你父母花这么多钱供你读书,你读到哪里去了?
珠宝企业经营与管理摘要:改革开放近30年来, 我国的珠宝首饰产业从小到大不断发展, 具有发展面广、速度快、起点高的特点, 取得了很大的成绩。通过分析现阶段国内珠宝企业的特征、存在的问题,探寻如何从事珠宝企业管理。 1 现阶段国内珠宝企业的特征 现阶段国内珠宝企业的主要特点——以民营企业为主体根据调查,我国珠宝首饰行业中,民营珠宝首饰公司占,其中为家族企业,家族企业已占据我国珠宝首饰业的半壁江山。这其中著名的企业包括有广东的翠绿、浙江的日月、香港的周大福、谢瑞麟等。而在深圳,这块目前聚集了全国70%以上的珠宝首饰生产能力的珠光宝地,其黄金珠宝首饰业90%是民营企业,而其中大部分又是家族企业。可以说,是民营珠宝家族企业撑起了中国的珠宝首饰业的天空。 这种以民营企业为主体的中国家族式珠宝企业的利与弊利处:(1)家族成员之间的信任感很强;(2)家族成员可以共患难;(3)家族式企业管理层的内部冲突容易协调。弊端:(1)用人的“举贤”与“避亲”问题;(2)财务管理混乱;(3)以“口授”代替制度;(4)老板的能力不能适应公司的发展;(5)缺乏应有的激励机制;(6)营销近视症——缺乏长远的目标;(7)可以共患难,不能同甘苦。2 现阶段国内珠宝企业存在的主要问题 行业集中度低,且集中度有一直下降的趋势,竞争激烈根据贝恩对市场结构的分类标准,CR8小于40%,则该产业属于竞争型市场,没有一家企业可以绝对操纵市场。而我国珠宝业目前行业集中度远远低于40%,接近于完全竞争型市场。最大8家珠宝商占有的珠宝首饰业市场份额一直偏低,仅百分之二点几,而且除2002年产业集中程度略有回升外,其余几年的产业集中度还呈现下降趋势,这表明我国的珠宝企业间的市场竞争是相当激烈和残酷的。 首饰镶嵌饰品加工业具备了相当的水平和能力,但高档珠宝产品的制作能力仍待提高十多年镶嵌饰品加工业的发展,中国的珠宝家族企业已具备了相当的制作水平和能力。据统计,香港有90%以上的镶嵌首饰是在大陆加工的,有200多个加工厂常年为国外加工首饰,年产值30多亿美元,同时还有300多个工厂具备加工外单的能力。在珠宝镶嵌加工方面,中国的民营珠宝企业有着明显的产业优势。但在同时,大量的珠宝企业只是依靠进行批量生产成品首饰,赚取加工费而经营,并没有成为珠宝销售渠道终端高额利润的享有者。与之相对应的,在高档珠宝产品的设计研发、工艺制作等方面,国内的民营珠宝企业于国外的名店名企仍有不小的差距。 产品差异化小,竞争层次较低二十多年的行业发展,使得中国的珠宝业呈现出欣欣向荣的发展趋势,业内的众多家族企业也已羽翼渐丰。但在同时,但应清醒地看到,中国珠宝业的后发优势带来了过快的发展速度,此行业的高额利润吸引众多民营资本进入次行业。大量资本的涌入和众多家族企业的形成,的确对行业的发展起到了积极的推动作用,但由于千店一面,没有区别,没有特点;品牌之间,企业之间没有太大的变化,使得产品同质化严重,不可避免的会使中国珠宝业的竞争始终摆脱不了低层次的价格竞争。 中小型企业的销售方式停留在传统“坐山等客”模式内地珠宝企业大多是从家庭作坊、小加工厂,通过做来料加工、贴牌生产逐步发展起来的。现在,虽然企业从规模上、数量上,都有了很大幅度的增长,而且企业规模上去了,产量也上去了,但是营销管理水平却仍停留在初级水平。很多珠宝企业,特别是那些中小型企业的销售方式,更多还是停留在传统的“坐山等客”模式。 企业自身机制与市场机制不适应, 企业管理水平也较低, 人才较难留住3 运用SWOT对现阶段珠宝企业经营管理中存在的问题进行分析 优势(1) 首饰镶嵌饰品加工业具备了相当的水平和能力;(2)产业集群效应开始显现;(3)家族企业内部治理机构积极因素:集中的企业所有权和经营权、高效的决策机制、较为完整的营销网络;(4) 发展环境的积极因素:确认并保护家族经济的政治制度、“家”文化、税收、融资环境的改善、较为完善的行业人才培养机制。 劣势(1)行业集中度低;(2) 产品差异化小,竞争层次较低;(3) 家族企业内部治理机构消极因素:人力资源开发和培训机制不够完善、激励机制有失偏颇、缺乏现代财务管理监督机制、营销网络水平不高;(4) 发展环境的消极因素:制度性歧视、“抑商”文化、税收过高、融资渠道较窄。 机会(1)中国国民经济快速增长;(2)大陆珠宝市场的迅速增长;(3)大陆珠宝市场的迅速增长;(4)国外竞争对手立足未稳。 挑战(1)欧美珠宝商加入竞争;(2)消费者品味的快速变化。可见,中国的珠宝家族企业是大而不强,虽有规模优势,但品牌不硬,产品不精是其致命伤;现有家族管理模式虽有效率优势,仍需科学发展和完善。我国的经济发展有利于中国珠宝家族企业的发展,加入WTO 也为众多家族企业的发展带来了契机,但同样面对外来欧美企业的竞争,想要在未来赢得自己的发展空间,中国的家族企业除了要发展优势,弥补劣势,更主要的是要以科学战略的眼光审时度势,走品牌精品道路,提高自己的产品质量和竞争层次,培养自己的核心竞争力。4 针对现阶段珠宝企业经营管理中存在的问题,提出经营管理好珠宝企业的措施(1)从战略决策来看,中小企业要用聚焦战略增强核心竞争力。中小企业应专注于自己的核心业务,其它非核心的业务诸如物流、设计等全部外包给专业公司去做。国内珠宝企业不但要学会集中资源用于自身核心业务,还要学会利用外部资源降低风险、提升企业竞争力。(2)从企业品牌形象树立角度来看,珠宝企业要重视“文化珠宝”,注重珠宝首饰的艺术、文化附加值,挖掘企业与产品的“差异性”,建立新的企业营销沟通导向,以品牌为基本沟通工具,塑造具有生命力的品牌。近几年,有一些先知先觉的珠宝企业开始提出“文化珠宝”的概念,甚至还发出了“按件计价”、“卖珠宝首饰不是卖材质”这样的呼声。面临珠宝首饰“产品同质化”、“价格战”的残酷现状,提出这样的口号,是打破当前局面的一个很好的途径和必然的趋势。但所有的这一切,都只能是在解决好质量与品质方面的问题基础之上。产品除了要把质量做好,把内涵做足,还要把这些信息通过很好方式传递给消费者,促进销售额的提升,这就需要成功而有效的营销方法。本土的珠宝企业,特别是一些中小型企业的营销模式还只是在“小孩学步”阶段,所以尽快改变传统的惰性营销,才会有新的出路。(3)从企业内部管理来看,我们要利用好国内这种以家族式为主的珠宝企业的优点,突破家族式管理模式的局限性,要做到:1引入职业经理人制度,让家族以外的人参与企业经营管理;2健全制度,规范行为;3健全组织结构,建立经营监管机制;4立足长远目标;5股份和红利稳定队伍,调动员工积极性;6使公司成为学习型组织;7建立良好的绩效考评机制,提高员工工作积极性。(4)从宣传扩张角度来看,企业要多参加有影响力的国内外专业展会或在专业报纸、杂志上做广告,以点代面辐射各地市场;并且在有一定市场影响力的地区,进行一些能提升自身品牌形象的推广及促销活动,加深该地区的影响力,也能辐射到附近城市;此外,企业要加大二级市场的开发和开拓国外市场。(5)从科技创新来看,企业要转变观念,实施创新,并且脚踏实地培养人才,为企业走科技创新之路奠定基础。综观目前我国的珠宝首饰行业,许多企业的规模较小,资金匮乏,产品品种单一,质量较低,且具有分散和不稳定的特点。加入WTO 后,从客观上要求我们的企业在组织结构上应有所创新。因此,有关的行业管理部门,必须转变观念,协调步骤,共同发展,增强我们自己的经济实力和竞争能力,实施“强强”联合,走集约化、规模化的发展之路。充分利用我国劳动力廉价以及在传统珠宝首饰加工工艺技术方面的优势,实施产品创新、加工工艺技术创新和企业营销管理创新,千方百计地降低生产成本和营销成本,逐步拓展经营规模,以增强在国际市场的竞争能力,在竞争中求生存、求发展,从而加速我国珠宝首饰产业结构的调整和整体素质的提高。走创新之路的前提是要有大量的专业技术人才,在全球经济一体化,知识经济初露端倪的时代,大力推进科技进步,培养珠宝首饰设计、加工制作、市场营销和企业管理等方面的专业技术人才,成为进一步发展我国珠宝首饰业的当务之急。因此,脚踏实地地培养我国自己的珠宝首饰设计人才、加工制作人才、市场营销与企业管理人才,造就一支既懂宝石鉴定、设计制作,又懂经营管理、经营战略、经济政策;既能锐意进取,有竞争和创新意识,又能吃苦耐劳具有社会责任感的创新型人才,乃是企业面临的一项紧迫任务。
浅论“点”在商业首饰设计中的应用更新时间 2009-2-23 21:30:32 打印此文 点击数 96 摘要:在当今商业首饰设计艺术中,用于珠宝设计的构成手段可谓风格各异、流派繁多。但最富于时代精神的表现形式莫过于“点”的构成运用。点的形状、方向、大小、位置、聚集,发散,组合能够给人带来不同的心理感受和艺术魅力。本文分析近几年来商业珠宝首饰设计艺术中“点”的表现形式大体总结归纳出三种类型:强调整齐划一,以形成秩序美。运用自然散点的构图,获得多变的视觉效应。采用类似群化的组合,显露时代风格。关键词:首饰设计形式风格艺术魅力“点”在几何学中的意义只是表明位置而不具备面积和方向,但在设计构成中,代写论文 “点”作为造型要素之一,却具有无法取代的重要作用。在人类远古时期,“点”在手工制品表面装饰纹样中就已经被得到了大量的运用,时至今日,设计师依然情衷于“点”的易变随性和多样组合,再现着“点”那令人惊叹的艺术魅力。一、强调整齐划一。以形成秩序美所谓秩序感,就是一种赋予了作品统一性,而体现出作品的美感与冲击力,从而给人带来的一种稳重感、流畅感和归整感。秩序美是种模式情怀。它蕴含在大小相同、间隔相等、横平竖直的严格模式中。整齐划一虽极易陷入单板,然而背水一战,在极致中追求突破,同样会产生极具个性的优秀作品。秩序美更是种韵律心思。它蕴含在罗列整齐、组合清晰的流畅旋律里。单纯却又意义丰富,代写毕业论文 简明却又规律连续,在统一性和重复性中体现作品的视觉冲击。珠宝首饰没计中的重要原则:条理与反复,同样也是形式美的一种法则。他们是构成秩序美的重要因素。所谓的条理就是有组织、有规律地在设计中对画面进行?概括整理;反复是指把相同、相似的形象有规律的重复排列。调整连续而反复排列的单元个体也会产生如音乐节奏一样的律动感,也能使单调的形式和色彩产生变化而变得缤纷。例如我们所接触的二方连续、四方连续。运用此项秩序美的典型作品是这款源于Tifany经典设计。整体造型装饰简洁、醒目,将横点的等间距排列法应用到了手链造型设计装饰中,把一种完整的秩序美感呈现在了人们的面前。这种“点“的等间距排列法在此款手链设计装饰中将Tifany的创作精髓和理念表现得十分贴切。简约鲜明的线条诉说着冷静超然的明晰与令人心动神移的优稚。和谐、比例与条理在每一件Tifany设计作品巾都得到了自然的融合呈现。图(1)的作品中前后环衬的设计展现了这一设计理念的主题,不是一次性简单的重复,而是采用了两种大小不同的点相互组合,从侧面观看,较大的“点”在一群较小的点的上方,使整个画面呈现出从大到小的流动感,这样一大一小的反复变化将相同的形和色作规律的重复排列,产生了单纯、统一的感觉,给佩带者带来鲜明而深刻的印象。二、运用自然散点的构图,获得多变的视觉效应如果说整齐划一如同节奏感很强的打击乐,那么散点构成就是旋律优美的丝竹乐。散点构成简而有序、散而不乱、活泼多变。设计者看似随性而为,实者已在不露声色中营造出了视觉美感。运用形式美的法则中另外的两个重要因素是节奏与韵律。节奏原本是指音乐中节拍的长短,用在珠宝设计中,主要体现在图画中点、线、面、形、色的大小、轻重、虚实、快慢的变化;而韵律原本是指诗词中的抑扬顿搓所产生的感觉,在珠宝设计运用中,体现在各元素之间的风格、样式在统一前提下的变化。在图(2)这款耳坠的造型设计中,运用的是一种近乎自然的设计风格。“点”状的花芯图案大小相同、层次分明,代写留学生论文 呈参差状悬吊在空中。耳坠的仿花造型十分逼真,花朵用白银制作,花芯用圆形珊瑚制作。花芯以点的形式呈流动状分布,彼此参差有序,十分自然,毫无做作,把一种自然的情态表现得淋漓尽致,带来一种美妙的艺术享受。图(3)的作品是香港珠宝设计比赛得奖作品中的一款,设计主题灵感来源于烟花。如同烟花的绚烂缤纷一样,散点构成的规律也是丰富多样的。此款设计的风格明显浪漫多于严谨,那么散点构成的手法是最合适不过的。我们通过作品来分析一下散点构成的变化:这款手镯用钻石材质的点做不规则的组织排列,形式自由,星罗棋布般地点缀着,或大或小,或穿透或凸显。光折射出钻石的缤纷火彩,晶莹而又绚烂,使人们联想到头顶灿烂的星空中,烟花以不同的形式在不断的燃烧赞放,具有很强的感染力。相比之下,图(4)作品的设计所采用的散点构成就显得含蓄而理性化了。设计者似乎是漫不经心地将珍珠散乱地排列在桌面上,但从排列的疏密聚散,色彩的协调搭配,均可以感到是经过设计者精密地计算的。作品以球形的点构成为主,大大小小的单元个体有序地排列,其间跳动的色彩或深或浅,与单元个体相呼应,比例有松有紧,从点到线,合理地表达了珍珠优雅含蓄的气质,在和谐中透出华美。三、采用类似群化的组合,显露时代风格“点”的外形并不局限于圆形一种,也可以是正方形、三角型、矩形及不规则形等等。但其面积的大小,要限制在“点”的视觉效应的范围之内。在等间隔构成的网络上,把某一个或某一组单元的圆点,变换为上述其它各种形状中的某种或某几种,这种手法被称为类似群化组合。类似群化组合的特点在于统一之中蕴育着变化。每一季配饰都有新的设计元素,从花朵、蝴蝶到几何图案无奇不有,而本季尤以环形配饰以及多种形状的类似群化组合构成为最新焦点,如图(5—7)所示。代写硕士论文与以往不同,本季环形不再简单地强调大,而是善于将不同材质、不同光泽的元素进行组合,使之具有现代感的造型。装饰图案是以圆点、方点、菱形点、十字花纹点等多种形状的类似群化组合为主,均匀分布在主线链条上。所用的材质有树胶、珍珠、金属、玻璃等等,此类具不同光泽的“点f”密集而有节奏地在链条上有序排列,不断延伸,形成一定的量感,与金属链条构架一起,给人以丰富而现代的感觉。不同的材质将活泼与时尚结合起来,将复杂、简约、古典、现代等多种元素融为一体。综上所述,我们不难发现珠宝设计师们正在无穷尽地挖掘着“点”的艺术表现力和感染力。也正因为如此,“点”也更具有无穷尽的艺术表现力和感染力。但愿我国的珠宝设计工作者们重视“点”这个最基本的造型要素,借以激发灵感,记录下自己艺术思维活动中那闪光的理念瞬间。参考文献:[1]英(克)莱夫·贝尔著同金环,马钟元译艺术[M]中国文艺联合出版公司,1984.[2]凌继尧,徐恒醇.艺术设计学[M].上海人民出社,2001.论文网 on the "point" in the commercial jewelry design updated 2009-2-23 21:30:32 Hits 96 Print this article Abstract: In today's art jewelry design business for jewelry design style can be described as the composition of the various means different from many schools. However, the most wealth to the manifestations of the spirit of the times is the "point" of the composition of the application. Point the shape, direction, size, location, gathering, divergent, different combinations can bring feelings of psychological and artistic charm. This paper analyzes the business in recent years the art of jewelry design, "points" summarized the general expressions of three types: emphasis on uniform,Order to form the United States. Scatter the use of natural composition, access to changing the visual effect. Use a similar combination of grouping, show : jewelry design art form style charm"Point" in the meaning of geometry shows that the location not only have the size and direction, but in the design of composition, writing papers, "point" as one of modeling elements, but with the important role that can not be replaced. In ancient times human beings, "points" in the artefacts on the surface of decorative patterns have been received a lot of use now, designers continue to work the situation to "point" with the volatile and diverse portfolio, again with " point "that amazing artistic , emphasis on uniform. Order to form the United StatesThe order of the so-called flu, is a unity given works, and works reflect the beauty and impact, and thus bring a sense of a stable, smooth feel and sense to the order of the United States is a mode of feeling. It contains the same in size, the same interval, Wang Ping strict vertical mode. Although vulnerable to a single uniform, but背水一战, in the ultimate breakthrough in the pursuit of the same will produce outstanding works of great order of the United States is thought of rhythm. It contains the list of neat, clear and smooth combination of melody in. Significance of a simple but rich, but simple to write graduation thesis for the law, uniformity and repeatability in the work embodied in visual jewelry of the important principles: systematic and repeated, but also a law of formal beauty. They constitute an important factor in the order of the United States. Is organized so-called well-organized, regularly in the design of the screen for? Summary of finishing; repeatedly refers to the same image is similar to regular repeat order. Repeated with adjustment for individual units will also have the same rhythm as the music dynamic law, but also enable the monotonous change in form and color has become fun. For example, we have come in contact with the second side row, row order of the United States the use of this work is typical of this classic design from Tifany. Modeling the overall decoration is simple and eye-catching, the horizontalPoint method with applications such as distance to the decorative design of bracelet to order a complete sense of beauty presented in front of people. This "point" with spacing, etc. This bracelet design in the decoration will be the essence of Tifany creative and very relevant concept. Simple story line with a distinct clarity and calm aloof exciting move of God's gifted young. Harmony, proportion and well-organized in every towel Tifany designs have been a natural convergence. Figure (1) before and after work in the design of liner ring demonstrated the theme of this design concept, not a simple one-time duplication,Instead of using the two different points, the size of each portfolio, from the side view, the larger "point" in the group of the top of the smaller points so that the whole screen showing the movement of smallest sense, so that small freshman repeated changes in the same shape and color of the repeat order for the law, resulting in a simple, unified feel to the wearer brings a clear and profound impression on , the use of the natural scatter of the composition, access to the visual effect of changingUniform, as if a strong sense of rhythm of percussion, then scatter the beautiful composition is the melody string and wind music. Scatter constitute simple and orderly, rather than scattered and chaotic, lively and changeable. Rather appears as the designer for, it has created in the quiet of the visual rules of use of the two important additional factor is the tempo and rhythm. Refers to the rhythm of the original length of the beat music, used in jewelry design, the main point in the picture, line, surface, shape, color, size, weight, actual situation, the pace of change; and the rhythm of poetry in the original refers to the circumflex Dayton feeling generated by rubbing in the use of jewelry design, manifested in the various elements of style, under the premise of a unified style Figure (2) The design of the earring, the use of a near-natural style. "Points" to spend like the size of the same core design, structured, students write papers on behalf of irregular shape were suspended in the air. Imitation earring flower shape is very realistic, with silver flower production, flower production of the core with a circular coral reef. Spent batteries were in the form of point-like flow distribution, vary with each other in an orderly, very natural, without affectation, and a natural modal performance thoroughly, bringing the enjoyment of a wonderful (3) the work is the Hong Kong Jewelry Design Competition winning entries in a design theme inspired by the fireworks. Fun as splendid fireworks, as posed by the law of scatter is also rich and varied. This design style obviously stringent than romantic, then scatter the way constitute the most appropriate. We work to analyze changes in the composition of scatter: The bracelets with diamond material points of the organizations do with irregular, free-form, dotted with well-like, large or small, or to penetrate or highlights. Light reflects colorful diamonds color of fire, crystal clear and gorgeous, so that people think of a brilliant sky overhead, theTo different forms of fireworks in the ongoing release of combustion Chan, has a strong contrast, Figure (4) used in the design of works of scatter it is constituted of a subtle and rational. Designers seem to be scattered pearls carelessly will arrange the desktop, but with the density separation, color coordinated with all the designer can feel is the result of precision calculations. Works to constitute the main points of the spherical, large and small, individual units arranged in an orderly manner, during which the beating of the color or deep or shallow, with echoes of individual units, the proportion of pine has tight line from a point to a reasonable expression of a pearl subtle elegant temperament, China and the United States revealed in , use a similar combination of grouping, show style"Point" is not confined to the shape of a circle, it can be square, triangular, rectangular and irregular-shaped and so on. However, the size of its area, it is necessary to limit the "point" of the visual effects within the scope of. In a network such as the interval to a particular unit or group of dots, for the other transformation of the shape of one or a few, this approach is known as the grouping of similar composition. Grouping of similar features of a unified portfolio changes among for every quarter are new design elements, from the flowers, butterflies into strange geometric patterns have, and this season especially in accessories, as well as a variety of ring-shaped grouping of similar combinations for the latest focus of Figure (5-7) by show. Master's thesis writing and the past, this season is no longer simply to emphasize the ring, but that it is good to be different materials, different elements of the combination of gloss to make it with modern design. Decorative patterns are dots, square-point, diamond point, cross a variety of patterns, such as grouping similar combination of shape-based, uniformly distributed in the main line of the chain. Materials used are rubber, pearl, metal, glass, sum up, we can easily find designer jewelry are endless excavation to the "point" of artistic expression and influence. Precisely because of this, "point" has come to an end any more of the artistic expression and influence. Hopefully, our attention to jewelry design workers "point" of this basic design elements inspired to record their activities in the arts of thinking that the concept of instantaneous flash.
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