手机销售渠道论文英语文献

Online advertisingOnline advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail advantage over traditional advertisingOne major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. Online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example, AdWords and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' variationsThe three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC, and (Cost Per Impression) is where advertisers pay for exposure of their message to a specific audience. CPM costs are priced per thousand impressions, or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or internal user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand. CPV (Cost Per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website. CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC). Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about their market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words that direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which links directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the user makes it to the target site. CPA (Cost Per Action) or (Cost Per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment scheme, the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the amount of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly, CPL (Cost Per Lead) advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merchant feels will lead to a sale. Also common, CPO (Cost Per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted. Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer, typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The definition of "Conversion" varies depending on the situation: it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale, or a purchase. CPE (Cost Per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introduced in March 2008. Differing from cost-per-impression or cost-per-click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways.[1] Though, as seen above, the large majority of online advertising has a cost that is brought about by usage or interaction of an ad, there are a few other methods of advertising online that only require a one time payment. The Million Dollar Homepage is a very successful example of this. Visitors were able to pay $1 per pixel of advertising space and their advert would remain on the homepage for as long as the website exists with no extra ad: An ad which moves across the user's screen or floats above the content. Expanding ad: An ad which changes size and which may alter the contents of the webpage. Polite ad: A method by which a large ad will be downloaded in smaller pieces to minimize the disruption of the content being viewed Wallpaper ad: An ad which changes the background of the page being viewed. Trick banner: A banner ad that looks like a dialog box with buttons. It simulates an error message or an alert. Pop-up: A new window which opens in front of the current one, displaying an advertisement, or entire webpage. Pop-under: Similar to a Pop-Up except that the window is loaded or sent behind the current window so that the user does not see it until they close one or more active windows. Video ad: similar to a banner ad, except that instead of a static or animated image, actual moving video clips are displayed. Map ad: text or graphics linked from, and appearing in or over, a location on an electronic map such as on Google Maps. Mobile ad: an SMS text or multi-media message sent to a cell phone. In addition, ads containing streaming video or streaming audio are becoming very popular with advertisingLegitimate Email advertising or E-mail marketing is often known as "opt-in e-mail advertising" to distinguish it from marketingMain article: Affiliate marketingAffiliate marketing is a form of online advertising where advertisers place campaigns with a potentially large number of small (and large) publishers, whom are only paid media fees when traffic to the advertiser is garnered, and usually upon a specific measurable campaign result (a form, a sale, a sign-up, etc). Today, this is usually accomplished through contracting with an affiliate marketing was an invention by in 1994 and was excelled by when it launched its Affiliate Program, called Associate Program in 1996. The online retailer used its program to generate low cost brand exposure and provided at the same time small websites a way to earn some supplemental advertisingMany advertising networks display graphical or text-only ads that correspond to the keywords of an Internet search or to the content of the page on which the ad is shown. These ads are believed to have a greater chance of attracting a user, because they tend to share a similar context as the user's search query. For example, a search query for "flowers" might return an advertisement for a florist's newer technique is embedding keyword hyperlinks in an article which are sponsored by an advertiser. When a user follows the link, they are sent to a sponsor's targetingIn addition to contextual targeting, online advertising can be targeted based on a user's past clickstream. For example, if a user is known to have recently visited a number of automotive shopping / comparison sites based on clickstream analysis enabled by cookies stored on the user's computer, that user can then be served auto-related ads when they visit other, non-automotive and malwareThere is also class of advertising methods which may be considered unethical and perhaps even illegal. These include external applications which alter system settings (such as a browser's home page), spawn pop-ups, and insert advertisements into non-affiliated webpages. Such applications are usually labeled as spyware or adware. They may mask their questionable activities by performing a simple service, such as displaying the weather or providing a search bar. Some programs are effectively trojans. These applications are commonly designed so as to be difficult to remove or uninstall. The ever-increasing audience of online users, many of whom are not computer-savvy, frequently lack the knowledge and technical ability to protect themselves from these server market structureGiven below is a list of top ad server vendors in 2008 with figures in millions of viewers published in a Attributor Ad viewers Google 1,118 DoubleClick 1,079 Yahoo 362 MSN 309 AOL 156 Adbrite 73 Total 3,087 It should be noted that Google acquired DoubleClick in 2007 for a consideration of $3,100 million. The above survey was based on a sample of 68 million domains.网络广告维基百科，自由的百科全书跳转到: 导航, 搜索狭义的网络广告又被称为在线广告或者互联网广告；而广义的网络广告除了包括以计算机为核心组成的计算机网络为媒介的广告行为外，还包括其他所有以电子设备相互连接而组成的网络为媒介的广告行为，例如以无线电话网络，电子信息亭网络为载体的广告行为。在一般未做特殊说明的情况下，现在各资料所谈论的网络广告全指狭义网络广告。狭义网络广告与传统广告有很多类似的地方，也分为很多不同广告形式，拥有多种计费方式。常见的广告形式包括：横幅式广告（banner） 通栏式广告 弹出式广告（pop-up ads） 按钮式广告（button） 插播式广告（interstitial ads） 电子邮件广告（E-DirectMarketing,EDM） 赞助式广告（sponsorship） 分类广告（classified ads） 互动游戏式广告（interactive game） 软件端广告 文字链接广告（text ads） 浮动形广告（floting ads） 联播网广告 关键字广告 比对内容广告 常见的记费方式包括：按照千人印象成本（CPM）收费。 按照每点击成本（CPC）收费。 按照每行动成本（CPA）收费。 按照每回应成本（CPR）收费。 按照每购买成本（CPP）收费。 这些都是国际流行的收费模式。在中国和一些网络广告的发展中国家，则时常会采用以时间来购买的模式，如按每日投放成本收费，按每周投放成本收费等。对网络广告的研究显示，50%的网络广告点击是由6%的用户产生的。而且这个点击群体是一个缺乏购买力的群体，也很少进行网络购物[1]。

2、（美）约翰.A.昆奇著，吕一林译，?市场营销管理—教程与案例?北京.北京大学出版社，2000 3、查尔斯.戴克著，李圣贤译宝洁的观点内蒙古.内蒙古人民出版社1999 4、JamesAFitzsimmons著，张金成范秀成译，《服务管理》，北京.机械工业出版社2000 5、等著，张金成等译，《互动服务营销》北京.机械工业出版社2000 6.菲利普�6�1科特勒.营销管理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001

wikipedia "marketing" 有非常多的连结中英文都有Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which individuals and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the products and services of is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or practice tends to be seen as a creative industry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions, whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the PsMain article: Marketing mixIn the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: product, price, place and promotion. * Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. * Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, . time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science. * Placement (or distribution): refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales. * Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company.

关于网络广告的特点与分类 网络广告，在之前很长一段时间里，都是网站盈利的唯一途径，虽然后来SP收入、网络游戏收入等异军突起。但是网络广告的收入，依然是各个网站最稳定和重要的收入来源。网络广告的这一特点，在个人网站上的体现更为明显，很多个人网站，网络广告的收入是其唯一的收入来源。网络广告的分类，可以按照投放目的、投放形式两种划分方法：一、投放目的按照投放目的划分方法，是以网络广告投放最终的需求来分类的。一般而言可以分为:1、信息传播类信息传播类的广告，其目的是将某个消息传播出去，其目的主要是将新产品上市的信息让更多的人知道。比如SOHU的新年新打算博客征文的广告，就是信息传播类的广告。信息传播类的广告的效果衡量标准根据广告的具体内容有一些区别，如果信息属于网络的内容，那么点击效果（包括点击量、点击有效性等）是衡量的主要标准。如果信息是属于一个传统的活动（比如某商场开业酬宾），那么他的效果比较难评估，一般的办法是将这个活动的一些属性提取出来，成为网络内容（比如提供一个有奖网络调查、活动的网络报名）。2、品牌广告类品牌广告，是针对某一个品牌进行的宣传，其目的是为了提升品牌的知名度和美誉度。比如爱立信在通信世界网上投放的介绍自己业绩的广告，就是属于品牌广告。网络上的品牌广告的衡量标准，可以通过点击效果和互动活动来综合衡量。另外，这类广告的投放也有讲究。因为属于品牌广告，其投放地点将直接影响投放的效果。这个就好像公厕人流量最大，但是那个公司都不愿意在这里投放广告的道理是一样的。3、销售/引导类广告销售类广告，目的就是为了销售出去产品。比如我们经常看到的SP的图铃广告都可以归到这类里边去。销售类广告，如果现售的产品是网络产品，那么可以通过实际的销售结果进行衡量。这类广告是属于“抓到老鼠就是好猫”的一类广告，一般不管投放到什么地方去，只要能卖出去东西就可以。不过，这也带来的挂羊头卖狗肉的情况发生。比如SP的包月服务，经常被挂着一些“色情”的头去欺用户。二、投放形式随着网络广告的不断发展，网络广告的投放形式也不断翻新。据我所知，现在的网络广告形式有以下几种：1、固定位置广告固定位置的广告形式是最早采用，也是最常见的广告形式。他的特点是，在某一个或者某一类页面的相对固定位置放置广告。这种广告，一般是定期更换，手工或者自动的通过统一的系统进行投放。广告由广告主与网站主协商确定，与内容无关。2、上下文相关广告上下文相关广告，是在固定位置广告的基础上，增加广告与上下文的相关性，由广告投放平台通过分析投放广告的页面内容，然后从广告库中提取出相关的广告进行投放。上下文相关广告最早是GOOGLE开始推出，后来，百度、SOGOU等都相近推出。3、弹出广告弹出广告的历史之比固定未知广告晚一些。弹出广告早期是在页面打开的时候，使用JS代码打开新窗口的方式显示广告。后来，逐步的有所变化：（1）、JS打开的窗口，不在是一个广告窗口，而直接是内容页面；（2）、部分弹窗广告采取后弹模式，也就是说，当页面载入完成后弹在当前页面后。（3）、部分弹窗广告采取关闭触发的模式，也就是说，当用户关闭窗口，或者离开当前页面的时候弹出；弹出广告，严重影响用户的访问体验，但是，因为其对ALEXA排名的提升，对宣传效果的突出，使很多广告主对此很是喜爱，价格也比较高。所以弹出广告一直没有被杜绝。4、内文提示广告内文提示广告，也叫“划词广告”，即在内文中，划出一些关键字，然后当鼠标移动到上边的时候，使用提示窗口的方式显示相关的广告内容。这种广告形式，比较新颖。广告平台我所知的是宏界。这种广告比较有特色的是：1、与上下文相关；2、不占用页面未知；5、插件/工具条安装广告随着网络的发展，很多插件、工具条为了获得大量的用户基础，开始有了推广的需求。软件/插件安装广告即应允而生。早期的插件/工具条的安装，都会有明确的提示，因为部分用户对网络知识的了解匮乏，以及对网站的信任。安装率非常高，后来随着插件的泛滥，以及插件给电脑本身带来的危害，用户开始拒绝插件安装。后期的插件开始使用病毒手段，在不提示的情况下，强制安装。随着舆论的声讨，以及插件服务商之间的争斗，垃圾插件被广泛的质疑。插件/工具条安装广告也开始逐步走向没落，但是在一定范围内，特别是部分个人网站上仍然存在。——文章写的粗糙，希望能够抛砖引玉。

自从上次某X人验收我答案,主动说加分,却关闭问题后,我就再也不想给人找英文文献了...(因为你用的匿名,如果你是我说的那个人,请忽视我! ) 如果不是,请看下面,更多具体要求可说明,我再补充 1. Internet Advertising: Is Anybody Watching?(我有完整的45页PDF,可以传你) Abstract Click-through rates have emerged as the de facto measure of Internet advertising effectiveness. Unfortunately, click-through rates are plummeting. This decline prompts four critical questions: (1) why do banner ads seem to be ineffective; (2) what can advertisers do to improve their effectiveness; (3) does an immediate measure such as click-through rate undervalue online advertising; and, (4) are memory-based measures such as recall or awareness more appropriate? To address these questions, we utilized an eye-tracking device to investigate online surfers’ attention to online advertising. Then we conducted a large-scale survey of Internet users’ recall, recognition, and awareness of banner advertising. Our research suggests that the reason why click-through rates are low is that surfers actually avoid looking at banner ads during their online activities. This suggests that the larger part of a surfer’s processing of banners will be done at the pre-attentive level. If such is the case, click-through rate is an ineffective measure of banner ad performance. Our research also shows that banner ads do have an impact on traditional memory-based measure of effectiveness. Thus, we claim that advertisers should rely more on traditional brand equity measures such as brand awareness and advertising recall. Finally, our study shows that although repetition leads to lower click-through rates, it has a beneficial impact on brand awareness and advertising recall. 2. consumer attitudes towards Internet advertising

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