通信专业的研究英文论文

广义的无线网络泛指各种无线形式的电脑网络， 而通常说的“无线网络”特指用无线技术实现节点间连接通信的电信网络。无线通信网络大多通过远程信息传输系统实现，信息传输系统利用诸如无线电波等电磁波作为媒介传输信号， 数字信息到电磁信息的转换通常在网络的物理层级实现。1 种类 无线个人局域网（Wireless PAN） 无线城域网(Wireless MAN) 无线广域网（Wireless WAN） 移动设备网络Mobile devices networks2 用途3 环保问题和健康问题4 相关资料5 参考文献6 扩展阅读7 外部链接种类无线个人局域网（Wireless PAN）无线个人局域网 (WPANs) 连接小范围（通常是个人活动范围）内的电子设备. 例如，通过蓝牙设备将耳机和笔记本电脑进行连接就组成了一个WPAN. ZigBee 也支持WPAN应用.左边图1是微软windows中WI-FI(无线传输)网络的屏幕截图，从图中可以看出，有些网络连接并未进行加密（加密网络需要用户提供验证码或密钥来解锁），在这些未加密网络覆盖范围内的任何用户都可以使用它们。图2，图3则描绘了大多数加密的网络连接的结构。Wi-Fi: WI-FI正在被越来越广泛的使用。尽管在技术上讲, WI-FI与是两种可互操作的不同网络，但 Wi-Fi 更多的被认为是无线局域网的后续产品。 定长无线数据网:定长无线数据网使用特定波长的微波或光波通信线路实现了不同区域电脑和电脑间或电脑和网络间的点对点连接。这种网络在城市里通常被用于无线连接不同建筑间的电脑网络。 无线城域网（Wireless MAN）无线城域网用来连接多个无线局域网.无线城域网的别名又叫WiMAX(全球微波互联接入)， IEEE 涵盖了无线城域网技术。无线广域网（Wireless WAN）无线广域网覆盖更大范围. 可用来连接跨市乃至跨国公司不同分部或作为国际互联网子系统. 它们多由赫兹频率光波进行通信. 技嘉公司架设的包含多个网关， 访问接入点和中继网桥的大型网络是无线广域网的一个典型应用。另一种典型无线广域网的部署方式称作网状网，这种网络中，每个访问接入点同时又是中继网桥。如果每个访问接入点结合诸如太阳能光电板等可更新能源系统进行使用，它们甚至可以作为独立的网络系统。 移动设备无线网（Mobile devices networks）随着smart phone的飞速发展，手机网络正作为继固定电话之后迅速崛起的信息载体。全球移动通讯系统(GSM): 全球通网络分为三个主要子系统：中转站，基站和操作中心. 手机通过基站连接到操作中心; 再连接到中转站， 电话呼叫或信息在中转站被转发到目的地. GSM是业界最通用的手机标准.个人通信服务 (PCS): PCS 是一种在南亚和北美地区通用的手机无线电波通信系统. Sprint 公司是业界第一个假设PCS的公司.D-AMPS: 数字先进移动电话服务是AMPS（先进移动电话服务）的升级版本, 因其先进的通信技术被业界所关注. 新型的全球通网络正在逐渐取代老的网络系统。

题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：“论文题目是文章的一半”。对论文题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。(二)作者姓名和单位(Authoranddepartment）这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者……。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。(三)摘要(Abstract）论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。摘要应包含以下内容：①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解;④结论或结果的意义。(四)关键词(Keywords）关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。

一般英文谷歌学术，中文知网。

移动通信作为一个科技密集型和知识密集型的高新技术产业，在现代市场经济条件下，在竞争空间日趋激烈和社会信息化发展趋势下，必须十分重视市场营销管理，重视市场营销管理体系建设。要充分根据市场需求的现状与趋势，制定计划，合理有效配置资源。通过有效地满足市场需求，来赢得竞争优势，在加快市场营销步伐的同时，努力建立和完善移动通信市场营销管理体系，以不断适应新的发展形势需要。1目前国内移动通信市场营销管理的现状“市场部”这个词走进国内企业还是近几年的事，目前移动通信企业内部所设置的营销部、分销处、运营部、销售部、以及市场管理部等都是市场部的涵盖范围。从分营后的中国移动通信、中国联通、上海光大、电信长城等具有运营资格的运营商来看，中国移动通信市场营销做的比较大，在原先营业厅基础上，又发展了商场、专卖店、量贩等销售形式，给人一种规模和实力的感觉，然而市场知名度高，但市场品牌忠诚度低；中国联通起步晚，但市场经济条件下没有迟到的经营者，只有善于经营的赢家，中国联通采取分销商网络营销的思路引起业内效仿，但诸多不完善的环节也时常引起消费者反应；其它几家运营商尽管营销思路很前卫，但是制约其市场开发的因素较多，市场反应冷淡。可以说，目前移动通信企业市场营销管理是各行其道，短期行为太多，缺乏长远统一的规划。从行业整个市场来看，我国移动通信企业尚未真正掌握专业营销知识和操作技能，就其对市场的态度和行为而言，移动通信企业还处于为完成短期销售目标而采用广告、公关、有奖销售等促销手段为主的促销导向型阶段，尚未达到市场营销导向型阶段。当然，其中原因也有我国通信行业长期处于垄断阶段的因素，广大从业者没有市场危机感。没有市场危机感就不会产生市场营销紧迫感，对市场营销管理的认识和努力只是在竞争机制下才有所转变。就移动通信行业进入市场经济状态的时间和目前市场供需关系的状况看，从业者的观念和认识的迅速提高要靠调查、分析、预测、营销企划等方式来引导、开拓、扩大和满足广大消费者对其服务的需求来完成，进而达到企业整体长远的营销目标的实现，尽管尚须时日，但这是市场营销的需求和必然发展趋势。从市场发展规律来看，卖方市场到买方市场的转变往往是在市场开始竞争之时，对竞争日渐激烈的移动通信业而言，具有前瞻性目光的人士早已看到，初露端倪的买方市场正在形成。如何适应市场、创造市场，是移动通信企业面临的带有战略性的问题。移动通信商们应该清醒认识到，拥有目前的市场并不完全意味着必然占有市场，还必须依靠行之有效的方式去进行市场拓展，发展市场，创造市场，这个行之有效的方式就是建立和完善企业的市场营销管理体系。2市场营销管理体系的组成和细分从事过营销的人都知识，市场营销的表现是市场管理，市场营销管理的实质是需求管理。企业在开展市场营销的过程中，一般要设定一个在目标市场上预期要实现的交易水平。然而，实际需求水平可能低于、等于、或高于这个预期的需求水平，换言之，在目标市场上，可能没有需求、需求很小或超量需求，市场营销管理就是要对付这些不同的需求，市场营销管理体系就是要对市场营销管理进行科学有效组合。根据移动通信行业自身特点以及市场的发展情况来看，移动通信市场营销管理体系应包括五个方面：(1)市场需求管理；(2)市场营销网络管理；(3)市场推动管理；(4)市场营销环境管理；(5)市场营销组织管理。这个市场营销管理体系就是通过创造建立和保持与目标市场之间的有益交换和联系，以实现移动通信企业的各种目标并进行分析、计划、执行和控制的市场营销指挥系统，可以说，这个系统不仅是定价、分销、促销等单一活动的职能行使，而是一个目标市场运作的中枢神经系统，通过这个系统，企业不断观察市场，发现和评估各种变化因素，然后反馈企业，作为企业制定新战略和行动计划的基础，然后运用新的修正过的行动来消除阻碍目标实现的因素，并观察评价客户和竞争对此作出的反应，然后再反馈到企业使企业再次形成新的战略修正方案推向市场，这样形成良性循环，以达到不断适应市场，创造市场的目的。就移动通信市场营销管理体系的五个组成部分而言，既有机地结合，又独立工作，每一部分又包涵着丰富的细分内容。市场营销需求管理细分我们知道，市场营销管理的实质是需求管理。根据市场需求水平、时间和性质不同，市场需求一般有八种不同状况：(1)负需求；(2)无需求；(3)潜伏需求；(4)下降需求；(5)不规则需求；(6)充分需求；(7)过量需求；(8)有害需求。从市场的组成要素人口、购买力、购买欲望来看，目前移动通信市场需求状况基本处于充分需求和潜伏需求的阶段，是市场开拓者应好好把握的大好时机。市场营销需求管理就是要对市场的需求状况进行有效管理，充分做好市场调查研究，深入市场，广泛了解客户、顾客、分销商、供应商以及广告反应、行业信息、营销网络、促销效果等有关业内的综合情况，广泛搜集市场信息，摸准市场的变化，找准潜在市场及市场盲区和死角，做出详尽属实的市场调研分析报告，以便企业的企划者以此制定市场营销企划方案，制定新业务计划。可以说，市场营销需求管理是企业营销工作的一双眼睛。一般来说，市场营销需求管理包括目标市场分析和市场目标分析两个方面。(1)目标市场影响移动通信目标市场的因素较多，从市场定位、营销策略、促销政策、广告方式、产品价格、产品包装及外形到技术先进程度、购买形式、服务态度、营销网络建设、售后服务等方面都要认真考虑。目标市场变化不断，移动通信运营商也要依据市场的变化不断变化营销管理思路。从手机市场上我们可以看到，手机从当初的组织消费购买到如今的私人消费购买为主，目标市场的变化也引起供应商的努力，摩托罗拉从当初以行政机关领导为主到现在形色多样的各种层次手机，正是目标市场使然。移动通信商要在研究目前目标市场的综合情况时，不断把目光投向市场的新变化，进行市场细分与目标市场新选择，准确把握和预测市场需求的发展动态，才能做到有的放矢。(2)市场目标那些收入稳定、有一定的经济实力和地位的人群，固然是市场目标，但这些人早已是手机的拥有者，移动通信商关注的是新增长的消费层和高消费层新的消费变化。市场永远在变化，所有稳定都是暂时的，移动通信市场也不例外。不同的消费者有不同的变化，从行政机关公务员、企业老板到小业主、企业白领阶层、打工仔，不同年龄不同性别，需求不同，变化也不同，兴趣爱好各异，审美观点有别，需要市场开拓者仔细研究，区别对待，进行准确市场定位。这一点我们从外企的情况可以看出，摩托罗拉手机以厚重大方为主，为行政机关人员和高级管理者所看重；诺基亚以专业公司著称，倡导科技以人为本，平均不到一周时间推出新款，其先进的形象对新潮时尚人士和高级知识分子具有较强吸引力，而在全国各大媒体统一推出的《专业、全面、关怀》系列宣传篇，更是把诺基亚推向大众化市场；爱立信则以灵巧方便为高级商务人士所青睐；飞利浦更是以外形美观色彩明快吸引着广大青年消费者。我国的科键、波导、康佳则以工薪阶Mobile communications as a technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive high-tech industries, in a modern market economy, the space in the increasingly fierce competition and social development trend of information technology, we must attach great importance to marketing management, attention to marketing management system. To fully meet market demand the status and trends, planning, rational and efficient allocation of resources. To effectively meet the market demand, to gain a competitive advantage in accelerating the pace of marketing at the same time, efforts to establish and improve mobile communications marketing management system to continuously adapt to the new development of the situation. 1 domestic mobile communications marketing management status "Market" or words into the domestic enterprises in recent years, the current mobile communication enterprises set up by the marketing, distribution, the Ministry of operations, sales and market management, and so are the Department of the Ministry of the coverage of the market . From the camp after China Mobile, China Unicom, the Shanghai Everbright, telecommunications operators, such as the Great Wall of qualified operators, China Mobile Marketing to do more, in the original business on the basis of the Office and the development of shopping malls, Stores, hypermarkets and other forms of sales, gives people a sense of size and strength, but the market well-known, but the market is low brand loyalty; China Unicom late start, but not under market economy conditions late for the operators, only good at business The winner, China Unicom network marketing distributors to take the ideas from the industry to follow, but many imperfections often caused part of the response of consumers; several other carriers despite the very avant-garde marketing ideas, but restricted their market development than the factors , The market cold. It can be said that the current mobile communication business marketing management is Gexingqidao, too much short-term, long-term lack of unified planning. From the industry look at the entire market, China's mobile communication business has yet to truly master professional knowledge and operating skills marketing, on his attitude and behaviour of the market, the mobile telecommunications sector is still in the short-term sales target for the completion of using advertising, public relations, sales crossword , And other promotions based marketing-oriented stage, have not yet reached the market-oriented marketing stage. Of course, the reasons for China's communications industry has a monopoly stage of the long-term factors, the majority of market practitioners no sense of crisis. No market will not have a sense of crisis on the marketing sense of urgency, the market knowledge and marketing management efforts in the mechanism of competition only if they changed. On the mobile communications industry into the market economy status of the time and the market supply and demand situation, the practitioners of the concept and awareness of the rapid increase to rely on investigation, analysis, forecasts, marketing and other ways to guide the planning, development, to expand and meet the majority of consumer To demand for its services to complete, thereby achieve their overall long-term goal of marketing, despite the need to be given time, but this is the marketing needs and inevitable trend. From the development of the market, a seller's market to a buyer's market is often the changes in the market when the competition began, the increasingly fierce competition in the mobile communications industry, are forward-looking vision of people already see emerging is a buyer's market Formation. How to adapt to the market and create markets, is facing the mobile communications companies with strategic issues. Mobile communications have to be clearly recognized that the current market has not fully occupy the market will inevitably mean that, we must rely on effective ways to conduct market development, market development, market creation, the effective ways is to build and Improve enterprise marketing management system. 2 marketing management system and the breakdown of the composition Engaged in the marketing people have the knowledge, marketing is the performance of market management, marketing management, in essence, is demand management. In carrying out marketing enterprises in the process, to set a general target market in order to achieve the expected level of transactions. However, the level may be lower than actual demand, equal to or higher than the expected level of demand, in other words, the target market, may not demand, needs little or excessive demand, marketing management is to deal with these different needs, Marketing Management System is to the marketing management of scientific and effective combinations. According to the mobile telecommunications sector of its own characteristics and the development of the market situation, mobile communications marketing management system should include five areas: (1) market demand management, (2) marketing network management, (3) market-driven management, (4 ) Marketing environment management, (5) marketing organization and management. The marketing management system is established and maintained through the creation of target markets and between the exchange and useful links, mobile communication enterprises in order to achieve the objectives and analysis, planning, implementation and control of the marketing chain of command, it can be said that this System is not only pricing, distribution, marketing and other activities of the functions of a single exercise, but a target market operation of the central nervous system, through this system, enterprises have continuously observe the market, the detection and assessment of the changes, and then feedback enterprises, as enterprises develop New strategies and action plans based on, and then use the new revised action to eliminate obstacles to achieve the objectives, and to observe and evaluate customer response to this competition, and then back to the enterprises so that enterprises once again to form a new strategic programme that Into the market, such a virtuous circle, constantly adapting to the market to achieve, the purpose of creating the market. Marketing on the mobile communication management system of five components, the combination of both, working independently, each part also includes a breakdown of rich content. marketing demand management breakdown We know that marketing management is the essence of demand management. According to market demand, time and a different nature, the general market demand has eight different conditions: (1) negative demand (2) No demand, (3) latent demand (4) decreased demand (5) irregular demand; (6) the full demand (7) excessive demand (8) harmful demand. From the constituent elements of the market, purchasing power, the desire to purchase, the current mobile communication market demand situation is basically in full demand and potential demand for the stage, the market should take full advantage of the pioneers of opportunity. Marketing is to manage demand in the market demand for effective management, to make full market research studies, in-depth market, broad knowledge of clients, customers, distributors, suppliers and advertising response, industry information, marketing network, promotional effects On the comprehensive situation of the industry, extensive collection of market information, Mozhun market changes, and identify potential markets and market blind spots and dead ends, make a detailed analysis of the case of market research reports in order to enterprises are planning to develop marketing planning programme, The development of new business plan. It can be said that marketing needs of enterprise marketing management is the work of the pair of eyes. In general, marketing demand management, including the target market analysis and objective analysis of two aspects of the market. (1) target market Impact of mobile communications market factors more objective, market positioning, marketing strategy, promotion policies, advertising, product prices, product packaging and appearance to the advanced level of technology, purchase forms, service and marketing network construction, service and other aspects To seriously consider. Target market changes constantly, mobile communication operators to market changes based on the changing marketing and management ideas. From the phone on the market, we can see that the phone from the original purchase of consumer organizations to today's mainly the purchase of private consumption, the target market also caused changes in the supplier's efforts, Motorola from the original mainly in the executive leadership to diverse now Xingse Various levels of mobile phones, the result is the target market. Mobile communications have to study the current target market in the comprehensive situation, keep eyes on the new changes in the market, market segmentation and target market of new options, accurate grasp of market demand and projected developments can be targeted. (2) target market Those who are stable, have a certain economic strength and status of the crowd, of course, is the target market, but these people have long been the owner of a mobile phone, mobile communications are concerned that the new growth of consumption and high consumption of the new changes in consumption. The market will never change, and stability are all temporary, mobile communications market is no exception. Different consumers have different changes, from the administrative organs of civil servants, owners of small business owners, corporate white-collar class, wage earners and age groups of different sex, different needs, different changes, different hobbies, aesthetic views are different, the needs of the market Portland careful study and treat them differently, accurate market positioning. This is the situation we can see that foreign invested enterprises, Motorola mobile phones mainly to heavy generous, for the executive officers and senior managers by value; Nokia to a professional company, science and technology to promote people-centered, less than a week the average time a new , Of its advanced image of the futuristic and intellectuals have strong appeal, and the reunification of the country the major media's "professional, comprehensive and caring" series of promotional articles, Geng Shiba popular Nokia push the market; love Ericsson while ingenious convenient for senior business people favor; Philips is a more attractive appearance bright colors to attract a large number of young consumers. China's key Branch, Bird, Konka while working order