机械设计毕业论文英语

机械,机电类毕业设计1毕业设计 可伸缩带式输送机结构设计 2毕业设计 AWC机架现场扩孔机设计3毕业论文复合化肥混合比例装置及PLC控制系统设计 4机械设计课程设计 带式输送机说明书和总装图4毕业设计 冲压废料自动输送装置 5专用机床ＰＬＣ控制系统的设计 6课程设计 带式输送机传动装置 7毕业论文 桥式起重机副起升机构设计 8毕业论文 两齿辊破碎机设计 9 63CY14-1B轴向柱塞泵改进设计（共32页，19000字） 10毕业设计 连杆孔研磨装置设计 11毕业设计 旁承上平面与下心盘上平面垂直距离检测装置的设计 12.. 机械设计课程设计 带式运输机传动装置设计 13皮带式输送机传动装置的一级圆柱齿轮减速器 14毕业设计（论文） 立轴式破碎机设计 15毕业设计（论文） C6136型经济型数控改造(横向) 16高空作业车工作臂结构设计及有限元分析 17 2007届毕业生毕业设计 机用虎钳设计 18毕业设计无轴承电机的结构设计 19毕业设计 平面关节型机械手设计 20毕业设计 三自由度圆柱坐标型工业机器人 21毕业设计XKA5032A/C数控立式升降台铣床自动换刀设计 22毕业设计 四通管接头的设计 23课程设计：带式运输机上的传动及减速装置 24毕业设计(论文) 行星减速器设计三维造型虚拟设计分析 25毕业设计论文 关节型机器人腕部结构设计 26本科生毕业设计全套资料 Z32K型摇臂钻床变速箱的改进设计/ 27毕业设计 EQY-112-90 汽车变速箱后面孔系钻削组合机床设计 28毕业设计 D180柴油机12孔攻丝机床及夹具设计 29毕业设计 C616型普通车床改造为经济型数控车床 30毕业设计（论文）说明书 中单链型刮板输送机设计 液压类毕业设计1毕业设计 ZFS1600/12/26型液压支架掩护梁设计2毕业设计 液压拉力器 3毕业设计 液压台虎钳设计 4毕业设计论文 双活塞液压浆体泵液力缸设计 5毕业设计 GKZ高空作业车液压和电气控制系统设计 数控加工类毕业设计1课程设计 设计低速级斜齿轮零件的机械加工工艺规程 2毕业设计 普通车床经济型数控改造 3毕业论文 钩尾框夹具设计（镗φ92孔的两道工序的专用夹具） ...4 机械制造工艺学课程设计 设计“拨叉”零件的机械加工工艺规程及工艺装备（年产量5000件）5课程设计 四工位专用机床传动机构设计 6课程设计说明书 设计“推动架”零件的机械加工工艺及工艺设备 7机械制造技术基础课程设计 制定CA6140车床法兰盘的加工工艺，设计钻4×φ9mm孔的钻床夹具 8械制造技术基础课程设计 设计“CA6140车床拨叉”零件的机械加工工艺及工艺设备 9毕业设计 轴类零件设计 10毕业设计 壳体零件机械加工工艺规程制订及第工序工艺装备设计 11毕业设计 单拐曲轴零件机械加工规程设计说明书 12机械制造课程设计 机床传动齿轮的工艺规程设计（大批量） 13课程设计 轴零件的机械加工工艺规程制定 14毕业论文 开放式CNC（Computer Numerical Control）系统设计15毕业设计 单拐曲轴工艺流程 16毕业设计 壳体机械加工工艺规程 17毕业设计 连杆机械加工工艺规程 18毕业设计(论文) 子程序在冲孔模生产中的运用——编制数控加工（1#-6#）标模点孔的程序 19毕业设计 XKA5032A/C数控立式升降台铣床自动换刀装置的设计 20机械制造技术基础课程设计 设计“减速器传动轴”零件的机械加工工艺规程（年产量为5000件） 21课程设计 杠杆的加工 22毕业设计 多回转电动执行机构箱体加工工艺规程及工艺装备设计 23毕业论文 数控铣高级工零件工艺设计及程序编制 24毕业论文 数控铣高级工心型零件工艺设计及程序编制25毕业设计 连杆的加工工艺及其断面铣夹具设计 26机械制造工艺学课程设计说明书：设计“CA6140车床拨叉”零件的机械加工工艺及工艺设备 杂合XKA5032AC数控立式升降台铣床自动换刀装置设计机用虎钳课程设计.rar行星齿轮减速器减速器的虚拟设计（王少华）.rar物流液压升降台的设计自动加料机控制系统.rar全向轮机构及其控制设计.rar齿轮齿条转向器.rar出租车计价系统.rar（毕业设计）油封骨架冲压模具连杆孔研磨装置设计 .rar蜗轮蜗杆传动.rar用单片机实现温度远程显示.doc基于Alter的EP1C6Q240C8的红外遥器（毕业论文）.doc变频器 调试设计及应用镍氢电池充电器的设计.doc铣断夹具设计型双动拉伸压力机的设计WY型滚动轴承压装机设计Z32K型摇臂钻床变速箱的改进设计基于PLC高速全自动包装机的控制系统应用基于单片机控制的步进电机调速系统的设计普通-式双柱汽车举升机设计无模压力成形机设计(word+CAD)手机恒流充电器的设计3 摘要.doc智能型充电器的电源和显示的设计气动通用上下料机械手的设计同轴2级减速器设计行星齿轮减速器减速器的虚拟设计（王少华）运送铝活塞铸造毛坯机械手设计_王强CA6140车床后托架加工工艺及夹具设计SSCK20A数控车床主轴和箱体加工编程织机导板零件数控加工工艺与工装设计密封垫片冲裁模设计瓶盖拉深模的设计手机塑料外壳注塑模毕业设计五 OO:348414338

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INTRODUCTION The rapid development of science and technology, product features requirements of the growing number and complexity of the increase in life expectancy shortened, replacement faster. However, the design of the products, especially mechanical products in the design means, is力不从心, failed to keep pace with the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacturing, production planning has been a relatively extensive and in-depth study and achieved initial results, and product development programmes of the early computer-aided design is far from meeting a need. To this end, the author read a lot of literature on the basis of a summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad to design the method used, and discussed the various methods of organic link between product design and mechanical Computer trend of development. Under the current domestic and foreign scholars to design machinery design methods used by the main features of the programme can be summed up modern design for the following four major types. 1, systematic design method Systematic design of the main features are: design as from a number of design elements of a system, every design element of independence, there are various elements of the organic links and a level of all the design elements Combined, you can design systems to achieve the task. Systematic design idea in the 1970s by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, a system based on the theory, developed a design of the general pattern, and advocate of the design work should be rational. German Engineers Association in this on the basis of design, develop standards VDI2221 "technology systems and product development design methods. The development of the product design process of mechanical model, basically follow the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, many of our product design and scholars in the programme design and also learn from other developed countries cited the systematic design, which is representative: (1) The user needs as the product concept of functional characteristics, structural design and part design, process planning, operations control, and so on the basis of the product development process of the macro, the use of Quality Function layout methods, systems and information needs of users will be reasonable and effective And converted to the various stages of product development objectives and operations control technology means a point of order. (2) products as organisms on the level of life, and life systems through the use of the product design process can demand level of success and realize the concept of functional requirements of the specific levels and product design level. At the same time using the system icons to life the abstract expression of the functional requirements of products, product features a system structure. (3) the mechanical design system in the application of science into two basic questions: First, to design products as a system to process, to determine the best of its components (modules) and their mutual relations and the other is the product design Process as a system, according to the design objectives, correct and reasonable to determine the design of all aspects of the work and the various design stage. As each designer to study issues and to consider the perspective of the different emphases, to design a programme of specific research methods also differ. Here are some representative of the systematic design design elements of With five design elements (functions, effects, effects of vector, shape and surface elements parameters) described "product solution" that a product design elements of the five identified, all the characteristics of products and value characteristics already identified. Chinese scholars have also adopted similar design methods described product of the original understanding. graphical modeling law Development of the design analysis and guidance systems "KALEIT, with a clear level of the graphic description of the product structure and functions related to the abstract information, and the system structure and function of the graphical modeling, and the function of the connection between. Will be assisted design divided into two methods and information exchange, the use of Nijssen information analysis methods can be used graphic symbols, with a variety of semantic model structure, the integration can be described conditions can be divided into binding type, can relations between any combination of features , Will design solutions and information technology integration, the design process to achieve a different level of abstraction of information between the graphical modeling. The literature [11] semantic network design as a design tool in the development of the semantic network design ASK, using nodes and a network of lines describing the design, components of the node that the unit design tasks, functions, components or processing Equipment, etc.), and lines used to adjust the definition node between different semantic relations, which in the design process for all the activities and results of pre-built model, the early design requirements to the definition of a specific structure can be described by the relationship between The definition of the expression, and a computer-aided design process from abstract to concrete leap. "idea" - "design" law Will be divided into product design "concept" and "design" in two stages. "Idea" phase of the mission is to seek, select and design portfolio to meet the requirements of the original understanding of tasks. "Design" stage of work is the concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage. The programme will be "ideas" for the specific description: According to a suitable functional structure, designed to meet the requirements of the mandate of the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical connection between the definition of "functional carrier", "functional carrier" and "structural elements" and formation of the interaction between the functional diagram ( Mechanical movement diagram). Programme of "design" is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all the "functional carrier" and "structural elements", then all the quantitative description of "structural elements" and connecting pieces ( "functional vector") the shape and location have The structure of. Roper, H. use of graph theory theory, the help from his definition of "total design unit (GE)", "structure elements (KE)", "functional structure elements (FKE)", "connecting structure elements (VKE)", "Structural parts (KT)", "structural elements parts (KET)" concept, and describes elements of size, location and transmission parameters of the relationship between the number of thumbs, the design intuitive design experts design "stage. From the design methodology of the point of view, the design task will be clear after the design work is divided into three steps: 1) access to functions and functional structure (referred to as "functional"), 2) find effects (referred to as the "effect"); ) To find structure (referred to as "the configuration of the Rules"). And use the following four strategies described machinery idea stage of the process: Strategy 1: were considered "functional" and "effect" and "configuration rules." Therefore, we can work in various steps to create variations in the respective programmes, resulting in the original understanding of the broad spectrum. Strategy 2: "effect" and "configuration rules" (including the designer to create the rules) association, to consider a separate function (usually associated with the design task). At this point, to identify the typical configuration rules and their effects need to have a wealth of experience, the programme spectrum far less than a strategy of the programme spectrum. Strategy 3: "functional" and "effect", "configuration rules" are closely related. Applicable to the function, and the configuration of the rules of no choice, with special requirements of the areas, such as ultra-small machinery, large machinery, high-value function parts, and those with special requirements of the functional components, and so on. Strategy 4: In view of the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy starting from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connection, was expected to function. Matrix Design In the programme design process used in "requirement - to" logic tree ( "or" tree) described requirements, the relationship between the function, to satisfy the requirements of functional design solution set, a different design. According to "request - to" logic tree establishment of a "request - to" association matrix, meet the requirements necessary to describe the complex relationship between function, expressed functional requirements and the relationship between the will matrix as a mechanical system design basis, the mechanical system design space as a functional decomposition of space, only that each sub-space design of a module, in the abstract phase of the high-level, with each module design movement conversion matrix And a vector for the operation of restraint that in the abstract phase of the low-rise, each module design parameters were expressed as a matrix and the equation of motion. bond graph Law Will form a system components into the function to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transmission and use of bond graph of the function of the components that will be based on the functions of the model and bonding with plans to achieve functional The automatic generation of structural and functional structure and bonding between the automatic conversion plans to seek bond graph generated by a number of design methods. 2, modular design structure From the perspective of planning products: the definition of its mandate to design features of the product structure is based on the use of existing products (such as GM parts components, etc.) described the design task, that is, when the mandate of decomposition on each task to consider whether there is the corresponding Solutions products, so that in the planning stages of product design tasks to eliminate the contradictions that might exist in the early forecast production capacity, costs and the development of the process of designing the plan adjustable, which can improve the design efficiency and design of reliability, At the same time also reduce the cost of new products. Feldmann will describe the function of the design task is divided into four levels of product structure, (1) products → (2) functional components → (3) main function components → (4) functional components. And the use of application-oriented features of the directory structure, a more specific functional components of the qualitative and quantitative description. At the same time developed for early in the product development and design tools used by early STRAT. Machinery specialized for most of that function can be used existing product solutions and new solutions with only a small number of special features, therefore, for the use of mechanical design features of the product structure, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacture risk is very beneficial. Functional Analysis of the products promoted on the basis of the product is broken down into a function of one or more of the basic modular structure, through the selection and combination of these modular structure formed into various products. These basic structure can be parts, components, or even a system. The ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department of), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economic, with interchangeable, compatibility and relevance of the . China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and composition of deformation design combined, according to grade modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into Youdadaoxiao product level, component level, component-level and component level, and use CAD technology and expertise to their portfolio into different species, different specifications of the functional module, the module from the combination of these functions into different processing center overall programme. To select a design for the directory structure of the variation machinery tools, the design of the proposed elements for a complete, structured format, a solution set design directory. And Set Design listed in the directory comment on each of the additional information, very beneficial to design engineers choice of the elements. According to the connectivity features of mechanical parts and components, will be summarized into four types: 1) The components of direct targeting, and self-adjustment of parts, 2) a common structure of the assembly, 3) have nested structure and inlay Shell-like components of the connection, 4) a modular architecture and modular components of the connection. And a quasi-symbols that the typical components and rules of the connection between the components, to achieve this connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization. In the mechanical system design, "features a" module on the functions of decomposition, and provides the best functional decomposition "tablets" of the extent of the functional and institutional forms of one-to-one. "Structure to establish" as a function of the module is the choice of targets in order to achieve mapping , based on knowledge of product design features Knowledge-based product design features of the main features are: to use the computer to identify the language describing the characteristics of the product design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and reasoning machine, and then use the storage areas have been established by the knowledge and reasoning Mechanisms to achieve computer-aided design products. The mechanical system design is based on products with the characteristics, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of several comprehensive. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, we must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the scholars at home and abroad designed for mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, the method used can be summarized in the following few. coding method According to "campaign conversion" feature (the function million) institutions will be classified, described and use the code function yuan and institutional categories, which established a "body system design expert system" Knowledge Base. On this basis, will be the dual logic and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of combining theory, the establishment of the "expert systems" reasoning mechanism, and for the four-position for the design of the machine. Use of biological evolution theory, through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the principle of evolution of organisms to the body design, use of network theory methods to express the structure for topology, and then through the coding technology, the structure and institutions Performance of individual chromosomes into the binary string, and in accordance with design requirements of fitness, the use of biological evolution theory of reproduction control mechanism, through the selection, crossover, such as a sudden variation means to eliminate low value of the individual are not suited to the fast evolution Be the best adaptation of the individual, that is, most with the design requirements of the agency programme. knowledge of the law mixed The complex mechanical systems design, mixed use of the knowledge expression describes the design of various types of knowledge is particularly suited to this point has been the design of many scholars of the consensus. In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, will be the rules, framework, processes and neural networks, and other knowledge that organic combination of methods to adapt to different types of knowledge in the design of the description. Knowledge will be a single expression of a variety of methods (rules, framework and process), according to object-oriented programming principles, the framework of the groove with that object's properties, with rules that target the dynamic characteristics, with the knowledge that the treatment process, group Into a hybrid form of knowledge, and successfully developed the "object-oriented NC gantry milling machine gearbox design intelligent system GBCDIS" and "transmission structure design expert system GBSDES". use of the knowledge-based development tool Coupling in the CAD system, the use of the knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT-OBJECT, through the use of object-oriented approach, to create an object-oriented database design method for coupling the designer to design and structural design Provided extensive and reliable method of the design spectrum. NEXPERT describe the use of linear guide the design of the need to design based on knowledge of the content, which seek to knowledge-based solutions, and developed a linear guide design expert system. Design Law Directory Construction of the "modules", "functional element solution" and "institutions" three progressive design directory, and this directory of three progressive design principles of the programme as a mechanical transmission system intelligent design and development of the knowledge base of design Aids. Based on the example of the way In the development of expert systems design knowledge base, using the basic predicate described design requirements, design conditions and the selected programme, described by frame "Project" and various "concept entity," through case-based reasoning of the technologies used to produce candidate With the horsepower to product design requirements. 4, Intelligent Design Intelligent Design is the main characteristics: According to the theories of design, through the use of 3D graphics software, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, the concept of products, description of the product结构.

机械 ----------------------- 华文版本 Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment. The discipline has its roots in several ancient civilizations. During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and especially Newton, laid the foundation for what is now known as Classical mechanics. Significance Mechanics is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four fundamental interactions (or forces): gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction. Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology, the application of physical knowledge for humanly defined purposes. In this connection, the discipline is often known as engineering or applied mechanics. In this sense, mechanics is used to design and analyze the behavior of structures, mechanisms, and machines. Important aspects of the fields of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, materials engineering, biomedical engineering and biomechanics were spawned from the study of mechanics. Classical versus quantum The major division of the mechanics discipline separates classical mechanics from quantum mechanics. Historically, classical mechanics came first, while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention. Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton's Laws of motion in Principia Mathematica, while quantum mechanics didn't appear until 1900. Both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature. Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so-called exact sciences. Essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics in theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them. Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. According to the correspondence principle, there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations. Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at foundational level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at molecular and (sub)atomic level. However, for macroscopical processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well used. Einsteinian versus Newtonian Analogous to the quantum versus classical reformation, Einstein's general and special theories of relativity have expanded the scope of mechanics beyond the mechanics of Newton and Galileo, and made small corrections to them. Relativistic corrections were also needed for quantum mechanics, although relativity is categorized as a classical theory. There are no contradictions or conflicts between the two, so long as the specific circumstances are carefully kept in mind. Just as one could, in the loosest possible sense, characterize classical mechanics as dealing with "large" bodies (such as engine parts), and quantum mechanics with "small" ones (such as particles), it could be said that relativistic mechanics deals with "fast" bodies, and non-relativistic mechanics with "slow" ones. However, "fast" and "slow" are subjective concepts, depending on the state of motion of the observer. This means that all mechanics, whether classical or quantum, potentially needs to be described relativistically. On the other hand, as an observer, one may frequently arrange the situation in such a way that this is not really required. Types of mechanical bodies Thus the often-used term body needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including particles, projectiles, spacecraft, stars, parts of machinery, parts of solids, parts of fluids (gases and liquids), etc. Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics, concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called degrees of freedom, such as orientation in space. Otherwise, bodies may be semi-rigid, . elastic, or non-rigid, . fluid. These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study. For instance: The motion of a spacecraft, regarding its orbit and attitude (rotation), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics. While analogous motions of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum mechanics. Sub-disciplines in mechanics The following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in mechanics. Note that there is also the "theory of fields" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether classical fields or quantum fields. But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields (electromagnetic or gravitational), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the wave function. Classical mechanics The following are described as forming Classical mechanics: Newtonian mechanics, the original theory of motion (kinematics) and forces (dynamics) Lagrangian mechanics, a theoretical formalism Hamiltonian mechanics, another theoretical formalism Celestial mechanics, the motion of stars, galaxies, etc. Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, etc. Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies Acoustics, sound in solids, fluids, etc. Statics, semi-rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium Fluid mechanics, the motion of fluids Soil mechanics, mechanical behavior of soils Continuum mechanics, mechanics of continua (both solid and fluid) Hydraulics, fluids in equilibrium Applied / Engineering mechanics Biomechanics, solids, fluids, etc. in biology Statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics, universal gravitation Quantum mechanics The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics: Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc. Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles Professional organizations Applied Mechanics Division, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fluid Dynamics Division, American Physical Society

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首先，我不知道你所谓的不好到底是不好到什么程度其次，机械设计制造及其自动化，本身的专业课的学习跟英语没有太大关系第三，大学这个专业肯定有英语课，然后可能还会有专业英语课最后，英语不好学专业课是没问题，但是是否能够毕业就不好说了另外：一:机械制造及其自动化主干学科：力学、机械工程。 主要课程：工程力学、机械设计基础、电工与电子技术、微型计算机原理及应用、机械工程材料、制造技术基础。 主要实践性教学环节：包括军训，金工、电工、电子实习，认识实习，生产实习，社会实践，课程设计，毕业设计(论文)等，一般应安排40周以上。 机械设计制造及其自动化专业 业务培养目标： 业务培养目标：本专业培养具备机械设计制造基础知识与应用能力，能在工业生产第一线从事机械制造领域内的设计制造、科技开发、应用研究、运行管理和经营销售等方面工作的高级工程技术人才。 业务培养要求：本专业学生主要学习机械设计与制造的基础理论，学习微电子技术、计算机技术和信息处理技术的基本知识，受到现代机械工程师的基本训练，具有进行机械产品设计、制造及设备控制、生产组织管理的基本能力。 毕业生应获得以下几方面的知识和能力： 1． 具有较扎实的自然科学基础、较好的人文、艺术和社会科学基础及正确运用本国语言、文字的表达能力； 2．较系统地掌握本专业领域宽广的技术理论基础知识，主要包括力学、机械学、电工与电子技术、机械工程材料、机械设计工程学、机械制造基础、自动化基础、市场经济及企业管理等基础知识； 3．具有本专业必需的制图、计算、实验、测试、文献检索和基本工艺操作等基本技能； 4．具有本专业领域内某个专业方向所必要的专业知识，了解其科学前沿及发展趋势； 5．具有初步的科学研究、科技开发及组织管理能力； 6．具有较强的自学能力和创新意识。