中欧企业跨文化冲突管理研究论文

一、跨文化管理的核心 跨文化管理又称交叉文化管理，就是在跨国经营中，对不同种族、不同文化类型、不同文化发展阶段的子公司所在国的文化采取包容的管理方法，其目的在于如何在不同形态的文化氛围中设计出切实可行的组织结构和管理机制，在管理过程中寻找超越文化冲突的公司目标，以维系不同文化背景的员工共同的行为准则，从而最大限度地控制和利用企业的潜力与价值。 二.文化冲突和威胁 在进行全球发展时，跨国公司由于加入了另一种文化的观念，势必会造成文化冲突。跨国公司跨文化冲突的特征有：1、非线性不同质的文化像不同的水域，几片或多片水域的冲突与交融，常常表现出错综复杂的状态，因而具有非线性特征。2、间接性文化冲突一般都在心理、情感、思想观念等精神领域中进行，其结果是人们在不知不觉中发生变化。但是这种变化需要通过较长的时间才表现出来。3、内在性文化是以思想观念为核心的，因此，文化的冲突往往表现在思想观念的冲突上。4、交融性。文化冲突与文化交融始终相伴而行。跨文化管理的任务在于从不同的文化中寻求共同的能体现各种文化精髓的东西，这样才能在各种文化环境中生存。 每种文化背后都有一组隐含的假设，生活与该文化下的人通常不会觉察这些假设的存在，因为这些信念几乎是与生俱来的根深蒂固埋藏于潜意识中。一旦这些信念受到挑战，人们便会感受到文化冲击，觉得是外来的侵犯，然而事实上真正让人感到震惊的是：他们将会发现不同的文化内涵通常只是一体两面，甚或是特定尺度的两种极端 承认并理解差异的客观存在，克服狭隘主义的思想，重视他国语言、文化、经济、法律等的学习和了解。当跨国公司的管理人员到具有不同文化的东道国工作时，往往会遇到很多困难。反映了特有文化的语言、价值观念、思维形式等因素在跨文化管理中会形成障碍，产生矛盾，从而影响跨国经营战略的实施。理解文化差异是发展跨国文化管理能力的必要条件。理解文化差异有两层含义：一是理解东道国文化如何影响当地员工的行为；二是理解母国文化如何影响公司派去的管理人员的行为。不同类型的文化差异可以采用不同的克服措施。因管理风格、方法或技能的不同而产生的冲突可以通过互相传授和学习来克服则比较容易改变；因生活习惯和方式不同而产生的冲突可以通过文化交流解决，但需较长的时间；人们基本价值观念的差异往往较难改变。只有把握不同类型的文化差异才能有针对性地提出解决文化冲突的办法。 三.跨文化管理竞争优势 把文化的差异看成是一种优势而不只是一种劣势，恰当、充分地利用不同文化所表现的差异，为企业发展创造契机。西方有谚语：任何事物都有两面性。文化也是一把双刃剑。文化给企业开展国际运营带来了机遇，但更多的却是巨大的挑战。广州本田汽车公司总经理门胁轰二先生曾说：“我们企业内部的矛盾颇多，但这也正是本田好的一面。我们在中国选择合作伙伴时，总是喜欢挑选一些与我们想法不同的合作者，这使我们经常发生意见的碰撞，这样不同思想的碰撞就会产生新的想法，从而创造出本田新的企业文化。”在广州本田看来，矛盾和冲突的正确对待，不仅不会形成障碍，反而会是企业发展的动力，企业创新的源泉。 从文化差异中得到竞争优势。利用文化差异的战略能够产生竞争优势，所以，与其让一种文化控制另一种，或是采取同哪一方都不对立的折衷安全解决方案，不如让我们面临一个挑战--采取积极的解决文化差异的方法，使得总体共同作用产生的结果优于各部分作用的简单加和。多样性就是将来自不同背景、具有不同期望、处于不同生活阶段的人们集合到一起，在给公司带来盈利性和竞争力这一力量的驱使下共同工作。文化多样性的优势在于：（1）市场方面，提高公司对于地方市场上文化偏好的应变能力；（2）资源获取方面，提高公司从具有不同国家背景的人中聘用员工、充实当地公司人力资源的能力；（3）成本方面，减少了公司在周转和聘用非当地人士担任经理方面花费的成本；（3）解决问题方面，更广阔的视角范围和更严格的分析提高了制定决策的能力和决策质量；（4）创造性方面，通过视角的多样性和减少关于一致性的要求来提高公司的创造力；（5）系统灵活方面，提高了组织在面临多种需求和环境变化时的灵活应变能力。 四．跨文化管理的关键是人的管理，实行全员跨文化管理。 这是因为：1、跨文化管理的客体是人，即企业的所有人员。跨文化管理的目的就是要使不同的文化进行融合，形成一种新型的文化，而这种新型的文化只有根植于企业所有成员之中，通过企业成员的思想、价值观、行为才能体现出来，才能真正实现跨文化管理的目的，否则跨文化管理则流于形式。2、实施跨文化管理的主体也是人，即企业的经营管理人员。在跨国公司中，母公司的企业文化可通过企业的产品、经营模式等转移到国外分公司，但更多的是通过熟悉企业文化的经营管理人员转移到国外分公司，在跨国公司的资源转移中，除资本外就是经营管理人员的流动性最强。由于跨文化管理的主体和客体都涉及到人，因此跨国公司的跨文化管理中要强调对人的管理，既要让经营管理人员深刻理解母公司的企业文化，又要选择具有文化整合能力的经营管理人员到国外分公司担任跨文化管理的重要职责，同时要加强对公司所有成员的文化管理，让新型文化真正在管理中发挥其重要作用，促进跨国公司在与国外企业的竞争中处于优势地位。 五．跨文化管理的策略 1、本土化策略。要本着“思维全球化和行动当地化”的原则来进行跨文化的管理。通常跨国企业在海外进行投资，就必须雇用相当一部分的当地职员。这主要是因为当地雇员熟悉当地的风俗习惯、市场动态以及政府方面的各项法规，而且和当地的消费者容易达成共识，雇用当地雇员无疑方便了跨国企业在当地拓展市场、站稳脚跟。“本土化”有利于跨国公司降低海外派遣人员和跨国经营的高昂费用、与当地社会文化融合、减少当地社会对外来资本的危机情绪；有利于东道国在任用管理人员方面，主要考虑的是该雇员的工作能力及与岗位的匹配度，选用最适合该岗位的职员。 2、文化相容策略。根据不同文化相容的程度又可以细分为以下两个不同层次：（1）文化的平行相容策略。这是文化相容的最高形式，习惯上称之为“文化互补”。就是在跨国公司的子公司中并不以母国的文化或是开发国的文化作为子公司的主体文化。母国文化和东道国文化之间虽然存在着巨大的文化差异，但却并不互相排斥，反而互为补充，同时运行于公司的操作中，充分发挥跨文化的优势。一种文化的存在可以充分地弥补另外一种文化的许多不足及其比较单调的单一性。美国肯德基公司在中国经营的巨大成功可谓是运用跨文化优势，实现跨文化管理成功的典范。（2）隐去两者的主体文化，和平相容策略。就是虽然跨国公司中的母国文化和东道国文化之间存在着巨大的文化差异，而两者文化的巨大不同也很容易在子公司的日常运作中产生“文化摩擦”，但是管理者在经营活动中却刻意模糊这种文化差异，隐去两者文化中最容易导致冲突的主体文化，保存两者文化中比较平淡和微不足道的部分。由于失去了主体文化那种对不同国籍的人所具有的强烈影响力，使得不问文化背景的人可以在同一公司中和睦共处，即使发生意见分歧，也很容易通过双方的努力得到妥协和协调。 3、文化创新策略。文化创新策略即母公司的企业文化与国外分公司当地的文化进行有效的整合，通过各种渠道促进不同的文化相互了解、适应、融合，从而在母公司和当地文化基础之上构建一种新型的国外分公司企业文化，以这种新型文化作为国外分公司的管理基础。这种新型文化既保留着强烈的母公司企业文化特点，又与当地的文化环境相适应，既不同于母公司企业文化，又不同于当地企业文化，是两种文化的有机整合。因为要从全世界角度来衡量一国或一地区文化的优劣是根本不可能的，这中间存在一个价值标准的问题，只有将两种文化有机地融合在一起，才能既含有母公司的企业文化内涵，又能适应国外文化环境，从而体现跨国企业竞争优势。 4、文化规避策略。这是当母国的文化与东道国的文化之间存在着巨大的不同，母国的文化虽然在整个于公司的运作中占了主体，可又无法忽视或冷落东道国文化存在的时候，由母公司派到子公司的管理人员，就必须特别注意在双方文化的重大不同之处进行规避，不要在这些“敏感地带”造成彼此文化的冲突。特别在宗教势力强大的国家更要特别注意尊重当地的信仰。 5、文化渗透策略。文化渗透是个需要长时间观察和培育的过程。跨国公司派往东道国工作的管理人员，基于其母国文化和东道国文化的巨大不同，井不试图在短时间内迫使当地员工服从母国的人力资源管理模式。而是凭借母国强大的经济实力所形成的文化优势，对于公司的当地员工进行逐步的文化渗透，使母国文化在不知不觉中深入人心，东道国员工逐渐适应了这种母国文化并慢慢地成为该文化的执行者和维护者。 6、借助第三方文化策略。跨国公司在其他的国家和地区进行全球进行发展时，由于母国文化和东道国文化之间存在着巨大的不同，而跨国公司又无法在短时间内完全适应由这种巨大的“文化差异”而形成的完全不同于母国的东道国的经营环境。这时跨国公司所采用的人事管理策略通常是借助比较中性的，与母国的文化己达成一定程度共识的第三方文化对设在东道国的子公司进行控制管理。用这种策略可以避免母国文化与东道国文化发生直接的冲突。如欧洲的跨国公司想要在加拿大等美洲地区设立子公司，就可以先把子公司的海外总部设在思想和管理比较国际化的美国，然后通过在美国的总部对在美洲的所有子公司实行统一的管理。而美国的跨国公司想在南美洲设立子公司，就可以先把子公司的海外总部设在与国际思想和经济模式较为接近的巴西，然后通过巴西的子公司总部对南美洲其他的子公司实行统一的管理。这种借助第三国文化对母国管理人员所不了解的东道国子公司进行管理可以避免资金和时间的无谓浪费，使子公司在东道国的经营活动可以迅速有效地取得成果。 7、占领式策略。占领式策略是一种比较偏激的跨文化管理策略，是全球发展企业在进行国外直接投资时，直接将母公司的企业文化强行注入国外的分公司，对国外分公司的当地文化进行消灭，国外分公司只保留母公司的企业文化。这种方式一般适用于强弱文化对比悬殊，并且当地消费者能对母公司的文化完全接受的情况下采用，但从实际情况来看，这种模式采用得非常少。 总之，全球发展企业在进行跨文化管理时，应在充分了解本企业文化和国外文化的基础上，选择自己的跨文化管理模式，从而使不同的文化达到最佳的结合，形成自己的核心竞争力。

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。