财务英文论文格式模板

货到销售存货，并收回现金为止的这段时间，营业周期的长短取决于存货周转天数和应---------------下面是这个论文的英语----Strengthen the management of accounts receivable and enhance the competitiveness of enterprisesAccounts receivable is an enterprise product or service because of credit and the formation of receivables, liquid assets is an important item. With the development of the market economy, the introduction of commercial credit, business accounts receivable increased the general level of accounts receivable management business activities has become an increasingly important , the functions of accounts receivableAccounts receivable function is its operation in the production process. There are some aspects:1, the expansion of sales, an increase of the competitiveness of enterprises. Comparison of intense competition in the market, the credit is to promote the sale of an important way. Business credit is to provide customers with the two transactions: selling products to their customers as well as in a limited period to provide funds to customers. Monetary tightening in the market weakness, lack of funds, the credit has a more visible role in the promotion of sales of new products, develop new markets and more , reduced inventory, reduced inventory risk and management costs. Finished goods inventory held by businesses, to the additional management fees, expenses such as storage and insurance costs; the contrary, holders of accounts receivable business, you do not need the above-mentioned expenses. Therefore, when the finished goods inventory business more generally can be a more favorable credit terms to credit, the inventory into accounts receivable to reduce finished goods inventory, conservation-related , poor management of accounts receivable of the drawbacks of1, reduces the efficiency in the use of corporate funds, so that enterprises declined. Given the logistics and cash flow are inconsistent, the issue of commodities, sales invoices out, money can not sync recovery, while the sales have been set up, this is not paid back the recorded sales is bound to have no cash inflow arising from the sale of the business profit and loss, During the year sales and income taxes paid in advance, in the case of-year sales result in accounts receivable, current assets can be advanced enterprises have an annual dividend to shareholders. Enterprises due to the above benefits arising from the pursuit of the surface of the pad and the advance payment of the tax dividend to shareholders, taking up a lot of liquidity, with the passage of time will affect the capital flow, which led to the actual situation of business was overshadowed by the impact of production plans, sales plans and so on, can not achieve the efficiency , exaggerated the results of business operations. As a result of China's enterprises, the accounting is based on an accrual basis (accrual basis), the occurrence of the current credit all revenue credited to the current period. Therefore, on account of the increase in profits does not mean that the cash inflow will be materialized. Enterprise accounting system in accordance with the percentage of accounts receivable balances to extract the bad preparation, bad debt reserve rate is generally 3% -5% (except for special business). If the actual extraction of the bad debt bad debt a loss of more than prepared to give a great deal of loss of business. Therefore, the existence of a large number of receivables, inflated the book's sales revenue, to some extent exaggerated the results of business operations and increase the risk of the cost of the , accelerated the outflow of corporate cash. Although credit to enable businesses to generate more profits, but has not really enable enterprises to increase the cash inflow, but the enterprise had to use our limited working capital to advance a variety of taxes and costs, to accelerate the company's cash outflow is mainly as follows:(1) business turnover tax expenditure. Bring sales of accounts receivable, not cash is actually received, turnover tax is calculated on the basis of sales, the companies must pay on time and in cash. Turnover tax paid by enterprises such as value-added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resource tax and city taxes will inevitably increase as sales increase.(2) income tax expenses. Accounts receivable arising from the profits, but did not achieve the cash, and pay income tax on time must be paid in cash.(3) the distribution of cash profits, there is also such a problem, In addition, the cost of accounts receivable management, cost recovery, accounts receivable cash outflow will be , an impact on the enterprise business cycle. Business cycle that is made from the sale of inventory to stock, and to recover the cash so far this period, the business cycle, depending on the number of days inventory turnover and receivables turnover days, business cycle and between. This shows that unreasonable existence of accounts receivable to extend the business cycle, affecting the capital cycle, so a lot of liquidity in precipitation in non-production areas, resulting in cash shortages, the impact of payment of wages and raw materials purchase, has seriously affected the normal production and operation , an increase of accounts receivable management process in the error probability of additional losses to the enterprise. The face of complex enterprise accounts receivable, accounting errors difficult to detect, unable to understand the dynamics of receivables and other receivables business details, resulting in responsibility is not clear, the contract accounts receivable, contract, commitment, approval procedures, such as the scattered data, lost business may have occurred in the accounts receivable can not be collected on time and on time to recover, the only part of the total recovery of the recovery, through the legal means to recover, but as a result of incomplete information can not be recovered until to the final form of the loss of enterprise , accounts receivable management objectivesFor an enterprise, the existence of accounts receivable is a continuum of production and marketing enterprises on the one hand, it would help to promote sales, increase sales revenue, and enhance competitiveness, while at the same time wish to avoid accounts receivable the existence of the business cash flow difficulties, drawbacks such as bad debt losses. How to deal with and solve the problem of confrontation and reunification is the management of corporate accounts receivable receivable management objective is to formulate a scientific and rational accounts receivable credit policy and credit policy in such an increase in sales earnings and the use of such a policy is expected to take to make trade-offs between the cost. Only when the increase in sales profit of more than the increase in the use of this policy when the cost to implement and promote the use of this credit policy. At the same time, accounts receivable management companies also include the prospects for future sales and market forecasts and judgments, and accounts receivable security investigation. Good prospects such as business sales, accounts receivable safety can be further relaxation of its receivables credit policy, the expansion of credit volume, to obtain greater profits, on the contrary, should have a strict credit policy, or the creditworthiness of different customers appropriate adjustments to ensure that enterprises get the most income, and so may minimize the receivable management business focus is on the basis of the actual operation of enterprises and customers to develop the credibility of the situation of enterprises reasonable credit policy, which is an important financial management forms an integral part of corporate management to achieve the purpose of accounts receivable must be a reasonable strategy for the development of the , the company accounts receivable solutions to the problemsManagement of accounts receivable to do good, first of all, should be established to improve the accounts receivable management system. Accounts receivable credit management policy is a key component of the system, including credit standards, credit terms and collection of three aspects of policy. Credit standards is agreed to provide commercial credit made by the basic requirements. Usually expected loss rate of bad debts as a criterion. If the business more stringent credit standards, only a very good reputation, a very low rate of bad debt losses of the users to give credit, it will reduce bad debt losses, reduce the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, but this may not be conducive to the expansion of sales, and even is to reduce sales; the contrary, if the payment of credit standards, although it will increase sales, but will be a corresponding increase in bad debt losses and the opportunity cost of accounts receivable. Refers to corporate credit conditions require users to pay for credit is subject to a condition, including the credit period, discount and cash discount period. Credit period is provided for users to pay a maximum time period of the discount provided for the user can enjoy time cash payment discount, cash discount is a solid advance in the user shall be given preferential treatment. More favorable credit terms to increase sales, but it can also bring the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs, cash discounts and other cost an additional burden. Collection policy is to refer to when credit terms have been violated, business strategy to take the accounts receivable. Enterprises in a more positive if the billing policy may reduce the cost of accounts receivable and reduce bad debt losses, but to increase collection costs. If more negative accounts receivable policies, accounts receivable may increase costs and increase bad debt losses, collection costs will be reduced. Accounts receivable in the formulation of policy, should be weighed against the increase in collection costs and reduce the opportunity cost of accounts receivable and bad debt losses between losses. The credit policy should be reasonable to credit standards, credit terms, collection policies, to consider comprehensive changes in the three sales, the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs and costs of to accounts receivable management system, for analysis of accounts receivable in the enterprise of the issues found in the corresponding solutions to the recovery of accounts receivable in the problems the company's funds to speed up the cycle, to improve the efficiency of the use of funds to achieve enterprises are to be , to enhance day-to-day accounts receivable managementIn day-to-day management of accounts receivable work, not enough has been done in some detail, for example, the user of the credit analysis, aging analysis, such as table. Specifically, can do a good job in the following aspects of day-to-day management of accounts receivable of work: (1) a good foundation for basic records, understand the user (including subsidiaries) of the timeliness of payments, based on work records, including business-to-users credit conditions, the date of the establishment of credit relationships, the user of the time of payment, the amount currently in arrears, as well as changes in credit ratings, such as users, companies only have this information in order to take appropriate and timely response. (2) to check whether the user credit limit exceeded. Enterprises to provide users with a credit for each business, we must check whether there are more than the record of the credit period, and pay attention to test whether the total debt owed by the user breaking the credit limit. (3) keep track of the debt over the credit period, the user is due to closely monitor the increase or decrease debt dynamics, in order to take timely measures associated with the users to remind them of their payment as soon as possible. (4) analysis of accounts receivable turnover and average collection period, to see whether the normal level of liquidity, businesses can, through the indicators, with the previous practice, is now planning and compared to the same industry in order to evaluate the management of accounts receivable achievements and shortcomings of, and amendments to the credit conditions. (5) study the situation of non-payment, inspection of accounts receivable by the percentage of non-payment, that is, the rate of bad debt losses to determine whether the enterprise's credit policies should be changed, such as the actual bad debt loss rate is greater than or less than the expected loss rate of bad debts, enterprises must look at whether credit standards are too strict or too lax credit standards in order to amend. (6) is an aged analysis of the preparation table to check the actual occupation of accounts receivable days, to recover its supervision of enterprises through the preparation of aging analysis table, which is understood that the number of credit during the period are still in arrears, should be timely monitoring, the number of arrears for more than a credit period, the length of time to calculate what percentage of each of the funds, it is estimated that the number of bad debts would cause, if the majority of extended enterprise should check their credit , to strengthen the management of accounts receivable afterAccounts receivable management, including the work of the following two parts: (1) determine the reasonable collection procedures, accounts receivable collection procedures in general as: letter to inform, Telegraph and Telephone Fax collection, sent to interview, resort to the law, in taking legal action should be considered before the principle of cost-effectiveness, the following situations when you do not need to prosecute: the cost of litigation over the amount of the debt claim; customers can write-off of debt discount collateral; customers the amount of debt not to prosecute the enterprise may be run by the damage; the prosecution withdrew the accounts limited possibility. (2) determine the reasonable collection methods. If customers do encounter temporary difficulties and to make a comeback through the efforts of enterprises to help them ride out the storm in order to recover the receivable, the general practice of accounts receivable for claims re: farmers to accept the market price of arrears below the amount of debt non-monetary assets to cover; change in the form of debt for the "long-term receivables" to determine a reasonable rate, agreed to debt service users to develop a phased plan; modify debt terms, to extend the payment period, and even reduce the principal amount, repayment incentives ; in the common economic interests, driven by the claims into the user's "long-term investment" to help start the loss-making enterprises to achieve the purpose of recovery. If the customer has reached the limits of bankruptcy, it should be a timely manner to the court, with a view to be part of bankruptcy settlement. Deliberately default on the payment for the collection, the options are: reasonable method; compassion operation method; fatigue tactics; blindingly; hardware and software operation , accounts receivable accounting methods and management systemAccounts receivable subsidiary accounts in arrears accounted for of the total, to strengthen internal financial management and monitoring, improve accounting approaches and accounts receivable management system, to resolve inter-company accounts with a subsidiary of recovery, the following several aspects from a number of recommendations are given: (1) strengthen the management and monitoring functions, in accordance with the principles of financial management of the internal check. The company set up under the Ministry of Finance in the financial monitoring group led by the Finance Director to configure full-time accounting staff, responsible for marketing and monitoring of accounting transactions for all accounts receivable for each analysis and accounting, to ensure that accounts receivable in line with norms of the operators at the same time part of the requirements and procedures so that systematic standardization of business activities. (2) improve internal accounting methods. Sales, respectively, for different services, such as purchases of the distributors with direct sales operations, sales offices and sales outlets, the company supply and trading company with the money owed to the company which occurred between the units against the sales business, product returns, etc. , respectively, using different accounting methods and procedures to show the difference and take the appropriate management. (3) accounts receivable and is responsible for the implementation of life-long responsibility of the person first. Who handles the occurrence of bad business, regardless of whether the transfer of responsibility for the company, have against the parties responsible. At the same time, the responsibility of staff to carry out a clearly defined, and as a basis for performance evaluation summary. (4) regular or ad hoc basis to conduct an inspection of the marketing network for monitoring and internal audit. Due to poor management to prevent the emergence of embezzlement, corruption and issues such as funding to reduce the risk of cardiopulmonary bypass. (5) establish a sound internal control system of organization.

每个学校的要求的格式都是不同的这个格式你学校的网址会有或者你找指导老师要实在不行，告诉我你的学校，你发给你1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。（2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

英语论文格式模板

英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。

英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过， 长不得超过。

字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。

行距：单倍行距。

页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。

文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。

数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)

图表：

标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。

位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。

底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。

照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。

扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。

作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。

参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。

基本论文格式

论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。

1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。

2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。

3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。

4、论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。

5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。

6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。

7、论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。

8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。

9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。

10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样，并左对齐。

11、使用软件：MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。

文献注释

注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，如：

①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体，注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。