教育类毕业论文大纲

中国毕业论文网 >> 教育论文 >> 诚信教育论文 >> 诚信原则的人性检讨 诚信原则的人性检讨 摘要：诚信原则是指在当事人从事民事活动中，应进行民事行为信息的充分披露，以谋求各方利益较量均衡所应遵循的准则。从用的层面解析人性善恶，并整合出六大类二十一种交易模式。唯恶大善制恶大善、小恶制小恶、小恶制恶大善三种交易模式符合诚信交易，成为诚信交易模式。而诚信交易模式又要通过其内在机制运作（监督和竞争）、外在诚信建构和制度违反惩罚三个方面加以实现。 关键词：人性 善恶 交易 诚信 诚信原则乃市民社会必须遵守的信条，同时也是市民社会法的基本原则。其地位一提再提，以至有的学者命之为“帝王条款”。①其结果，诚信原则可指导当事人行使权利、履行义务，可解释、评价和补充法律行为，甚至可解释和补充法律，似与法律正义原则相比。这种在理论上无限扩张，实践上到处滥用，必将导致“帝王”之死，失去其规范意义和操作价值，实际上已进入了法律精神领域。为此，笔者拟从人性视角检讨诚信原则的内在结构、理想化模式及践行机制，以捡回其固有价值，取得规范界定和实践操作的生机。 一． 诚信与人性 （一） 诚信原则的内涵 笔者以为，对民事诚信原则的完整把握须从规范上去界定，从学说上去认识。但诚信原则内涵在中外规范和学说上极不统一，比如在法律上，《法国民法典》第1134条规定：契约应以善意行之；《德国民法典》第242条规定：债务人须依交易惯例，履行其给付；《瑞士民法典》第2条规定：无论何人行使权利和履行义务，均应以诚信为之；我国《民法通则》第4条规定：民事活动应遵循诚信原则。在学说上，对诚信原则的本质学说主要有道德理想说、道德伦理说和利益平衡说三种。②依据上述法律规定，我们可界定法国采意思主义，德国采客观主义，瑞士和我国法律规定有较高的抽象性和指导性，在界定上须从主客观两个方面去把握，称为折中主义。学术上的三种观点，以道德理想说理解诚信原则，可将之推崇到“帝王条款”之位，但同时它也就失去了法律规范意义；道德伦理说虽含有较强的价值评价，但终未渗入法律而形成法律的强制评价机制，所以最终又回到了道德理想说；利益平衡说是用经济学方法评判诚信原则，与道德伦理说一样，终未渗入法律而形成法律的强制评价机制，最终形成市民社会不能自为的状态。总之，法律意义上的诚信原则必须具有法律上的主客观评价机制，道德上的人性基础和市民社会中的利益追求。所以，笔者将诚信原则定义为在当事人从事民事活动中，应进行民事行为信息的充分披露，以谋求各方利益较量均衡所应遵循的准则。根据该定义，我们可得出诚信须具备两个要件：（1）行为要件，指信息的披露充分，包括法律的主客观评价和道德的人性基础；（2）结果要件，指利益的较量均衡，体现出市民社会中的利益追求。所谓信息，指与交易有关的所有资讯，包括交易人的个人情况、交易价格、标的等。行为要件要求交易人各方获取的信息须对称。所谓利益，这里是指适法的意思效果利益，结果要件就要求在行为要件的前提下，达到各方的选择目的，两个要件缺一不可。交易是市民社会的普遍行为，但不意味是其唯一的行为；善意只是诚信内涵的似是而非的描述，所以，唯坚持依诚信的行为和结果两个要件判断，方可进行法律认定和实践操作，否则，将会造成法律的专制与实践的混乱。 （二） 从人性视角检讨诚信原则 全文共7页：

英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板

所谓论文提纲，是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备，是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构，以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例，为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。

英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一

摘要 2-3

Abstract 3

引言 6-13

一、研究的背景 6-7

二、文献综述 7-11

(一) 国外研究状况 7-9

(二) 国内研究状况 9-11

三、研究方法 11-12

四、创新之处 12-13

第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22

一、相关概念的界定 13

二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14

(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13

(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14

三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18

(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15

(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16

(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18

四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22

(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19

(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22

第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38

一、调研设计 22-23

(一) 调研对象 22

(二) 调研方法 22

(三) 调研内容 22-23

二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38

(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25

(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27

(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34

(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38

第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46

一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41

(一) 过于重视“整体”，完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39

(二)为了体现“学生主体”，大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40

(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义，变成“反复朗读语篇” 40

(四)为了“整体情境”，拘泥于“单一情境” 40

(五)为了“立足语篇”，拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41

二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46

第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54

一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51

(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48

(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50

(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51

二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54

(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51

(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52

(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52

(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52

(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54

结语 54-55

参考文献 55-59

致谢 59-60

英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二

Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures

Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX

Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)

Key Words: idioms; culture; translation

论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译

摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，

因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。

关键词： 习语;文化;翻译

1. Introduction

Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression

that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)

2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms

The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions

The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.

Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of

Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)

For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会

Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进

A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)

On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)

History

The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms

Colours

Numbers

3. Methods of Idiom Translation

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:

Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation

5. Conclusion

One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)

References

[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份

[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008

[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007

[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982

[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993

[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987

[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006

[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008

[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007

[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\

[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006

教育（语文）的毕业论文提纲 《以语文长作业为抓手，提升学生学习综合素质的实践与研究》 新一轮基础教育改革正如火如荼的展开，现在，广大的教师都致力于课堂教学改革。语文课堂教学更是百花齐放、精彩纷呈，给学生语文学习带来了诸多的新鲜感、好奇心、兴奋点。但是，走进你身边的学生，你会发现，他们大多喜欢上语文课，却不爱语文学习，原因何在？我曾在我校学生中做过一项“我与语文学习”的问卷调查，结果表明：在语文学习中，有84%的学生喜欢上语文课，58%的学生为作业而苦恼，76%的学生把语文作业放在最后完成，32%的学生不喜欢布置的语文作业，少写作文和日记等作为对语文教师的最大的希望。可见，传统的语文作业（如读读、背背、抄抄、写写、练练等）从某种程度上成为湮灭学生语文学习兴趣的元凶。再审视我们的课改，过多关注的是课堂教学，往往忽视语文作业这一语文教学的重要组成部分。落后的、没有相机而改的语文作业已经很难适应当前的语文教学。 一、课题研究的缘起 1、在传统教学背景下作业定位的偏差 2、新课标对语文作业提出了更高的要求 3、校本课程的开发、研究性学习的学校文化提供了实践的基地 二、研究的内容 （一）长作业的类型 （二）语文长作业的实施（设计和布置） （三）语文长作业的评价 三、研究后的反思 （一）学生素质的高低在一定程度上影响了作业的质量 （二）学校硬件设施的不足给语文长作业的开展和实施带来了困难