语言学论文文献综述英语

ok ,俺棒吧。

苦逼的英语专业，找工作没人要，哎。。。。。

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述标准 范文 ”的资料，供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

主要部分细节提示：

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间

为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

conclude，Inshort，In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而 且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

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[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

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[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报，

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References

李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京： 清华大学出版社， 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京： 北京理工大学出版社.

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刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京： 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

举例如下：A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）

文献综述反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的历史现状、最新进展、学术见解和建议，它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。文献综述是针对某一研究领域分析和描述前人已经做了哪些工作，进展到何程度，要求对国内外相关研究的动态、前沿性问题做出较详细的综述，并提供参考文献。作者一般不在其中发表个人见解和建议，也不做任何评论，只是客观概括地反映事实。一、何谓文献综述？文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合提炼而成的一种学术论文，是高度浓缩的文献产品。根据其涉及的内容范围不同，综述可分为综合性综述和专题性综述两种类型。所谓综合性综述是以一个学科或专业为对象，而专题性综述则是以一个论题为对象的。学生毕业论文主要为专题性综述。二、要求同学们学写综述的意义1. 通过搜集文献资料过程，可进一步熟悉文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法,在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面；2.查找文献资料、写文献综述是科研选题的第一步，因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程；3.通过综述的写作过程，能提高归纳、分析、综合能力，有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高。三、文献资料的搜集文献资料的搜集途径：1.利用有关的检索工具（包括目录、文摘和索引等）搜集文献资料。2.利用国际联机检索系统搜集文献资料。3.利用原始文献（包括专业期刊、科技报告、专利文献、学位论文、会议文献、专著和标准等）搜集文献资料。4.利用三次文献（包括综述、述评、百科全书、年鉴和手册等）搜集文献资料。5.通过Interent网和光盘数据库搜集文献资料。四、撰写文献综述时应注意以下问题1. 搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好多综述的，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。2. 注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。3. 要围绕主题对文献的各种观点作比较分析，不要教科书式地将有关的理论和学派观点简要地汇总陈述一遍。4. 文献综述在逻辑上要合理，即做到由远而近先引用关系较远的文献，最后才是关联最密切的文献。5. 评述(特别是批评前人不足时)要引用原作者的原文(防止对原作者论点的误解)，不要贬低别人抬高自己，不能从二手材料来判定原作者的“错误”。6. 文献综述结果要说清前人工作的不足，衬托出作进一步研究的必要性和理论价值。7. 采用了文献中的观点和内容应注明来源，模型、图表、数据应注明出处，不要含糊不清。8. 文献综述最后要有简要总结，表明前人为该领域研究打下的工作基础。9. 所有提到的参考文献都应和所研究问题直接相关。10. 文献综述所用的文献，应主要选自学术期刊或学术会议11. 所引用的文献应是亲自读过的原著全文，不可只根据摘要即加以引用，更不能引用由文献引用的内容而并末见到被引用的原文，因为这往往是造成误解或曲解原意的重要原因，有时可给综述的科学价值造成不可弥补的损失。五、文献综述的结构文献综述主体部分的格式一般由前言、主题、结语三大部分组成，看起来和科技论文相似，但论述的重点不同。这里是一篇文献综述正文部分的写作框架：1．前言或简介（问题的提出，背景，动机等等）；2．参考文献的来源及其主要的观点或学术流派、技术路线介绍；3．各种观点的评价或各个学术流派、技术路线的发展趋势；4．结语：值得关注的若干问题、目前该领域尚需探索的重大空白等等。毕业论文的文献综述主要是为自己写作毕业论文提供文献方面的帮助和指导的，所以，只要把自己所作题目的相关文献找准、找全（这是编写参考文献题录阶段必须做好的工作），然后对这些文献中的观点、方法、原理、材料等等进行归纳和总结，形成文字就可以了，完全没有必要像做毕业论文那样，把自己的发明和创新全写上去，更不要象写教科书那样，从古到今面面俱到。总之，一篇好的文献综述，应有较完整的文献资料，有评论分析，并能准确地反映主题内容。六、论文后参考文献表排写格式每一参考文献条目的最后均以“。”结束。参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后，表上以“参考文献”居中排作为标识；参考文献的序号左顶格，并用数字加方括号表示，如［1］，［2］，…，以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。