《浅谈小学英语教育的现状分析》
摘 要:自2001年教育部决定在全国城市、县、镇小学开设英语课,在这十五的教学过程中,英语教学对学生的综合能力发展及国民素质教育和综合国力的提升都起到了一定的推动作用,得到社会的认可。在基础教育的开端,对学生实行英语教学的必然性毋庸置疑,总体来看获得较高成效,但目前的小学英语教育具体操作起来仍存在一定的问题,本文对我国目前的小学英语教育现状进行分析,并且提出几点浅薄的建议,为研究小学英语教育的相关工作人员提供了参考性意见。
关键词:小学英语 教育 理论性研究
外语是吸取人类文明和对外交流合作的重要工具,外语学科作为我国学校中的一门基础学科,目前受到前所未有的重视[1]。随着我国经济的快速发展和社会的不断进步,教育越来越被人们所重视,特别学好英语对一个学生来说至关重要,尤其是英语。2001年秋季教育部决定在全国城市、县、镇小学开设英语课,将英语教育的起始阶段从初中转为小学,可以看出英语的重要性和我国对英语教育的重视程度,将英语教育开设在基础教育的开端,对学生来说有一定的好处。针对人在进行语言学习的研究,Lenneberg 指出,学习语言最好的时间段是在儿童时期,儿童从两岁起至青春期(10-12岁)之前,可以轻松的接受并且学习语言,因为受大脑中的语言习得机制的影响;而人进去青春期之后,大多数人的大脑发生了侧化,人脑已经发育成熟,神经系统不再有弹性,儿童的语言习得机制开始失去作用,语言学习也就越来越困难[2]。虽然在过去十多年的小学英语教育中各方面取得了很好的成绩,但我国目前的小学英语教育仍存在一些问题需要解决。
一、目前我国小学英语教育的现状分析
首先,小学英语教育工作日益完善。各级教育行政部门和教研部门重视小学英语教育,不断加大教育投资,逐步改善教学的硬件和软件,为教育质量的提高提供了有利的保障[3]。我国各小学都认识到在基础教育开端进行英语教育的重要性,基本在小学三年级就开设了英语教育课程,在英语教育方面加大了重视程度,不段的加大人力、物力的投入以保证小学英语教育的稳定进行。令人欣慰的是很多家长也认识到了这一点,他们也将英语和其它课程如语文、数学等一样要求孩子,家长对学生在英语学习方面的辅助帮助也是保证学生有效学习英语的一个重要因素。近年来,很多师范院校开设了小学英语教育专业,具备这种专业能力的青年教师毕业后进入小学教学,可以说给整个教学带来了新的教学理念加强了教学的可塑性,同时社会各个层次开展的在职英语教师培训也是提高小学英语教学的重要保障。在偏远的农村小学教育中却存在着很多问题,如教育理念落后、专业教师紧缺等问题。一般农村教师的教学思想都比较落后,有的教师甚至是为了教课而教课,没有掌握科学的教学理念与规律。很多甚至发音不标准,英语是一门语言,是交流的工具,不能精准发音,英语教学就是失败的,正确的读音和敢于说出英语的习惯正是要让学生在入门阶段修炼成功的,严重影响了学生英语的学习[4]。
其次,小学英语教育的研究。目前我国小学英语教育研究主要集中在可行性探讨、实践性研究和理论性研究等三方面[5]。可行性研究的主要内容是小学英语教育的目标,及通过小学英语的学习能否很好的和初中英语学习衔接起来;实践性研究的主要内容是小学英语教育所使用的教材、教案及教学思想理念;理性行研究的主要内容是对实际的教学工作进行总结,从中总结出构成小学英语教育各个要素及相关规律,以此来更好的科学指导教学的具体实践工作。
二、提高小学英语教育效果的措施
首先,加强小学英语教育的科学性。小学英语教育工作的开展时间不如语文和数学等学科时间长,所以小学英语教育工作很多方面还需进一步提高。要正确合理的分配英语和其它学科的课时,充分认识到英语教学的重要性,应建立科学和明确的教学目标和教学体系。鉴于我国多数学生缺少英语语言环境和儿童认知与记忆规律的特殊性,这就要求在给学生安排课程时,不要间隔时间太长,学生在课堂上进行操练语言的时间有限,接触英语的机会又少,这对学生语言的连续性学习和语言习惯的养成非常不利于。
其次,提高教师的综合能力。要从师范类高校引入专业的教师,专业英语知识底蕴是进行正确、有效授课的前提,同时青年教师会将最新的和最科学的教学理念带进学校与其他教师分享,对提高教师团队的整体综合素质起到促进作用。此外,要建立科学合理的测评方式,测评主要是针对教师授课效果,教师之间可以采取相互听课制,对教师的上课情况进行点评,以便于教师能够有效的发现自己的不足,以此来改正自己在教学中的缺欠,努力提高自己的授课综合能力。针对一些偏远农村的小学,相关部门应提高教师的待遇以此来吸引更多的优秀人才,定期将英语教师外送学习,使他们掌握并且吸纳新的教学思想和理念,要进一步增强培训工作的针对性,基础性、实践性、应用性和实效性,着眼于教师专业素质和教学技能的深化发展提高,注意理论培训与教学实践相结合,注意专业知识培训与教学技能培训相结合。一个合格的教师应该为学生提供语言学习和运用的过程,在这个过程中使学生掌握“学什么”、“如何学”和“怎么用”。
小学英语教育关系到学生以后的学习生涯,社会和学校应该对此给予高度重视,它经过了十多年的发展阶段,经历了从无到有,现在已进入稳定的、长足发展阶段,同时取得了很多的成绩,但良好发展的背后仍存在很多问题,这就给小学英语教育工作者提出了新的挑战,要求教师从实际出发,不仅要善于发现问题,还应该更善于解决问题,取长补短,付出自己的不懈努力,这样我国教学英语教育才能达到更高的一个水平。
参考文献
[1] 刘春久,高桂芳.小学英语教育现状与思考[J].教育探索,2008(05).
[2] 李欣欣.中国小学英语教育研究综述及反思[J].社科纵横,2011(06).
[3] 黄春丽.浅析小学英语教育现状[J].和田师范专科学校学报,2011(30).
[4] 赵利红.浅谈如何应对农村小学英语教育所面临的困境[J].学周刊,2011(10).
[5] 赵 丽, 宋德云.小学英语教育研究述评[J].现在教育科学,2011(12).
下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文
How to Write a Literature Review ?
I. The definition of Literature Review
文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components
A. The Purposes
On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.
On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused
research question.
B. Its Components
There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.
标题与作者(title and author)
摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)
引言(introduction)
述评(review)
结论(conclusion)
参考文献(references)
III. Classification of Source Materials
How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.
A: Background sources:
Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and
encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.
B: Primary sources
Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,
biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too
many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.
C: Secondary sources
Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book
reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or
writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing
in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,
but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and
will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you
need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to
analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.
D: Web sources
The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent
resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web
sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You
may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a
good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its
own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the
authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use
information. The currency of website information should also be taken into
account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.
IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review
A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources
If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and
the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper
on a topic without reading the original source.
B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis
Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.
Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.
C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth
Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William
Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic
in depth. Choose those.
D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts
If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on
Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,
Choose the article by the expert.
E. Choosing the most current sources
If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a
scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the
books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in
periodicals.
V. Writing a literature Review
A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:
1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.
2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.
3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.
4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.
5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.
6. Criticism of the work in the area.
B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:
1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.
2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.
C. Some tips for writing the review:
1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.
2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most
related references last.
3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
4. Start writing your review early.
VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项
英文文献主要部分细节提示:
引言(Introduction)
引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围
和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和
分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要
的语句加以概括。
引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:
(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和
范围;
(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一
般现在时简介本文内容;
(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;
(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。
述评(Review)
述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,
作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的
所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间
为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、
究其不足。
分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测
的语言形式。
综述的结论(Conclusion)
结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或
Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To
conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问
题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。
二.注意事项
⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。
⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。
⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。
⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。
6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。
7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。
8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。
VII. A Sample of Literature Review
A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations
Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).
Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity
and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.
References
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