。鉴于英美文学教学在 英语学习 中的重要作用,在教学过程中,教师应当用英美文学名著中随处可见的人文思想、智慧和魅力去吸引学生,充分发挥英美文学教学固有的优势和内在的潜力,激活文学课的效力,运用各种灵活多样的教学手法来实现其教学目的。基于以上分析,笔者认为应当将以下元素融入到实际的英美文学教学中去,以实现一种多元复合式的英美文学教学。
(一)构建“互动式”的英美文学教学模式
从上述分析中不难看出,传统“四段论”英美文学教学模式的缺点就是缺少创造性和交互活动,整个教学过程是单向的,仅是由教师指向学生,师生之间很难形成有效互动,所以将“交互式”的教学模式引入英美文学课堂教学中势在必行。交互式教学法最早是在1982年由美国教育学家Palincsar提出的一种富有创意的教学理论和策略。与传统的以教师为中心的教学法不同的是,交互式教学法始终将学生放在学习的中心位置上,让学生参与教学活动的全过程,真正成为教学活动的主体。同时,交互式教学方法还强调将教师放在教学的主导位置上,实现教师与学生、学生与学生、学生与教材之间的双向良性交流与互动。简言之,交互式教学法就是以师生、生生互动为桥梁,摒弃教师“一言堂”所带来的填鸭式教学,使英美文学教学中的教师、学生、教材和媒体几大要素之间形成立体的信息交流和传递。由于课堂教学是以传递知识信息为主,所以使用交互教学法时,切不可为了课堂的活跃而忽略了教学目标。交互式教学法用于英美文学课堂教学中时要遵循以下原则:一是以教学重难点为中心原则。英美文学课作为专业主干课程包含了许多学生理解不了的重点和难点,在教学中要引导学生以教学重点为轴,以解答难点为线,师生、生生合作互动探究教学中的疑难问题,寻求有效的解决途径。教师的作用主要是始终把握课堂沿着既定设计进行,避免因为互动而忽略文学教学中重点和难点的处理。二是构建开放课堂原则。开放式课堂是可持续发展的课堂,教师通过富有策略的引导和兴趣、情感的激发,使学生学习知识成为自身需求的表现,通过组织小组合作探究,体验性学习,个性化学习等学习模式,使学生在融入性的氛围中主动学习,这对学生体验文学名著中作者的世界观和价值观有着重要的意义,可以有效解决学生和作者之间融入性交流不足的问题。三是实践性原则。在教学实践活动中,通过课堂教学实践,设置与教学内容相符合的英语情景,让学生在欣赏与分析英文原著的过程中提高听、说、读、写等基本技能。采用交互式英美文学教学方法能极大发挥学生在学习过程中的主观能动性,引导他们得出自己的结论。一千个人读《哈姆雷特》就会有一千个哈姆雷特,每一部文学作品都是开放性的,学生们不喜欢教师将自己的意志和理解强加在自己头上,他们更喜欢通过阅读得出自己的理解和观点。比如在学习福克纳的短篇小说《致艾米丽的玫瑰花》时,笔者采用如下方式来实践交互式教学法。首先,让学生在课下来准备作家福克纳的相关资料,课上予以展示。教师根据学生准备的相关资料,进一步深入挖掘学生一般不能洞察到的福克纳作品的主题:对罪恶的惩罚总会以某种形式在后代人身上得以呈现。然后教师给出有关情节,人物和主题的几道思考题,让学生带着问题来阅读整篇小说。最后,让学生各抒己见,发表对小说的看法,主要是围绕着为什么艾米丽小姐要杀死自己的情人,及其为什么作者将题目命名为《致艾米丽的玫瑰花》,而全文并无玫瑰意象的出现。最后教师根据学生的发言进一步 总结 该篇小说怎样扣住福克纳小说的一贯主题。在这个师生、生生互动的过程中,学生对小说的理解比教师单独讲解要深刻得多。通过学生主观能动性的发挥,枯燥的文学课堂将变得丰富多彩,学生对文学课的兴趣也将变的愈加浓厚。
(二)利用计算机网络环境辅助英美文学教学
从学习论的角度出发,建构主义学习理论是基于计算机网络的英美文学教学模式重要理论来源。建构主义提供了一种与传统的客观主义不同的学习理论。这种学习理论认为:认识并不是主体对于客体被动、简单和肤浅意义上的反映,而是一个不断深化、主动和从深层意义上进行建构的过程,即所有知识意义都是通过内在表征过程主动建构出来的。同时,学习环境在知识建构的过程中起着重要的作用,建构主义学习理论强调为主体建构提供良好的外部条件。这些思想都在基于计算机网络的英美文学教学实践中有所体现。首先,计算机网络的图像、声音、视频能够调动起学生的视觉、听觉等各个器官,充分激发和挖掘了学生的直觉思维和参与意识。一幅图片当中所容纳的信息内容可以和上百甚至上千个文字想比较,而一部电影视频中所包含的内容就更多,学生们只需要两个小时的时间就可以了解完一整部小说中的所有内容。其次,信息媒体的一大特征就是它的可延伸性和可交互性,学生可以通过网络进行超文本链接,搜索到很多与所学英美文学内容相关的信息,进一步加深理解。另外学生在进行选择、提取信息及其发布信息的过程中能够得到评估和反馈,这使得学生主动参与到学习过程中去发现、归纳文学中的内在规则,这种参与认知能够积极调动学生的潜能,培养学生的自主学习策略。目前,英美文学课的课时有限,不允许教师包罗万象的将教学内容呈现在课堂上,但是通过计算机网络等多媒体技术,教师可以将英美文学课堂有效延伸,以缓解目前英美文学教学内容庞杂而课时有限的矛盾,同时,学生的自主学习、自我管理能力也能得以有效培养。
(三)构建立体化的教学内容
多元复合式的英美文学教学方法也必将带来教学内容上的一场革命。目前,许多学校的英美文学课采用“文学史”+“选段”模式,教师除了在课上依据“四段论”来讲述文学史实外,还会增加一些文学选读来作为一种补充,除此之外,基本没有其他内容。美国哈佛大学心理学教授霍华德•加德纳认为:如果能对同时期的文学及艺术发展有相互对照的了解,就会对该时期的文化精神从整体上掌握;如果能掌握不同时期的精神与不同艺术所呈现的符码,便能进入作品形成的思辨过程,对人文精神的了解会更宽广,就会不再拘于文字的层面。从这个意义上讲,在文学教学中引入跨领域的内容对于拓展学生的思维和提高学生的人文精神有着重要的意义。所以,在英美文学课上,教师若能根据教学内容,不拘泥于纯文学的领域,而将社会、艺术、文化等相关学科的知识、内容与文学的相关内容结合起来,就能引起学生更多的学习意愿,激发学生的潜能。例如,阅读美国殖民地时期的文学作品,就必须了解宗教领域内的清教主义;如果不了解教义中的“原罪说”,就很难理解霍桑的小说《红字》的主题;不了解西方的非理性主义哲学,就不会对西方文学作品如荒诞派文学等产生深入的理解;不了解弗洛伊德的“恋母情结”就很难深入理解劳伦斯的《儿子与情人》。另外,为了构建立体化的教学内容,一定要注意将文学与历史及其哲学结合起来。按当今的学科分类,文学和史学,共同构成了人文学科的主体,而哲学则是超乎一切学科之上的通学,故又有文史哲三位一体之说。虽然文史哲各有其特质,简言之,哲学最为关注生与死,史学最当记述哀与荣,文学最宜抒发爱与恨,但三者又同根同源,因此,在学习文学作品时,完全可以将相关的历史与哲学常识联系起来,利用同学们对历史和哲学已有的基础知识激发学生对文学的学习兴趣。
三、多元复合式英美文学教学方法的意义
通过对英美文学课的学习,实际上是使学生获得对世界和人生的感悟与体验,培养学生对任何生命主体的亲近和敬畏。它不仅是一门科学,更是一种对世界的态度。通过教师使用多元复合式的教学方法,可以给学生提供广阔的自由发展空间,充分发挥学生的主动性、积极性和创造性。学生通过积极参与英美文学课的教学,养成积极思考与表达的习惯,通过积极阅读英美文学作品原著,理解英美文学与文化,提高文学批评鉴赏能力和英语水平,学生的分析能力和思辨能力在这个过程中也就得到了相应的提高。
学习英美文学除了可以提高学生的语言能力和认知水平外,更重要的是可以培养学生健康高尚的道德观和审美观,提高学生的人文素质,因为文学作品具有不可替代的感染力和教化作用,通过学习和分析作品中的真善美和假丑恶,引导学生形成正确的的世界、人生和价值观,培养他们认识问题、解决问题的能力从而有助于大学生陶冶情操、开拓心智、提升他们的思想境界。从这个意思上说,多元复合式的英美文学教学方式的确为高校的人文素质教育提供了一个重要的平台,对于培养大学生的综合素质起到了关键的作用。
由于受到当前社会上“功利主义”和“实用主义”思想的影响,许多英语专业的学生对文学课程的设置怀有排斥态度,认为文学课程毫无实用价值,对自己将来找工作并无帮助,因而否定文学课程的意义。的确,文学教育自身的特点决定了它不可能在短时间内起到立竿见影的效果,它是一种长期的潜移默化式的滋养。正如虞建华教授所言:“文学是一门‘致知’的学科。真正有价值的文学作品,通过语言的艺术反馈 经验 ,提供认识社会和人本身的观察窗口,它的影响力不是直接的,而是深远的;不是物质层面的,而是精神的;不是可以明显感知的,而是潜移默化、无所不在的”。学校如果过分强调英语学习的实用性就会导致学生思想贫乏,心灵闭锁,缺乏 想象力 和创造力,学生的综合素质必然滑坡。
一、文学教育及其重要意义
文学教育不同于语言教育,但又跟语言教育互为依托。语言教育的目的是培养学生的语言应用能力,具有很强的工具性特征。英美文学教育是在英语语言能力的基础之上,培养学生的文学鉴赏能力、文学品味与健全的人格。文学具有抚慰心灵、陶冶情操、塑造伟大人格、开拓人类精神空间的内在价值。文学教育为学生提供有“意义”和有“韵味”的语言输入,使学生耳濡目染于优美的英美文学语篇,从而帮助学生塑造独特个性,培养文化宽容精神,提高鉴赏能力、思维能力、想象能力和创新能力。中国科学院院士杨叔子认为,“人文文化具有重要的基础地位,关系到民族的存亡,关系到国家的强弱,关系到社会的进退,关系到人格的高低,关系到涵养的深浅,关系到思维的智弱,关系到事业的成败。”我们对学生进行人文素质教育就是要将人类的优秀文化成果通过知识传授、环境熏陶,使之内化为学生的人格、气质、修养,成为人的相对稳定的内在品格。在文化与文明的传承过程中,文学起到了功不可没的作用。文学涉猎广泛的题材,在表达悟识、 反思 生活方面的价值是任何其他方面的学习难以取代的。就个人的长远发展和民族的长远利益来说,文学教育虽然费时、费力,不容易见成效,却是一项意义深远的旨在提高民族整体素质的人文工程。
二、英美文学教学改革途径
现在的英美文学课程课时偏少,教学内容不够丰富系统,教学方法单一,要想通过文学教育更好地培养学生的素质,就必须探索英美文学教学改革的途径。
1、调整授课学时
随着现代教育技术的发展,传统上依靠教师在课堂上带领学生操练的语言技能课如听力、口语和阅读等课程,现在可以借助计算机和 网络技术 减少课时,采取教师课堂指导、督促、检查和学生自我操练相结合的教学方法,这样就为文学教学腾出了教学时间。可以将文学类课程提前到大学二年级,并贯穿整个大学后三年,这样学生的人文素养和英语基本功一定能有较大的提高。
2、增加“文学批评理论”教学
当前英语专业学生的课程设置中,很少出现“文学批评理论”的身影,这不得不说是一种遗憾。文学文本所涉及的话题是复杂的、深入的、丰富多彩的,并没有什么一成不变的答案。文学教学不是要去寻找各种权威的或正确的解释,而是要为学生提供一个阅读和思考的场所,教师应该鼓励学生学会个性化的阅读和培养一种独立思考的能力。在这个过程中,文学教学应该对学生的智慧产生影响,而文学批评理论的学习可以发挥很大的作用。20世纪各种新的文学批评理论不断涌现,我们看到了马克思主义批评、读者反映批评、结构主义、结构主义、后殖民主义等。这些文学批评理论颠覆了传统的文学“经典”教学内容和模式。文学理论可以使我们以完全不同的方式去阅读经典作品,并使我们认识到经典作家要比我们过去对他们的认识复杂得多。
3、改革教学模式
以教师为中心的传统教学模式注重专业知识的单向传授,学生的积极性、主动性和动手能力不强。课堂教学应将教师的讲授与指导、课前小组准备与课堂专题讨论结合起来,有效地实现师生之间的互动。教师通过布置开放性的研究任务,让学生带着问题,以协作学习的方式完成自主探究学习。学生对图书馆和网络资源进行查阅检索,对所得资料进行分析比较、选择取舍、加工处理,这是一个努力探索、积极进行意义建构的过程。教师是意义建构的帮助者,即帮助学生学会独立思考和独立解决问题的能力。教师也可利用多媒体设施与影视资源,增加学生的学习兴趣,或号召学生运用想象力,根据名著改编作品并进行舞台表演。
4、改革评价模式
传统的学生评价模式主要是考察学生掌握的知识量,能力评价环节较薄弱。我们应注重考核学生的综合素质,注重过程性评价。在评价过程中,评价主体应该是多元的,包括教师、同伴和学生本人;考核方式应该是多样的,包括试卷测试、课外学习、课堂汇报、小组答辩、PPT制作,课程论文写作等。
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