饮食文化论文人生在世,吃穿二事,很早我们就知道了这句话。人虽然作为高级动物,但仍需要与普通动物一样:“吃”。所以,零零总总令人眼花缭乱的各类美食也孕育而生,从古至今,长盛不衰。饮食行业也成为三百六十行常展长新的行当,而饮食业也形成了自己的独特的文化,说的更直接些就是一种“吃”的文化。 中国有着5000年的悠久历史,中国有着灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;中国人注重“天人合一”,中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点。所以也就使得中国传统的饮食美食都“食出有门”如中华饮食文化理论奠基人??孔子的《论语》中就有关于饮食“二不厌、三适度、十不食”的论述。直至两千年后的今日,仍具有极高的理论指导性。中华茶道始主??陆羽认为茶道在中华饮食文化中的地位几乎与酒等量齐观,他曾遍访名茶产区荐评品第,又精研泉水,次第品级。中华食文化之圣??袁枚其《随园食单》经历五十年才写成,成为中华饮食史上光前裕后之作,也有中华饮食文化“食经”的美誉。还有以味道治国的大臣??伊尹将饮食的“色、香、味、形”与治国相融合,所以就有了 “治国若烹小鲜”之说。 由此,这就形成了我们传统的饮食有“四重”的特点: 1、重食:古人就有:“民以食为天”之说,见面常问“吃过没有?”足见饮食文化的地位。 2、重养:以“五谷”养“六脏”,饮食中重视人体养生保健。 3、重味:中华饮食最注意食物的味,讲究“色、香、味、型”。各种味道差异构成各种菜系的基础。 4、重理:注意各种食物的搭配,以相生相克、相辅相成等阴阳调和之理性认识指导烹饪。 正是由于中华饮食讲究料、作、食等等的精细,内容丰富且博大精深,民族特色鲜明,既兼容又特别,从古到今,历代相传又推陈出新。 不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。中国人大而全的一贯作风,吃饭时自然是七大盘、八大碗,一是显示了富足,二是摆足了排场;近而各地比吃、全国争雄,最终形成了八大菜系,也就是吃方面八个不同的“高手”;说得虽有些低俗,但还是很能传情达意的。 因此,中华饮食文化就其深层内涵,可以简单概括成八个字:精致、悦目、坠情、礼数。这八个字,反映了饮食活动过程中饮食品质、审美体验、情感活动、社会功能等所包含的独特文化意蕴,也反映了饮食文化与中华优秀传统文化的密切联系。 精致;我们在得意时都喜欢在酒馆、餐厅里点几个精致小菜,或自己做几个精致小菜来犒赏自己与亲戚友人,而这时就需要吃出一种气氛、品位甚至是文化来。饮食既然作为一种文化,一种“吃”的文化,精品意识作为一种文化精神,却越来越广泛、越来越深入地渗透、贯彻到整个饮食活动过程中。选料、烹调、配伍乃至饮食环境,都体现着 “精致”。尤其是现在非常注重个人身体保健的现代社会,更是要求我们的饮食向精致化发展,使饮食中融入文化,透出文化,从而“吃”出文化来,避免和摒弃那种“过之屠门而大嚼”不雅行为和有损健康的不良习惯。 悦目;这是将“吃”的文化与内涵进行升华的高级阶段,体现了饮食文化的审美特征。中华饮食之所以能够征服世界,重要原因之一,就在于它美,它令食者有“三月不知肉味”的同时,更令人拍案叫绝和赏心悦目。这种悦目,是指中国饮食活动形式与内容的完美统一,是指它给人们所带来的审美愉悦和精神享受,首先是味道美。孙中山先生讲“辨味不精,则烹调之术不妙”,将对“味”的审美视作烹调的第一要义。 令人悦目的美味佳肴作为饮食文化的一个基本内涵,它是中华饮食的魅力之所在,悦目贯穿在饮食活动过程的每一个环节中。 坠情;这是对中华饮食文化社会心理功能的概括。因为菜系和饮食中蕴藏着各种感情在其中。做的人付出心血和真情用心去做,而吃者更是品味到自己喜欢的饮食则抱着的是一种感激与赞赏。吃吃喝喝,不能简单视之,它实际上是人与人之间情感交流的媒介,是一种别开生面的社交活动。一边吃饭,一边聊天,可以做生意、交流信息、采访。朋友离合,送往迎来,人们都习惯于在饭桌上表达惜别或欢迎的心情,感情上的风波,人们也往往借酒菜平息。这是饮食活动对于社会心理的调节功能。过去的茶馆,大家坐下来喝茶、听书、摆龙门阵或者发泄对朝廷的不满,实在是一种极好的心理按摩。 中华饮食之所以具有“抒情”功能,是因为“饮德食和、万邦同乐”的哲学思想和由此而出现的具有民族特点的饮食方式。对于饮食活动中的情感文化,有个引导和提升品位的问题。我们要提倡健康优美、奋发向上的文化情调,追求一种高尚的情操。 礼数;是指饮食活动的礼仪性。中国是礼仪之邦,而这种礼仪与礼数也渗透到了饮食当中。而饮食讲究“礼数”,这与我们的传统文化有很大关系。生老病死、送往迎来、祭神敬祖都是礼。《礼记?礼运》中说:“夫礼之初,始诸饮食。“礼数”中也讲究着一种秩序和规范,比如在重要场合坐席的方向、箸匙的排列、上菜的次序、有些菜的象征、来历等等都体现着“礼数”。 我们谈“礼数”,更应把它理解成一种精神,一种内在的伦理精神,这种精神,贯穿在饮食活动过程中,从而构成中国饮食文明的逻辑起点。 饮食中的精致、悦目、坠情、礼数分别从不同的角度概括了中华饮食文化的基本内涵,换言之,这四个方面有机地构成了中华饮食文化这个整体概念。但是,它们不是孤立地存在,而是相互依存、互为因果的,四者环环相生、完美统一,便形成中华饮食文化的最高境界。而中华饮食也是中华民族从古至今用嘴“吃”出来了一种文化,一种浓厚的中华饮食文化,这种文化已经得以前仆后继的不断弘扬,已经影响到了我们自己和身边,影响到了全世界的饮食行业。
Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食,每一个版本里都有中国和法国的,只有关于第三家却说法不一,有说是意大利的,也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下,但大家都有个共识,饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会,饭店菜上得很慢,不知不觉中过去了近两个小时,但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会,忍不住问我,你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗?我说,在中国还要多,通常是10道以上。她很惊讶,连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了,难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿,她又问我,有个现象很奇怪:中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜,可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少,但为什么都比中国人胖呢? 我一时语塞,但又觉得她问得多少有点道理,因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱,而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想,和她讲了自己的一点想法:中国是个好客的民族,只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式,所以在中国的烹调里,菜的样式千变万化,具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些,在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国,但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异,多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色,一个国家和民族也一样,对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇,谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装,他们都说非常好看,但有一点不太明白,为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色,而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景,红色在中国文化里,也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意,所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们,蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为,蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想,我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了,比如说龙在中国是民族的象征,而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节,龙被视作恶魔,被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了,因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大,并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面,但简单加以概括其实并不复杂:反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别,反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用,而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较,这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象,而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片,法文里直译就是访问用的卡片,而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等,都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板,我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词,但法国人就更加直观了,直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴,似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法,我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分,缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作,中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时,也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏:为了说明天使在飞,就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗,在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云,她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境,多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是,差异带来的并不总是分歧,它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间,如能从中找到一个准确的结合点,那不仅会给两个民族,而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽,比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。
中华饮食,源远流长。在这自古为礼仪之邦,讲究民以食为天的国度里,饮食礼仪自然成为饮食文化的一个重要部分。中国的饮宴礼仪号称始于周公,千百年的演进,当然不会再有“孟光接了梁鸿案”那样的日子,但也还是终于形成大家普遍接受的一套饮食进餐礼仪,是古代饮食礼制的继承和发展。饮食礼仪因宴席的性质,目的而不同;不同的地区,也是千差万别。简介中餐礼仪随着中西饮食文化的不断交流,中餐不仅是中国人的传统饮食习惯,还越来越受到外国人的青睐。而这种看似最平常不过的中式餐饮,用餐时的礼仪却是有一番讲究的。 中餐的餐具主要有杯、盘、碗、碟、筷、匙六种。在正式的宴会上,水杯放在菜盘上方,酒杯放在右上方。筷子与汤匙可放在专用的座子上,或放在纸套中。公筷顺序公用的筷子和汤匙最好放在专用的座子上。 中餐上菜的顺序一般是:先公筷上冷盘,后上热菜,最后上甜食和水果。 用餐前,服务员为每人送上的第一道湿毛巾是擦手用的,最好不要用它去擦脸。在宴席上,上鸡、龙虾、水果时,有时送上一小水盂(铜盆、瓷碗或水晶玻璃缸),水上飘有玫瑰花瓣或柠檬片,供洗手用(曾有人误为饮料,以致成为笑话)。洗时两手轮流沾湿指头,轻轻涮洗,然后用餐巾或小毛巾擦干。划分古代的食礼是按阶层划分:宫廷,官府,行帮,民间等。现代食礼则简化为:主人(东道),客人了。作为客人,赴宴讲究仪容,根据关系亲疏决定是否携带小礼品或好酒。赴宴守时守约;抵达后,先根据认识与否,自报家门,或由东道进行引见介绍,听从东道安排。相关书籍[1]然后入座:这个“英雄排座次”,是整个中国食礼中最重要的一项。从古到今,因为桌具的演进,所以座位的排法也相应变化。总的来讲,座次“尚左尊东” “面朝大门为尊”家宴首席为辈分最高的长者,末席为最低者;家庭宴请,首席为地位最尊的客人,客主人则居末席。首席未落座,都不能落座,首席未动手,都不能动手,巡酒时自首席按顺序一路敬下,再饮。更讲究的,如果来报有人来,无论尊卑地位,全席之人应出迎。若是圆桌,则正对大门的为主客,左手边依次为2,4,6右手边依次为3,5,7直至汇合。若为八仙桌,如果有正对大门的座位,则正对大门一侧的右位为主客,如果不正对大门,则面东的一侧右席为首席。然后首席的左手边坐开去为2,4,6,8(8在对面),右手边为3,5,7(7在正对面)。如果为大宴,桌与桌间的排列讲究首席居前居中,左边依次2,4,6席,右边为3,5,7席。根据主客身份,地位,亲疏分坐。筷子的用法介绍筷子是中餐中最主要的进餐用具。握筷姿势应规范,时餐需要使用其他餐具时,应先将筷子放下。筷子一定要放在筷子筷子架上,不能放在杯子或盘子上,还则容易碰掉。如果不小心把筷子碰掉在地上,可请服务员换一双。在用餐过程中,已经举起筷子,但不知道该吃哪道菜,这时不可将筷子在各碟菜中来回移动或在空中游弋。不要用筷子叉取食物放进嘴里,或用舌头舔食筷子上的附着物,更不要用筷子去推动碗、盘和杯子。有事暂时离席,不能把筷子插在碗里,应把它轻放在筷子架上。注意在席间说话的时候,不要把筷子当道具,随意乱舞;或是用筷子敲打碗碟桌面,用筷子指点他人。每次用完筷子要轻轻地放下,尽量不要发出响声。使用筷子的礼仪中国的筷子是十分讲究的,“筷子”又称“箸(筋)”,远在商代就有用象牙制成的筷子。《史记•宋微子世家》中记载“纣始为象箸”。用象牙做箸,是富贵的标志。做筷子的材料也不同,考究的有金筷、银筷、象牙筷,一般的有骨筷和竹筷,现在有塑料筷。湖南的筷子最长,有的长达两尺左右;日本的筷子短而尖,这是由于吃鱼片等到片状食物的缘故。筷子传入日本是唐代,现在它是世界上生产使用筷子最多的国家,平均年产130亿双筷子,其中90%,是只用一次的“剖箸”。日本人还把每年的8月4人日定为“筷子节”,并且在使用筷子时讲究”忌八筷”。中国使用筷子,在人类文明史上是一桩值得骄傲和推祟的科学发明。李政道论证中华民族是一个优秀种族时说:“中国人早在春秋战国时代就发明了筷子。如此简单的两根东西,却高妙绝伦地应用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸,手指能做的事,它都能做,且不怕高热,不怕寒冻,真是高明极了。比较起来,西方人大概到16世纪、17世纪才发明了刀叉,但刀叉哪能跟筷子相比呢?”日本的学者曾测定,人在用筷子夹食物时,有80多个关节和50条肌肉在运动,并且与脑神经有关。因此,用筷子吃饭使人手巧,可以训练大脑使之灵活,外国人对这两根神奇的棍状物能施展出夹、挑、舀、撅等功能钦羡不已,并以自己能使用它进食而感到高兴。在长期的生括实践中,人们对使用筷子也形成了一些礼仪上的忌讳:一忌敲筷。即在等待就餐时,不能坐在餐边,一手拿一根筷子随意敲打,或用筷子敲打碗盏或茶杯。二忌掷筷。在餐前发放筷子时,要把筷子一双双理顺,然后轻轻地放在每个人的餐桌前;距较远时,可以请人递过去,不能随手掷在桌上。三忌叉筷。筷子不能一横一竖交叉摆放,不能一根是大头,一根是小头。筷子要摆放在碗的旁边,不能搁在碗上。四忌插筷。在用餐中途因故需暂时离开时,要把筷子轻轻搁在桌子上或餐碟边,不能插在饭碗里。五忌挥筷。在夹菜时,不能把筷子在菜盘里挥来挥去,上下乱翻,遇到别人也来夹菜时,要 有意避让,谨防“筷子打架”。六忌舞筷。在说话时,不要把筷子当作刀具,在餐桌上乱舞;也不要在请别人用菜时,把筷子戳到别人面前,这样做是失礼的。席位排列综述中餐的席位排列中餐礼仪2,关系到来宾的身份和主人给予对方的礼遇,所以是一项重要的内容。中餐席位的排列,在不同情况下,有一定的差异。可以分为桌次排列和位次排列两方面。桌次排列在中餐宴请活动中,往往采用圆桌布置菜肴、酒水。排列圆桌的尊卑次序,有两种情况。第一种情况,是由两桌组成的小型宴请。这种情况,又可以分为两桌横排和两桌竖排的形式。当两桌横排时,桌次是以左为尊,以右为卑。这里所说的右和左,是由面对正门的位置来确定的。当两桌竖排时,桌次讲究以远为上,以近为下。这里所讲的远近,是以距离正门的远近而言。第二种情况,是由三桌或三桌以上的桌数所组成的宴请。在安排多桌宴请的桌次时,除了要注意“面门定位”、“以右为尊”、“以远为上”等规则外,还应兼顾其他各桌距离主桌的远近。通常,距离主桌越近,桌次越高;距离主桌越远、桌次越低。在安排桌次时,所用餐桌的大小、形状要基本一致。除主桌可以略大外,其他餐桌都不要过大或过小。为了确保在宴请时赴宴者及时、准确地找到自己所在的桌次,可以在请柬上注明对方所在的桌次、在宴会厅入口悬挂宴会桌次排列示意图、安排引位员引导来宾按桌就坐,或者在每张餐桌上摆放桌次牌(用阿拉伯数字书写)。位次排列宴请时,每张餐桌上的具体位次也有主次尊卑的分别。排列位次的基本方法有四条,它们往往会同时发挥作用。方法一,是主人大都应面对正门而坐,并在主桌就坐。方法二,是举行多桌宴请时,每桌都要有一位主桌主人的代表在座。位中餐礼仪[2]置一般和主桌主人同向,有时也可以面向主桌主人。方法三,是各桌位次的尊卑,应根据距离该桌主人的远近而定,以近为上,以远为下。方法四,是各桌距离该桌主人相同的位次,讲究以右为尊,即以该桌主人面向为准,右为尊,左为卑。另外,每张餐桌上所安排的用餐人数应限在10人以内,最好是双数。比如,六人、八人、十人。人数如果过多,不仅不容易照顾,而且也可能坐不下。根据上面四个位次的排列方法,圆桌位次的具体排列可以分为两种具体情况。它们都是和主位有关。第一种情况:每桌一个主位的排列方法。特点是每桌只有一名主人,主宾在右首就坐,每桌只有一个谈话中心。第二种情况:每桌两个主位的排列方法。特点是主人夫妇在同一桌就坐,以男主人为第一主人,女主人为第二主人,主宾和主宾夫人分别在男女主人右侧就坐。每桌从而客观上形成了两个谈话中心,如图9-5和如图9-6。如果主宾身份高于主人,为表示尊重,也可以安排在主人位子上坐,而请主人坐在主宾的位子上。为了便于来宾准确无误地在自己位次上就坐,除招待人员和主人要及时加以引导指示外,应在每位来宾所属座次正前方的桌面上,事先放置醒目的个人姓名座位卡。举行涉外宴请时,座位卡应以中、英文两种文字书写。中国的惯例是,中文在上,英文在下。必要时,座位卡的两面都书写用餐者的姓名。排列便餐的席位时,如果需要进行桌次的排列,可以参照宴请时桌次的排列进行。位次的排列,可以遵循四个原则。一是右高左低原则两人一同并排就坐,通常以右为上座,以左为下座。这是因为中餐上菜时多以顺时针方向为上菜方向,居右坐的因此要比居左坐的优先受到照顾。二是中座为尊原则三人一同就坐用餐,坐在中间的人在位次上高于两侧的人。三是面门为上原则用餐的时候,按照礼仪惯例,面对正门者是上座,背对正门者是下座。四是特殊原则高档餐厅里,室内外往往有优美的景致或高雅的演出,供用餐者欣赏。这时候,观赏角度最好的座位是上座。在某些中低档餐馆用餐时,通常以靠墙的位置为上座,靠过道的位置为下座。用餐方式综述几种常见的用餐方式主要介绍宴会、家宴、便餐、工作餐(包括自助餐)等具体形式下的礼仪规范。宴会通常指的是以用餐为形式的社交聚会。可以分为正式宴会和非正式宴会餐具两种类型。正式宴会,是一种隆重而正规的宴请。它往往是为宴请专人而精心安排的,在比较高档的饭店,或是其他特定的地点举行的,讲究排场、气氛的大型聚餐活动。对于到场人数、穿着打扮、席位排列、菜肴数目、音乐演奏、宾主致词等,往往都有十分严谨的要求和讲究。非正式宴会,也称为便宴,也适用于正式的人际交往,但多见于日常交往。它的形式从简,偏重于人际交往,而不注重规模、档次。一般来说,它只安排相关人员参加,不邀请配偶,对穿着打扮、席位排列、菜肴数目往往不作过高要求,而且也不安排音乐演奏和宾主致词。家宴也就是在家里举行的宴会。相对于正式宴会而言,家宴最重要的是要制造亲切、友好、自然的气氛,使赴宴的宾主双方轻松、自然、随意,彼此增进交流,加深了解,促进信任。通常,家宴在礼仪上往往不作特殊要求。为了使来宾感受到主人的重视和友好,基本上要由女主人亲自下厨烹饪,男主人充当服务员;或男主人下厨,女主人充当服务员,来共同招待客人,使客人产生宾至如归的感觉。如果要参加宴会,那么你就需要注意,首先必须把自己打扮得整齐大方,这是对别人也是对自己的尊重。还要按主人邀请的时间准时赴宴。除酒会外,一般宴会都请客人提前半小时到达。如因故在宴会开始前几分钟到达,不算失礼。但迟到就显得对主人不够尊敬,非常失礼了。当走进主人家或宴会厅时,应首先跟主人打招呼。同时。对其他客人,不管认不认识,都要微笑点头示意或握手问好;对长者要主动起立,让座问安;对女宾举止庄重,彬彬有礼。入席时,自己的座位应听从主人或招待人员的安排,因为有的宴会主人早就安排好了。如果座位没定,应注意正对门口的座位是上座,背对门的座位是下座。应让身份高者、年长者以及女士先入座,自己再找适当的座位坐下。入座后坐姿端正,脚踏在本人座位下,不要任意伸直或两腿不停摇晃,手肘不得靠桌沿,或将手放在邻座椅背上。入座后,不要旁若无人,也不要眼睛直盯盘中菜肴,显出迫不及待的样子。可以和同席客人简单交谈。用餐时应该正装,不要脱外衣,更不要中途脱外衣。一般是主人示意开始后再进行。就餐的动作要文雅,夹菜动作要轻。而且要把菜先放到自己的小盘里,然后再用筷子夹起放进嘴。送食物进嘴时,要小口进食,两肘向外靠,不要向两边张开,以免碰到邻座。不要在吃饭喝饮料、喝汤发出声响。用餐时,如要用摆在同桌其他客人面前的调味品,先向别人打个招呼再拿;如果太远,要客气地请人代劳。如在用餐时非得需要剔牙,要用左手或手帕遮掩,右手用牙签轻轻剔牙。喝酒的时候,一味地给别人劝酒、灌酒,吆五喝六,特别是给不胜酒力的人劝酒、灌酒,都是失礼的表现。如果宴会没有结束,但你已用好餐,不要随意离席,要等主人和主宾餐毕先起身离席,其他客人才能依次离席。便餐也就是家常便饭。用便餐的地点往往不同,礼仪讲究也最少。只要用餐者讲究公德,注意卫生、环境和秩序,在其他方面就不用介意过多。工作餐是在商务交往中具有业务关系的合作伙伴,为进行接触、保持联系、交换信息或洽谈生意而用用餐的形式进行的商务聚会。它不同于正式的工作餐、正式宴会和亲友们的会餐。它重在一种氛围,意在以餐会友,创造出有利于进一步进行接触的轻松、愉快、和睦、融洽的氛围。是借用餐的形式继续进行的商务活动,把餐桌充当会议桌或谈判桌。工作餐一般规模较小,通常在中午举行,主人不用发正式请柬,客人不用提前向主人正式进行答复,时间、地点可以临时选择。出于卫生方面的考虑,最好采取分餐制或公筷制的方式。在用工作餐的时候,还会继续商务上的交谈。但这时候需要注意的是,这种情况下不要像在会议室一样,进行录音、录像,或是安排专人进行记录。非有必要进行记录的时候,应先获得对方首肯。千万不要随意自行其事,好像对对方不信任似的。发现对方对此表示不满的时候,更不可以坚持这么做。工作餐是主客双方“商务洽谈餐”,所以不适合有主题之外的人加入。如果正好遇到熟人,可以打个招呼,或是将其与同桌的人互作一下简略的介绍。但不要擅作主张,将朋友留下。万一有不识相的人“赖着”不走,可以委婉地下逐客令“您很忙,我就不再占用您宝贵时间了”或是“我们明天再联系。我会主动打电话给您”。自助餐是近年来借鉴西方的现代用餐方式。它不排席位,也不安排统一的菜单,是把能提供的全部主食、菜肴、酒水陈列在一起,根据用餐者的个人爱好,自己选择、加工、享用。采取这种方式,可以节省费用,而且礼仪讲究不多,宾主都方便;用餐的时候每个人都可以悉听尊便。在举行大型活动,招待为数众多的来宾时,这样安排用餐,也是最明智的选择。地点的选择中餐特别是中餐宴会具体时间的安排,根据人们的用餐习惯,依照用餐时间的不同,分为早餐、午餐、晚餐三种。确定正式宴请的具体时间,主要要遵从民俗惯例。而且主人不仅要从自己的客观能力出发,更要讲究主随客便,要优先考虑被邀请者,特别是主宾的实际情况,不要对这一点不闻不问。如果可能,应该先和主宾协商一下,力求两厢方便。至少,也要尽可能提供几种时间上的选择,以显示自己的诚意,并要对具体长度进行必要的控制。另外,在社交聚餐的时候,用餐地点的选择也非常重要。首先要环境优雅,宴请不仅仅是为了“吃东西”,也要“吃文化”。要是用餐地点档次过低,环境不好,即使菜肴再有特色,也会使宴请大打折扣。在可能的情况下,一定要争取选择清静、优雅的地点用餐。其次是卫生条件良好,在确定社交聚餐的地点,一定要看卫生状况怎么样。如果用餐地点太脏、太乱,不仅卫生问题让人担心,而且还会破坏用餐者的食欲。还要充分考虑到,聚餐者来去交通是不是方便,有没有公共交通线路通过,有没有停车场,是不是要为聚餐者预备交通工具等一系列的具体问题,以及该地点设施是否完备。菜肴的选择根据人们的饮食习惯,与其说是“请吃饭”,还不如说成“请吃菜”。所以对菜单的安排马虎不得。它主要涉及到点菜和准备菜单两方面的问题。点菜时,不仅要吃饱、吃好,而且必须量力而行。如果为了讲排场、装门面,而在点菜时大点、特点,甚至乱点一通,不仅对自己没好处,而且还会招人笑话。这时,一定要心中有数,力求做到不超支,不乱花,不铺张浪费。可以点套餐或包桌。这样费用固定,菜肴的档次和数量相对固定,省事。也可以根据“个人预算”,在用餐时现场临时点菜。这样不但自由度较大,而且可以兼顾个人的财力和口味。被请者在点菜时,一是告诉作东者,自己没有特殊要求,请随便点,这实际上正是对方欢迎的。或是认真点上一个不太贵、又不是大家忌口的菜,再请别人点。别人点的菜,无论如何都不要挑三拣四。一顿标准的中餐大菜,不管什么风味,上菜的次序都相同。通常,首先是冷盘,接下来是热炒,随后是主菜,然后上点心和汤,最后上果盘。如果上咸点心的话,讲究上咸汤;如果上甜点心的话,就要上甜汤。不管是不是吃大菜,了解中餐标准的上菜次序,不仅有助于在点菜时巧作搭配,而且还可以避免因为不懂而出洋相、闹笑话。在宴请前,主人需要事先对菜单进行再三斟酌。在准备菜单的时候,主人要着重考虑哪些菜可以选用、哪些菜不能用。优先考虑的菜肴有四类:第一类,有中餐特色的菜肴。宴请外宾的时候,这一条更要重视。像炸春卷、煮元宵、蒸饺子、狮子头、宫爆鸡丁等,并不是佳肴美味,但因为具有鲜明的中国特色,所以受到很多外国人的推崇。第二类,有本地特色的菜肴。比如西安的羊肉泡馍,湖南的毛家红烧肉,上海的红烧狮子头,北京的涮羊肉,在那里宴请外地客人时,上这些特色菜,恐怕要比千篇一律的生猛海鲜更受好评。第三类,本餐馆的特色菜。很多餐馆都有自己的特色菜。上一份本餐馆的特色菜,能说明主人的细心和对被请者的尊重。第四类,主人的拿手菜。举办家宴时,主人一定要当众露上一手,多做几个自己拿手菜。其实,所谓的拿手菜不一定十全十美。只要主人亲自动手,单凭这一条,足以让对方感觉到你的尊重和友好。在安排菜单时,还必须考虑来宾的饮食禁忌,特别是要对主宾的饮食禁忌高度重视。这些饮食方面的禁忌主要有四条:宗教的饮食禁忌,一点也不能疏忽大意。例如,穆斯林通常不吃猪肉,并且不喝酒。国内的佛教徒不吃荤腥食品,它不仅指的是不吃肉食,而且包括葱、蒜、韭菜、芥末等气味刺鼻的食物。出于健康的原因,对于某些食品,也有所禁忌。比如,心脏病、脑血管、脉硬化、高血压和中风后遗症的人,不适合吃狗肉,肝炎病人忌吃羊肉和甲鱼,胃肠炎、胃溃汤等消化系统疾病的人也不合适吃甲鱼,高血压、高胆固醇患者,要少喝鸡汤等。不同地区,人们的饮食偏好往往不同。对于这一点,在安排菜单时要兼顾。比如,湖南省份的人普遍喜欢吃辛辣食物,少吃甜食。英美国家的人通常不吃宠物、稀有动物、动物内脏、动物的头部和脚爪。有些职业,出于某种原因,在餐饮方面往往也有各自不同的特殊禁忌。例如,国家公务员在执行公务时不准吃请,在公务宴请时不准大吃大喝,不准超过国家规定的标准用餐,不准喝烈性酒。再如,驾驶员工作期间不得喝酒。要是忽略了这一点,还有可能使对方犯错误。在隆重而正式的宴会上,主人选定的菜单也可以在精心书写后,每人一份,用餐者不但餐前心中有数,而且餐后也可以留作纪念。餐具的使用注意事项综述和西餐相比较,中餐的一大特色就是就餐餐具有所不同。人们主要介绍一下平时经常出现问题的餐具的使用。筷子筷子是中餐最主要的餐具。使用筷子,通常必须成双使用。用筷子取菜、用餐的时候,要注意下面几个“小”问题:一是不论筷子上是否残留着食物,都不要去舔。用舔过的筷子去中餐餐具夹菜,是不是有点倒人胃口?二是和人交谈时,要暂时放下筷子,不能一边说话,一边像指挥棒似地舞着筷子。三是不要把筷子竖插放在食物上面。因为这种插法,只在祭奠死者的时候才用。四是严格筷子的职能。筷子只是用来夹取食物的。用来剔牙、挠痒或是用来夹取食物之外的东西都是失礼的。勺子它的主要作用是舀取菜肴、食物。有时,用筷子取食时,也可以用勺子来辅助。尽量不要单用勺子去取菜。用勺子取食物时,不要过满,免得溢出来弄脏餐桌或自己的衣服。在舀取食物后,可以在原处“暂停”片刻,汤汁不会再往下流时,再移回来享用。暂时不用勺子时,应放在自己的碟子上,不要把它直接放在餐桌上,或是让它在食物中“立正”。用勺子取食物后,要立即食用或放在自己碟子里,不要再把它倒回原处。而如果取用的食物太烫,不可用勺子舀来舀去,也不要用嘴对着吹,可以先放到自己的碗里等凉了再吃。不要把勺子塞到嘴里,或者反复吮吸、舔食。盘子稍小点的盘子就是碟子,主要用来盛放食物,在使用方面和碗略同。盘子在餐桌上一般要保持原位,而且不要堆放在一起。需要着重介绍的,是一种用途比较特殊的被称为食碟的盘子。食碟的主要作用,是用来暂放从公用的菜盘里取来享用的菜肴的。用食碟时,一次不要取放过多的菜肴,看起来既繁乱不堪,又像是饿鬼投胎。不要把多种菜肴堆放在一起,弄不好它们会相互“窜味”,不好看,也不好吃。不吃的残渣、骨、刺不要吐在地上、桌上,而应轻轻取放在食碟前端,放的时候不能直接从嘴里吐在食碟上,要用筷子夹放到碟子旁边。如果食碟放满了,可以让服务员换。水杯主要用来盛放清水、汽水、果汁、可乐等软饮料时使用。不要用它来盛酒,也不要倒扣水杯。另外,喝进嘴里的东西不能再吐回水杯。中餐用餐前比较讲究的话,会为每位用餐者上一块湿毛巾。它只能用来擦手。擦手后,应该放回盘子里,由服务员拿走。有时候,在正式宴会结束前,会再上一块湿毛巾。和前者不同的是,它只能用来擦嘴,却不能擦脸、抹汗。牙签尽量不要当众剔牙。非剔不行时,用另一只手掩住口部,剔出来的东西,不要当众观赏或再次入口,也不要随手乱弹,随口乱吐。剔牙后,不要长时间叼着牙签,更不要用来扎取食物。用餐的得体表现任何国家的餐饮,都有自己的传统习惯和寓意,中餐也不例外。比方说,过年少不了鱼,表示“年年有余”;和渔家、海员吃鱼的时候,忌讳把鱼翻身,因为那有“翻船”的意思。用餐的时候,不要吃得摇头摆脑,宽衣解带,满脸油汗,汁汤横流,响声大作。不但失态欠雅,而且还会败坏别人的食欲。可以劝别人多用一些,或是品尝某道菜肴,但不要不由分说,擅自作主,主动为别人夹菜、添饭。不说这样做是不是卫生,而且还会让人勉为其难。取菜的时候,不要左顾右盼,翻来覆去,在公用的菜盘内挑挑拣拣。要是夹起来又放回去,就显得缺乏教养。多人一桌用餐,取菜要注意相互礼让,依次而行,取用适量。不要好吃多吃,争来抢去,而不考虑别人用过没有。够不到的菜,可以请人帮助,不要起身甚至离座去取。用餐期间,不要敲敲打打,比比划划。还要自觉做到不吸烟。用餐时,如果需要有清嗓子、擤鼻涕、吐痰等举动,尽早去洗手间解决。用餐的时候,不要当众修饰。比如,不要梳理头发,化妆补妆,宽衣解带,脱袜脱鞋等。如必要可以去化妆间或洗手间。用餐的时候不要离开座位,四处走动。如果有事要离开,也要先和旁边的人打个招呼,可以说声“失陪了”、“我有事先行一步”等上菜上菜顺序,中餐一般讲究:先凉后热,先炒后烧,咸鲜清淡的先上,甜的味浓味厚的后上,最后是饭菜。有规格的宴席,热菜中的主菜——比如燕窝席里的燕窝,海参宴里的海参,鱼翅宴里的鱼翅,应该先上,即所谓最贵的热菜先上。再辅以溜炒烧扒。大致上菜顺序(茶)-在酒家里,因为要等待,所以先来清口茶。但不是必须的。因为古人喝茶多是单独的。凉菜-冷拼,花拼。热炒-视规模选用滑炒,软炒,干炸,爆,烩,烧,蒸,浇,扒等组合。大菜-(不是必须的)指整只,整块,整条的高贵菜肴,比如一头乳猪,一只全羊,一大块鹿肉什么的。甜菜-包括甜汤,如冰糖莲子,银耳甜汤等点心-一般大宴不供饭,而以糕,饼,团,粉,各种面,包子,饺子等。(饭)-如果还没吃饱水果-爽口,消腻此顺序非一成不变,如水果有时可以算在冷盘里上,点心可以算在热菜里上。较浓的汤菜,应该按热菜上;贵重的汤菜如燕窝等要为热菜中的头道。至于季节的考虑,则还有冬重红烧,红焖,红扒和沙锅,火锅等;夏则清蒸,白汁,清炒,凉拌为主。此外颜色搭配,原材料的多样化也应考虑。
only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.
略谈中西方饮食文化差异 内容摘要:中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点,过分注重饭菜的意、色、形,基本追求色、香、味,具有粗放型思维特征的中国人在数千年的漫长岁月中却很少考虑饭菜的营养性。西方人在烹饪时自始至终坚持着饭菜的实用性基本特征。从营养角度出发、落足于食物对人的健康,他们不讲究花样、轻视了饭菜的其他功能,致使除了一些吃西餐烦琐的规矩之外,并没有给人留下太深的印象。 在中国,烹调是一种艺术;在西方,烹调则是一种劳动。 关键词:饮食文化 饮食观念 味道 营养 饮食对象 饮食方式 用餐礼仪 对于中国人,我们一出生便开始了品味中式饮食,因而或多或少会厌倦中式饮食,同时,我们正处于经济全球化的形式当中,西方饮食进入中国使我们有了新鲜感,让我们有进入西式快餐店品味与中式饮食不同的西餐或西式快餐的欲望,去吃西餐,就必须了解西餐与中餐有何区别,吃些什么,怎么吃。其次,随着中国加入WTO,中国与西方各国的交往变得越加频繁,中国人到国外去的机会也越来越多,到西方国家,入乡随俗,就免不了与西方人一起用餐,为了不让自己显得孤陋寡闻,也必须得了解西方人的用餐方式和用餐礼仪。仅从这个角度出发,简略地谈谈中西方的饮食文化差异,希望对我们中国人了解西方饮食文化有点借鉴意义。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 与注重“味”的中国饮食相比,西方则是一种理性的饮食观念。西方人注重科学饮食,讲究营养,并且以营养为最高准则。进食有如为一生物的机器添加燃料,特别讲求食物的营养成分,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜,卡路里的供给是否恰到好处,以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收,有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问,而菜肴的色、香、味如何,则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国,其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似,但一接触到营养问题,双方便拉开了距离。 因为过于注重营养,西方饮食几乎没有艺术可言。各种餐饮产品的科学成分一目了然。在宴席上,人们可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配,但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,毫无艺术可言,作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也只是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式牛排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成,色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。而中国就很讲究“五味调和”,即在重视烹调原料自然之味的基础上进行“五味调和”,用阴阳五行的基本规律指导这一调和,调和要合乎时序,又要注意时令,调和的最终结果要味美适口。所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用两种以上的原料和多种调料来调和烹制。即或是家常菜,一般也是荤素搭配来调和烹制的,如韭黄炒肉 、肉片炒蒜苗、腐竹焖肉、芹菜炒豆腐干……而此等原料若西厨烹制,则奶汁肉丝外加白水煮韭黄,或炸猪排佐以清水煮蒜苗,中国食客见如此中菜西做,自然是“哭不得笑不得”。 也是基于对营养的重视,西方人多生吃蔬菜,不仅西红柿、黄瓜、生菜生吃,就是洋白菜、洋葱、绿菜花(西兰花)也都生吃。因而他们的“沙拉”有如一盘兔饲料,使我们难以接受。现代中国人也讲营养保健,也知道青菜一经加热,维生素将被破坏,因而我们主张用旺火爆炒。这虽然也使维生素的含量下降,但不会完全损失,可味道却比兔饲料好吃得多。因而中国的现代烹调术旨在追求营养与味道兼顾下的最佳平衡,这当然也是一种“中庸之道”。 而西方烹调也更讲究营养却忽视了味道,至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐,冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块,而舌表面遍布的味觉神经一经冰镇,便大大丧失品味的灵敏度,渐至不能辨味;那带血的牛排与大白鱼、大白肉,生吃的蔬菜,白水煮豆子、煮土豆,虽有“味”入“道”,凡此种种都反映了西方人对味觉的忽视。他们拒绝使用味精,更足以证明此辈皆属不知味之人,非“知味观”之座上客也! 平心而论,谈到营养问题也触及到中国饮食的最大弱点。尽管我们讲究食疗、食补、食养,重视以饮食来养生强身,但我们的烹调术却以追求美味为第一性要求,致使许多营养成分损失于加工过程中。 我们从来都是把追求美味奉为进食的首要目的。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。虽然人们在赞誉美食时,总爱说“色香味俱佳”,但那是由于我们感受色香味的感觉器官“眼、鼻、口”的上下排列顺序如此。人们内心之于“色、香、味”,从来都是“味”字“挂帅”的。------------Diet Culture difference between China and America.(中美饮食文化的差异)这篇可以参考:)~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. --------浅谈中美饮食文化差异【摘 要】 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高。因此,饮食文化逐渐成为人们所关注的话题。随着中国与世界接轨越来越紧密,许多新鲜事也不断涌入国内,其中当然包括饮食。例如,在中国的一些城市里类似于麦当劳,肯德基的餐厅如雨后春笋般地开业。而中国的饮食也是世界享誉的,有华人处必有中国餐馆。在美国,中国餐馆遍地开花,中国餐馆在美国有着百年历史。正是由于中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。现今社会,许多人都抱着好奇的心态去品尝不同国家的食物,但真正了解饮食文化不同之处的人却不多。【关键词】 中国;美国;饮食;差异引言俗话说“出门三大事,吃,穿,住”,“吃”是摆在首位的,可以看出“吃”在中国人眼里的重要性,饮食在中国是一种文化。饮食起居是人们常常谈及的话题,随着地域的不同,生活习惯也有着显著的差异,饮食文化往往是这个差异最显著的代表。徐熊(2001)指出,中美两国人民的饮食文化的差异,可以说是由两国文化、风俗、氛围、历史内涵、营养价值观和经济条件等不同的因素造成的。当今的人们只是肤浅地认为中美饮食文化最大的差异就在于中国人大多是用筷子,调羹吃着米饭的;而美国人则是用刀和叉,吃着牛排和面包的。其实这些仅仅只是表面上的差异,其中却还有着更深层次的不同,这些深层次的不同往往是被人们所忽视的,例如,饮食观念的不同‚饮食习惯的不同,饮食方式的不同,饮食习俗的不同,烹饪方法的不同,以及“吃”的对象的不同等等。这些不同才是中美饮食文化差异的根本所在。下面就对这些不同做更详尽的解释。(一) 饮食观念的不同谈到中国饮食文化,许多人会对中国食谱以及中国菜的色、香、味、形赞不绝口。中国饮食的诸多特征,体现在饮食文化之上,直接影响着中国饮食文化的发展。由于中国人口压力很大及其它多种原因的存在,所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始,就是以谷物为主,肉少粮多,辅以菜蔬,这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食,而菜则是为了下饭,帮助饭下咽。为什么要助饭下咽呢?那是因为主食并不可口,必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点,但是不等同于盐。这样促使中国的烹饪的首要目的是装点饮食,使不可口的食物变得精妙绝伦;正是由于我们的民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以中国人才将食的追求作为人生至乐来追求,吃饭成为第一要求。徐旺生(1993)指出,国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,中国人之所以在吃的方面能够随心所欲,在很大程度上受到中国曾经吃不饱的日子所迫。
看看(食品与营养科学)吧
94 浏览 7 回答
88 浏览 5 回答
206 浏览 5 回答
286 浏览 6 回答
186 浏览 5 回答
196 浏览 4 回答
215 浏览 8 回答
240 浏览 4 回答
321 浏览 5 回答
198 浏览 5 回答
334 浏览 6 回答
160 浏览 6 回答
97 浏览 5 回答
196 浏览 5 回答
308 浏览 4 回答